Isiqulatho[Fihla][Bonisa]
I-Quantum computing iqhuba idatha kusetyenziswa imigaqo ye-quantum mechanics. Ngenxa yoko, i-quantum computing ifuna indlela eyahlukileyo kune-classical computing. Iprosesa esetyenziswa kwiikhompyuter zequantum ngumzekelo omnye walo mahluko.
Ngelixa iikhompyuter zemveli zisebenzisa iiprosesa ezisekwe kwi-silicon, iikhompyuter ze-quantum zisebenzisa iinkqubo ze-quantum ezifana ne-athomu, ii-ion, iifotoni, okanye ii-electron. Basebenzisa iimpawu ze-quantum ukumela amasuntswana anokuthi adalwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-quantum superpositions ka-1 kunye no-0.
Ke, lithetha ukuthini kanye kanye igama elithi "quantum" kulo mongo? Ngaba kukutsiba okubalulekileyo?
Igama elithi quantum livela kwigama lesiLatini elithi quantum, elithetha "ubuninzi." 'Ngumthamo othe kratya wamandla ngokobungakanani ukuya rhoqo kwimitha yemitha eyimele' kwifiziksi. I-Discrete ibhekisa kwinto engaqhubekiyo okanye engafaniyo. I-Quantum ibhekisa kwixabiso elikhethekileyo okanye elibalulekileyo ngale ndlela.
Yintoni i-quantum computing?
Ikhompyuter ye-volum usebenzisa iindlela zealgebra ukwenza iialgorithms zokubala, ezihlala zifana okanye zifane nezo zisetyenziswa kwiquantum physics. I-Quantum mechanics, yona, ibhekisa kwithiyori esisiseko yefiziksi ethi ingene kwingcaciso yeempawu zendalo kubungakanani beeathom kunye namasuntswana angaphantsi.
A ikhompyuter yobungakanani Yiyo ke ikhompyutha ecingelwayo ekwaziyo ukuphumeza umgaqo-nkqubo onjalo. Ngenxa yoko, iikhompyuter ze-quantum zisekwe ngokusisiseko kwi-quantum bits, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-qubits, enokuthi yenziwe kwi-electron enye.
Imathiriyeli yomyinge iziphatha ngokwemigaqo yobuxhakaxhaka be-quantum, isebenzisa iimbono ezifana nokubala okunokwenzeka, indawo ephezulu, kunye ukungenelela. Ezi ngcamango zisebenza njengesiseko se-algorithms ye-quantum, esebenzisa amandla ekhompyutheni ye-quantum ukujongana neengxaki ezinzima.
Kweli nqaku, ndiza kuxubusha konke okufuneka ukwazi malunga nokubanjwa kwe-quantum.
Yintoni i-quantum entanglement?
I-Quantum entanglement iyenzeka xa iinkqubo ezimbini zinxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo kangangokuba ukwazi ngenye kukunika ulwazi olukhawulezileyo lwenye, nokuba zikude kangakanani na.
Izazinzulu ezinjengoEinstein zamangaliswa sesi siganeko, awasibiza ngokuba “yisenzo esikhwankqisayo kumgama” ekubeni saphule umthetho wokuba akukho nkcazelo inokuthunyelwa ngokukhawuleza kunesantya sokukhanya. Iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo zisebenzisa iifotoni kunye nee-electron, nangona kunjalo, i-entanglement eqinisekisiweyo.
I-entanglement lilitye lembombo le-quantum computing. I-quantum entanglement kwifiziksi ibhekisa kwikhonkco elinamandla kakhulu phakathi kwamasuntswana e-quantum. Olu qhagamshelo lomelele kangangokuba amasuntswana amabini okanye ngaphezulu e-quantum anokunxibelelana ngokungenakuthintelwa ngelixa esahlulwe yimigama emide.
