Ngokukhawuleza kunanini na ngaphambili, ihlabathi liyatshintsha ngenxa yotshintsho lwedijithali.
Ngokufika okuzayo kolunye uhlobo olutsha lwetekhnoloji ekwaziyo ukuguqula kakhulu iiparadigms zangoku ngesantya esimangalisayo namandla: i-quantum computing, ukuqonda iingcamango ezisisiseko zexesha ledijithali kuya kubaluleka ngakumbi.
Indlela yempumelelo ebizwa ngokuba yi-quantum computing isebenzisa i-quantum physics ukusombulula iingxaki ezingaphaya kwemida yeekhompyuter eziqhelekileyo.
Imigaqo yethiyori ye-Quantum ibonisa indlela izinto kunye namandla aziphatha ngayo kwisikali se-atomic kunye ne-subatomic, kwaye i-IBM's Qiskit yikiti yophuhliso lwe-software ye-quantum evulekileyo enceda ekudaleni iinkqubo ze-computing ze-quantum.
Eli nqaku lijonge ukucacisa oku kwaye likubonelele ngesishwankathelo se-quantum computing.
Siza kucacisela abafundi bethu ngoncedo lwekhompuyutha yomthombo ovulekileyo we-quantum SDK, okt. Qiskit kwaye ubavumele baphonononge usebenzisa IJupyter Notebooks ibanjwe kwi-IBM Quantum Lab.
Yintoni iQuantum Computing?
Ikhompyuter ye-volum lisebe lesayensi yekhompyuter egxile ekuphuhliseni itekhnoloji yekhompyuter kusetyenziswa izimvo ezivela kwithiyori ye-quantum.
Kuthatha ithuba lomthamo okhethekileyo wamasuntswana e-subatomic ukuba abekho ngaxeshanye kumazwe amaninzi, anje ngo-0 no-1.
Bayakwazi ukucubungula idatha eninzi kakhulu kuneekhompyutheni eziqhelekileyo.
Kwiinkqubo ze-quantum computing, i-qubit yenziwa kusetyenziswa imeko ye-quantum yento. Izinto ezibalulekileyo zolwazi kwi-quantum computing zi-qubits.
Benza umsebenzi ofanayo njengamasuntswana kwikhompuyutha eqhelekileyo kwi-quantum computing, kodwa benza ngokwahlukileyo kakhulu. I-Quantum computing yintsimi eyavela kwi-1980s.
Emva koko kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-algorithms ye-quantum yayisebenza ngakumbi ekwenzeni eminye imisebenzi yekhompyuter kunabalingane babo beklasikhi.
I-Superposition kunye ne-entanglement, iikhonsepthi ezimbini ezivela kwi-quantum physics, ziziseko ezisekelwe kuzo ezi zixhobo ezinkulu.
Xa kuthelekiswa neekhompyuter eziqhelekileyo, iikhompyuter zequantum okwangoku zinokwenza imisebenzi yeodolo yobukhulu ngokukhawuleza ngelixa zisebenzisa amandla amancinci.
Kufuneka siqhubeke nokusebenza kweekhompyuter ze-quantum ukuze siyiqonde ngokupheleleyo. Masiqale ngoku.
Isebenza njani ikhompyuter yequantum?
Xa kuthelekiswa neekhompyuter zemveli esiziqhelileyo, iikhompyuter zequantum zijongana nokusombulula iingxaki ngokwahlukileyo. Kweminye imisebenzi, iikhomputha ze-quantum zikhethwayo kunezemveli ngeendlela ezininzi.
Ukwazi kwabo ukubakho kumazwe amaninzi ngexesha elinye kucingelwa ukuba ngunobangela. Kwelinye icala, iikhompyuter eziqhelekileyo zinokuba kwimeko enye kanye.
Kukho iikhonsepthi ezintathu eziphambili ekufuneka uziqonde ukuze uqonde ukuba zisebenza njani iikhompyuter ze-quantum:
- Isikhundla esiphezulu.
- Ukubanjiswa.
- Ukuphazamiseka.
Indawo ephezulu
Amasuntswana ngamacandelo asisiseko kwiikhompyuter zemveli. Iibhithi zeQuantum, okanye iiQubits, ziiyunithi ezisisiseko zeekhompyuter zequantum.
Ngokusisiseko, i-quantum bits isebenza ngokwahlukileyo. Intwana yokubini, ngamanye amaxesha eyaziwa ngokuba yintwana yemveli, lutshintsho olunokuba ngu-0 okanye u-1.
Sifumana imeko yangoku yentwana emva xa silinganisa. IiQubits zihlukile koku. IiQubits zinokuthelekiswa neentolo ezikhomba kumacala amathathu.
Bakwimeko ezi-0 ukuba bakhomba phezulu. Bakwisimo esi-1 ukuba bakhomba ezantsi. Kuyafana nangamasuntswana eklasiki.
Nangona kunjalo, banokukhetha nokuba kwindawo ephezulu.
Utolo lukwimeko apho lukhomba kulo naliphi na icala. I-superposition ye-0 kunye ne-1 iphumela kweli lizwe. I-Qubit iya kuvelisa nokuba yi-1 okanye i-0 njengesiphumo xa ilinganiswa.
Nangona kunjalo, ukujongwa kotolo kugqiba ukuba nokwenzeka okufanelekileyo.
Ungafumana u-1 ukuba utolo lukhomba phantsi kwaye u-0 ukuba lukhomba phezulu.
Uya kuba 50% ithuba lokuwina nganye ukuba utolo luphakathi. Ngamafutshane, yi-superposition leyo.
Ukungena
Amasuntswana kwikhompyuter yemveli azimele enye kwenye. Imeko yesuntswana enye ayinanxaxheba kwimo yelinye isuntswana.
Ii-qubits kwiikhompyuter ze-quantum zinokubambeneka enye kwenye. Oku kuthetha ukuba badityaniswa kwimo enye enkulu yequantum.
Ukwenza umzekeliso, qwalasela iiqubits ezimbini ezikwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zodidi oluphezulu kodwa ezingekabotshwa. Ngeli xesha, amathuba abo awathembeli omnye komnye.
Xa sibabophelela, kufuneka silahle ezo zinto zinokwenzeka zizimeleyo kwaye simisele amathuba azo zonke ezinye iindawo esinokubaleka kuzo, ezizezi, 00, 01, 10, kunye ne-11.
Unikezelo olunokwenzeka lwenkqubo yonke luyatshintshwa ukuba isalathiso sotolo kwi-qubit enye sitshintshiwe ngenxa yokuba i-qubits ibambekile.
Ukuzimela kwe-qubits omnye komnye kulahlekile. Ngamnye kubo yinxalenye yemeko efanayo enkulu. Nokuba zingaphi ii-qubits onazo, oku kusenjalo.
Kukho indibaniselwano enokwenzeka ye-2n ithi kwikhompyuter ye-quantum ene-n qubits.
Unonikezelo olunokwenzeka kwiindawo ezimbini, umzekelo, kwi-qubit enye. Unonikezelo olunokwenzeka kwiindawo ezine zeequbits ezimbini, njl njl. Umahluko ophambili phakathi kweekhompyuter zeklasikhi kunye ne-quantum yile.
Ungabeka iikhompyuter zakudala kuyo nayiphi na imeko oyikhethayo, kodwa enye kuphela ngexesha. Zonke ezo zizwe zinokubakho ngaxeshanye kwiikhompyuter ze-quantum njenge-superposition.
Ingazuza njani ikhompyuter ngokuba kuwo onke la mazwe ngaxeshanye? Into yokugqibela yokuphazamiseka ingena kweli nqanaba.
Ungenelelo
Umsebenzi we-quantum wave ungasetyenziswa ukuchaza ubume be-qubit.
Inkcazo yezibalo esisiseko yayo yonke into kwi-quantum physics ibonelelwa ngemisebenzi yamaza.
Xa iiqubits ezininzi zibanjisiwe, imisebenzi yazo yamaza idityaniswe kunye ukwenza umsebenzi wamaza amaza ochaza yonke imeko yekhompyuter yequantum.
Ukuphazamiseka sisiphumo sokudibanisa le misebenzi yamaza kunye. Xa amaza edityaniswe kunye, anokunxibelelana ngendlela eyakhayo kwaye adibanise ukudala amaza amakhulu, kanye njengokuba amaza amanzi esenza.
Basenokusebenzisana ngendlela etshabalalisayo ukuze balwe. Ukuba nokwenzeka okwahlukeneyo kumazwe ahlukeneyo kumiselwa ngumsebenzi wamaza wekhompyuter wequantum.
Sinokutshintsha amathuba okuba amazwe athile avele xa silinganisa ikhompyuter ye-quantum ngokuguqula iimeko zeequbits ezahlukeneyo.
Nangona ikhompyuter ye-quantum inokubakho kwiindawo eziphezulu zamazwe ngaxeshanye, imilinganiselo ityhila enye yezo zizwe.