Ukukuqonda ngakumbi oku, qwalasela uthelekiso olulula olunganxulumananga nefiziksi okanye ikhompyutha. Qwalasela into ebinokwenzeka ukuba bekungayi kuphoswa iingqekembe ezimbini. Ngokuqhelekileyo, nokuba ingqekembe enye iwela entloko okanye emisileni ayinanto itheni kwisiphumo sokuphoswa kwengqekembe yesibini.
Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yokudibanisa, zombini iindawo zixhunyiwe okanye ziboshwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zihluke ngokwasemzimbeni. Kule meko, ukuba ingqekembe enye ifika ezintlokweni, ingqekembe yesibini iya kubonisa ngokunjalo iintloko, kwaye ngokuphambeneyo.
Ukuqonda i-quantum entanglement (ngomzekelo)
I-Quantum entanglement ngokwenene yimeko apho iinkqubo ezimbini (ngokuqhelekileyo ii-electron okanye ii-photons) zinxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo kangangokuba ukufumana ulwazi malunga "nesimo" senkqubo enye (icala le-electron's spin, uthi "Phezulu") kuya kunika ulwazi olukhawulezayo malunga nenye inkqubo. “imeko” (icala lokujikeleza kwe-electron yesibini, yithi “Phantsi”) kungakhathaliseki ukuba zikude kangakanani ezi nkqubo.
Ibinzana elithi “ngoko nangoko” nelithi “kungakhathaliseki ukuba bahluke kangakanani na” abalulekile. Lo mcimbi uzixakekise izazinzulu ezifana no-Einstein, ekubeni urhulumente akachazwanga de kulinganiswe, kwaye ukuhanjiswa kolwazi kuphikisana nomthetho wefiziksi yakudala wokuba ulwazi alunakuthwalwa ngokukhawuleza kunesantya sokukhanya.
Nangona kunjalo, ukudibanisa kuye kwangqinwa ukuba kusetyenziswe zombini iifotoni kunye nee-electron ukususela ngo-1980, ngenxa yophando kunye novavanyo olwaqala ngo-1980.
Iincinci ezimbini ze-subatomic (i-electron) zinokuveliswa ukuze zichazwe ngumsebenzi omnye wamaza. Ukubanjiswa kunokufezekiswa ngendlela enye ngokuvumela intwana yomzali eneziro ezijikelezisayo ukuba ibole ibe ngamasuntswana entombi abambeneyo aneespins ezilinganayo kodwa ezichaseneyo.
Ukuba amasuntswana eentombi amabini awanxibelelani nantoni na, imisebenzi yawo yamaza iya kuhlala ilingana kwaye ichasene nokuba ikude kangakanani na ilinganiswa. Izazinzulu ziye zagqiba ngovavanyo ukuba ixesha lokubanjwa alinampembelelo kulwazi.
Kunoko, inkcazelo ithunyelwa kwelinye isuntswana ngesantya esikhawulezayo kunesantya sokukhanya kuphela xa inkcazelo yesuntswana elinye ilinganiswa.
Ngenxa yoko, ulwazi luhamba ngeli nqanaba. Kodwa asinalo ulawulo phezu kwayo - oku kungabikho kolawulo kuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwe-Quantum Entanglement, njengokuthumela umyalezo okanye olunye ulwazi ngokukhawuleza kunesantya sokukhanya.
Idlala yiphi indima entanglement kwi-quantum computing?
Ukutshintsha imeko ye-qubit ephothiweyo ngokukhawuleza itshintsha imeko ye-qubit edibeneyo kwiikhompyuter ze-quantum. Ngenxa yoko, i-entanglement ikhawulezisa isantya sokucubungula kwiikhomputha ze-quantum.
Ngenxa yokuba ukusetyenzwa kwequbhithi enye kutyhila ulwazi malunga neequbhithi ezininzi, ukuphinda-phinda inani leequbhithi akunyanzelekanga ukuba kunyuswe inani leenkqubo (oko kukuthi, ii-qubits ezibambeneyo).