Ke ngoko, ngelixa usebenzisa ikhompyuter ye-quantum ukugqiba umsebenzi wokubala, uphazamiseko olwakhayo luyafuneka ukuphakamisa amathuba okufumana impendulo echanekileyo kunye nokuphazamiseka okutshabalalisayo ukuthoba amathuba okufumana engalunganga.
Ngoku, makhe siqale ngeQiskit.
Yintoni i Qiskit?
I-Qiskit sisikhokelo sesoftware esixhaswa ngezimali yi-IBM eyenzelwe ukwenza kube lula kuye nabani na ukuba angene kwindawo ye-quantum computing.
Ngenxa yokuba iikhompyuter ze-quantum kunzima ukuzifumana, unokufumana enye ngomboneleli welifu, onje nge-IBM, usebenzisa ibhokisi yezixhobo ze-Qiskit.
Ifumaneka simahla, kwaye yonke ikhowudi yayo Vula Umnikezi.
Kukho i incwadi ye-intanethi ekufundisa zonke iziseko ze-quantum physics, eluncedo kakhulu kwabo bangawaziyo lo mbandela. I-Python isetyenziselwa ukuphuhlisa i-Qiskit toolkit.
Ke, ukuba uqhelene nolwimi lwenkqubo yePython, uya kuqaphela ikhowudi eninzi.
Isakhelo sesoftware sifanelekile kwabo banqwenela ukwenza njalo funda malunga ne-quantum computing ngoxa sikwafumana namava asebenzisekayo.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yeQiskit kukuba isebenza kwizigaba ezibini. Elinye lamanyathelo linqanaba lokwakha, apho sidala iisekethe ezininzi ze-quantum kwaye sisebenzise ezo zijikelezo ukusombulula ingxaki.
Emva koko, emva kokugqiba isigaba sokwakha okanye ukufikelela kwisisombululo, siqhubela phambili kwisigaba esilandelayo, esaziwa ngokuba yinqanaba lokuphumeza, apho sizama ukuqhuba ukwakhiwa kwethu okanye isisombululo kwii-backends ezahlukeneyo (i-state vector backend, i-uninity backend, evulekile I-backend ye-ASM), kwaye emva kokuba kugqitywe ukuqhutyelwa kwedatha, siqhuba idatha ekwakheni imveliso efunwayo.
Ukuqalisa ngeQiskit
Kwikhompyuter yakho okanye iJupyter Notebook ebanjwa yi-IBM, ungayifaka kwalapha ekhaya. Bhala le khowudi ilandelayo ukuze uyifake kwalapha kwikhompyuter yeWindows:
Kufuneka sibhalise apha ukuze sifikelele kwithokheni ye-API esenza sikwazi ukusebenzisa izixhobo ze-IBM ze-quantum, kwaye emva koko sinokuqala ukusebenza kunye newebhusayithi yenkampani. Unokucinga ukwenza oku ngokusebenzisa i-Qiskit efakwe kwi-Jupyter Notebook esebenza kwi-intanethi.
Ungafikelela kuyo ngokukhetha iProfayile yakho kwimenyu ekwikona ephezulu ngasekunene kwephepha, emva koko ukhethe ulwazi lweakhawunti. Ungafumana uphawu lwakho lwe-API phantsi kwecandelo kwiitokeni ze-API ngendlela ye- ***. Ikhutshelwa emva koko ifakwe kule khowudi ilandelayo:
Nje ukuba le khowudi iphunyeziwe, uphawu lwakho lwe-API luya kugcinwa kwikhompyuter yakho, lukwenza ukuba usebenzise izixhobo ze-IBM ze-quantum. Faka oku kulandelayo ukumisela ukuba unofikelelo kweso sixhobo:
Ukuba le khowudi ikhankanywe ngasentla iyasebenza, kuya kufuneka ukwazi ukuqhuba ikhowudi kungekuphela nje kwikhompyuter yakho kodwa nangokuthumela iisekethe ze-quantum eyakhelweyo kwizixhobo ze-IBM ze-quantum kunye neziphumo zokufumana.
Ke, sisebenzisa ithala leencwadi leesekethe, sinokuqala ukuphuhlisa i-algorithm yethu yokuqala ye-quantum. Siqala ngokungenisa izinto ezixhomekeke kwiQiskit kwiprojekthi yethu.
Emva koko sakha irejista yee-quantum ezimbini kunye nerejista yeebhithi ezimbini eziqhelekileyo.
Ke ngoku sinerejista yakudala kunye neyequantum esekiweyo. Sisebenzisa ezo zimbini, sinokwakha isekethe kwaye ukuba, nangaliphi na ixesha kulo lonke uhlengahlengiso lwesekethe, unqwenela ukuzoba ukuba isekethe ye-quantum ijongeka njani, bhala le khowudi ilandelayo:
Sinokubona kumfanekiso ukuba isekethe iqulethe iibhithi ezimbini ze-quantum kunye neebhithi ezimbini zeklasiki.