I-Quantum entanglement, ngokwezifundo, iyafuneka kwi-algorithm ye-quantum ukuhambisa i-speedup ye-exponential phezu kwezibalo zeklasi.
Ukufaka izicelo kwi-quantum computing
Izicelo ezininzi zinokuzuza kolu phawu lomzimba lulolunye, oluya kuthi lutshintshe ngoku nakwikamva lethu. Uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo lwe-quantum, ukubhalwa kwekhowudi ephezulu kakhulu, mhlawumbi ngokukhawuleza kunokuhanjiswa kokukhanya, kunye ne-teleportation zonke zinokuvulwa ngokubanjiswa.
Iikhomputha zeQuantum zinamandla okujongana nexesha kunye nokusetyenzwa kwemingeni enamandla kumashishini ahlukeneyo, kubandakanya imali kunye neebhanki.
I-Quantum entanglement yinto enokuthi incede iikhomputha ezinjalo ngokunciphisa ixesha kunye namandla okusebenza afunekayo ukuphatha ukuhamba kwedatha phakathi kwee-qubits zabo.
1. I-Quantum Cryptography
Kwi-cryptography yakudala, umthumeli ufaka ikhowudi yomyalezo ngeqhosha elinye, ngelixa umamkeli ewucacisa ngeqhosha ekwabelwana ngalo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ingozi yokuba umntu wesithathu uya kufumana ulwazi malunga nezitshixo kwaye akwazi ukuthintela kunye nokujongela phantsi i-cryptography.
Ukudala umjelo okhuselekileyo phakathi kwamaqela amabini lilitye lembombo kwi-cryptography engaqhawukiyo. Ukubandakanyeka kunokubangela oku. Njengoko ezi nkqubo zimbini zibanjisiwe, ziyahambelana enye kwenye (xa enye itshintsha, ngokunjalo nenye), kwaye akukho mntu wesithathu uya kwabelana ngolu nxulumano.
I-Quantum cryptography ikwaxhamla kwi-no-cloning, okuthetha ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuvelisa ikopi efanayo yesimo se-quantum engaziwayo. Ngenxa yoko, akunakwenzeka ukuphindaphinda idatha efakwe kwi-quantum state.
Ngokusasazwa kweqhosha le-quantum elingangenekiyo, i-quantum cryptography sele ifunyenwe (QKD). I-QKD isebenzisa iifotoni zepolarized randomly ukunxibelelana ngolwazi malunga nesitshixo. Umamkeli uchaza isitshixo esebenzisa izihluzi zepolarizing kunye nobuchule obusetyenzisiweyo ukufihla umyalezo.
Idatha eyimfihlo isagqithiselwa ngemigca yonxibelelwano eqhelekileyo, kodwa kuphela iqhosha le-quantum elichanekileyo elinokucacisa umyalezo. Ngenxa yokuba "ukufunda" iiphoton ezipolarized zitshintsha iimeko zazo, nayiphi na indlebe evalwayo ilumkisa abanxibelelanisi malunga nokungena.
Itekhnoloji ye-QKD okwangoku inyanzelwa yintambo yefiber optic, enokuhambisa ifoton malunga ne-100km phambi kokuba isiqaqa kakhulu ukuba ingayifumana. Ngo-2004, ibhanki yokuqala ye-QKD ebambeneyo yenzeke e-Austria.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba uthumelo lonxibelelwano olungenakwaphulwa kunye nolungqiniweyo olukhuselekileyo olusekwe kwimigaqo ebonakalayo kunezicelo ezicacileyo kwezemali, ezebhanki, ezomkhosi, ezonyango, kunye namanye amacandelo. Amashishini amaninzi ngoku asebenzisa i-QKD ebambeneyo.
2. I-Quantum Teleportation
I-Quantum teleportation ikwayindlela yokuhambisa ulwazi lwequantum phakathi kwamaqela amabini, anje ngeefotoni, iiathomu, ii-electron, kunye neesekethe ezinkulu. Ngokutsho kophando, i-teleportation ivumela ii-QCs ukuba ziqhube ngokufana ngelixa zisebenzisa umbane omncinci wokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngama-100 ukuya kwii-1000 ngamaxesha.
Umahluko phakathi kwe-quantum teleportation kunye ne-quantum cryptography ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Utshintshiselwano lwe-quantum teleportation Kwi-channel ye-classical, ulwazi lwe-"quantum" luthunyelwa.
- Utshintshiselwano lwe-quantum cryptography Ngaphezulu kweshaneli ye-quantum, ulwazi "lweklasikhi" luthunyelwa.
Iimfuno zamandla eekhompyuter zequantum zivelisa ubushushu, nto leyo engumceli mngeni kuba kufuneka zisebenze kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi ngolo hlobo. I-Teleportation inamandla okukhokelela kwizisombululo zoyilo eziza kukhawulezisa ukuphuhliswa kwe-quantum computing.
3. Inkqubo yebhayoloji
Umzimba womntu, njengazo zonke izidalwa, uhlala utshintsha ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwezigidi zeenkqubo zemichiza kunye nebhayoloji. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, bezicingelwa ukuba zingumgca, kunye no "A" okhokelela ku "B." Nangona kunjalo, ibhayoloji ye-quantum kunye ne-biophysics ziye zafumanisa isixa esikhulu sokuhambelana kwiinkqubo zebhayoloji, kunye ne-QE edlala indima.
Indlela iiyunithi ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo izakhiwo zeprotheni zipakishwe kunye ziphuhliswe ukuvumela ukuphonswa komyinge okuzinzileyo kunye nokuhambelana. I-Quantum Biology isengumxholo wethiyori kunye neenkxalabo ezahlukeneyo ezingaphendulwanga; xa zibhekiswe, izicelo kwiyeza ziya kubonakala ngakumbi.
I-Quantum computing, ngokwethiyori, inokuthi ifane ngcono nendalo (ngokulinganisa i-atomic bonding) kunye ne-quantum biological systems kuneekhompyutha zakudala.
4. Superdense Coding
Ikhowudi ye-Superdense yindlela yokudlulisa amasuntswana amabini olwazi oluqhelekileyo usebenzisa i-qubit enye ephothiweyo. Ikhowudi eshinyene kakhulu inako:
- Ivumela umsebenzisi ukuba athumele isiqingatha sento efunekayo ukwakha kwakhona umyalezo weklasikhi kwangethuba, ivumela umsebenzisi ukuba anxibelelane ngesantya esiphindiweyo de kuphele iiqubits ezinikezelweyo kwangaphambili.
- Umthamo wesiteshi se-quantum esineendlela ezimbini kwicala elinye siphindwe kabini.
- Guqula i-high-latency bandwidth ukuya kwi-low-latency bandwidth ngokuthumela isiqingatha sedatha ngaphaya kweshaneli ye-latency ephezulu ukuxhasa idatha ezayo ngaphaya kwesiteshi esisezantsi.
Isizukulwana ngasinye sonxibelelwano sibize ukudluliselwa kwedatha ngakumbi. Inzuzo ethelekisayo kulwazi iya kuba nokwenzeka ngekhowudi ye-superdense.
isiphelo
I-Quantum entanglement inokusivumela ukuba sisebenze ngedatha ngeendlela ebezingenakucingelwa ngaphambili. Ngokudibanisa i-quantum computing kunye ne-entanglement, siya kukwazi ukuphendula imiba efuna isixa esikhulu sedatha ngendlela esebenzayo nekhuselekileyo.
Ukongeza kwibhayoloji nakwinzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, i-QE isenokusetyenziswa ukuphendula le miba abantu kudala beyicingisisa: sivela phi yaye yaqala njani yonke le nto?
Okukhona iteknoloji ihambela phambili, kokukhona siya kuyifumana izicelo zayo— inesithembiso esimangalisayo!
Shiya iMpendulo