Njengoko kunjalo, le sekethi ayinamasango, okwenza ukuba ingabi nomdla. Ngoku makhe isekethe sisebenzisa amasango e-quantum. Njengeklasikhi amasango engqiqo (KUNYE, OKANYE amasango) ngaweesekethe zedijithali eziqhelekileyo, amasango e-quantum awona macandelo abalulekileyo kwiisekethe ze-quantum.
Ukusebenzisa isango le-Hadamard kwi-qubit yokuqala linyathelo lokuqala ekudaleni ukudibanisa. Emva koko, sisebenzisa le khowudi ilandelayo, siya kongeza umsebenzi olawulwayo we-x-qubit:
Ngoku ukuba aba baqhubi babini sele besetyenziselwe ukwakha isekethe yethu ye-quantum, lixesha lokulinganisa i-quantum bits (qubits), thatha loo milinganiselo, kwaye uyigcine kwii-bits zakudala. Masenze ikhowudi efunekayo ukuphumeza oko:
Lo mzobo ungezantsi ubonisa uyilo lwesekethe yethu:
Isekethe emva koko kufuneka iqhutywe kwisilingisi sekhompyuter yesiqhelo. Isekethe igqityiwe. Kwaye ujonge iziphumo zolo kuphunyezwa.
Ulwazi olufunyenwe ekwenzeni loo sekethi lugcinwe kwinguqu yesiphumo. Masibonise ezi ziphumo sisebenzisa ihistogram yeploti.
Yiloo nto eyenzekayo xa siqhuba isiphaluka sethu se-quantum. Kumanani u-00 no-11, sifumana amathuba amalunga nama-50%. Isekethe yakho yokuqala ye-quantum yekhompyuter yakhiwe. Sivuyisana nawe!
Usetyenziso lweQiskit Quantum Computing
Qiskit Finance
Ingqokelela yezixhobo zokubonisa kunye nezicelo zinikezelwa yiQiskit Finance. Oku kubandakanya abaguquli be-Ising ukwenzela ukuphuculwa kwepotfoliyo, ababoneleli bedatha ngedatha yokwenyani okanye engacwangciswanga, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwamaxabiso okhetho lwemali olwahlukeneyo okanye uvavanyo lomngcipheko wetyala.
Qiskit Nature
Usetyenziso olunje ukusonga iprotheni kunye ne-electronic/vibronic structure ukubala kuzo zombini iindawo ezinemincili kunye nomhlaba zixhaswa yiQiskit Nature.
Inika onke amacandelo afunekayo ekudibaniseni iikhowudi zeklasikhi kunye nokuguqula ngokuzenzekelayo kumboniso ohlukeneyo ofunekayo kwiikhomputha ze-quantum.
Qiskit Machine Learning
Quantum yokufunda umatshini iindlela ezizisebenzisayo ukujongana neengxaki ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokuhlehla kunye nokuhlelwa, zibonelelwa yi-Qiskit Machine Learning kunye nesiseko se-quantum kernels kunye ne-quantum neural networks (QNNs) njengeebhloko zokwakha.
Ikwavumela uqhagamshelo lwee-QNN kwi-PyTorch ngenjongo yokubandakanya izinto ze-quantum kwimisebenzi yakudala.
Qiskit Optimization
I-Qiskit Optimization inikezela ngoluhlu olupheleleyo lweenkonzo zokuphucula, kubandakanywa imodeli yomgangatho ophezulu wemiba yokuphucula, ukuguqulelwa ngokuzenzekelayo kweengxaki kwiimpawu ezahlukeneyo ezifunekayo, kunye neqoqo leendlela ezilula zokuphucula i-quantum.
isiphelo
Ukuqukumbela, ngelixa i-supercomputer ekhawulezayo ekhoyo ngoku ithatha iminyaka, iikhompyuter ze-quantum zinokuqhekeka ngokukhawuleza kwiindlela zangoku zokufihla.
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba iikhompyuter ze-quantum ziya kukwazi ukwaphula uninzi lweendlela zokufihla ezisetyenziswayo namhlanje, kucingelwa ukuba ziya kudala izinto ezibambeleyo zobungqina be-hack.
Ukuphucula iingxaki ngamandla eekhompyuter zequantum. Ngeenkcukacha ezithe vetshe, nceda undwendwele Qiskit GitHub.
Shiya iMpendulo