Digital shanduko iri kushandura nyika nekukurumidza kupfuura nakare kose. Kudzidza nezve pfungwa dzakakosha dzezera redhijitari kunozonyanya kutsoropodza nekuuya kweimwe wave itsva tekinoroji inokwanisa kushandura mamodheru aripo nekumhanya kunoshamisa uye nesimba: quantum computing.
Muchinyorwa chino, tinofananidza iwo ekutanga pfungwa dzechinyakare komputa uye quantum komputa, uye zvakare tanga kuongorora mashandisiro avo munzvimbo dzakasiyana.
Chii chinonzi quantum properties?
Munhau yose, vanhu vakagadzira ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu sezvavakasvika pakunzwisisa kushanda kwechisiko kupfurikidza nesayenzi. Pakati pemakore ekuma1900 nema1930, ongororo yezvimwe zviitiko zvemuviri zvanga zvisati zvanyatsonzwisiswa zvakaunza dzidziso itsva yemuviri: Quantum Mechanics. Dzidziso iyi inotsanangura nekutsanangura kushanda kwenyika ine microscopic, nzvimbo yakasikwa yemamorekuru, maatomu uye maerekitironi.
Haisi kungokwanisa kutsanangura zviitiko izvi chete, asi zvakare yaita kuti zvikwanise kunzwisisa kuti subatomic chaiyo inoshanda nenzira inopesana-inonzwisisika, ingangoita yemashiripiti, uye kuti zviitiko zvinotora nzvimbo munyika ine microscopic iyo isingaitiki mumhepo. macroscopic nyika.
Izvi zvehuwandu zvivakwa zvinosanganisira quantum superposition, quantum entanglement, uye quantum teleportation.
- Quantum superposition inotsanangura kuti chidimbu chingave sei munzvimbo dzakasiyana panguva imwe chete.
- Quantum entanglement inotsanangura kuti zvidimbu zviviri zvingaunzwa sei kune "yakapindwa muropa" uye, mushure mezvo, zvinopindura panguva imwe chete nenzira imwechete, zvisinei nekureba kwavo. Mune mamwe mazwi, ivo vanogona kuiswa kure kure sezvavanoda, uye, kana vachidyidzana neimwe, imwe inopindura kune iyo kudyidzana kumwechete.
- Quantum teleportation inoshandisa quantum entanglement kutumira ruzivo kubva kune imwe nzvimbo munzvimbo kuenda kune imwe pasina chikonzero chekufamba nemuchadenga.
Quantum computing yakavakirwa pane idzi quantum zvimiro zve subatomic nature.
Muchiitiko ichi, manzwisisiro anhasi epasirese microscopic kuburikidza neQuantum Mechanics inotibvumira kugadzira nekugadzira matekinoroji anokwanisa kuvandudza hupenyu hwevanhu. Kune akawanda akasiyana matekinoroji anoshandisa quantum phenomena, uye mamwe acho, senge lasers kana magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), anga aripo kweanopfuura hafu yezana ramakore.
Chii chinonzi quantum computing?
Kuti unzwisise kuti quantum makomputa anoshanda sei, zvakakosha kutanga tatsanangura kuti makomputa atinoshandisa mazuva ese, anotaurwa muchinyorwa chino sedhijitari kana ekirasi makomputa, anoshanda sei. Izvi, sezvimwe zvese zvemagetsi zvakaita semahwendefa kana nharembozha, zvinoshandisa mabhiti sezvikamu zvawo zvakakosha zvendangariro. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mapurogiramu nemashandisirwo akaiswa mubhiti, kureva mumutauro wemabhinari wemaziro uye iwo.
Nguva imwe neimwe yatinosangana neipi yezvigadziri izvi, semuenzaniso nekutsikirira kiyi pane keyboard, tambo dze zero, uye izvo zvinogadzirwa, zvinoparadzwa uye / kana kuchinjwa mukati mekombuta.
Mubvunzo unonakidza ndewekuti, ndeapi mazero aya uye ari mukati mekombuta? Zero uye imwe nyika yebhiti inoenderana nemagetsi arikuyerera, kana kwete, kuburikidza nezvikamu zviduku zviduku zvinonzi transistors, zvinoshanda sema switch. Kana pasina ikozvino iri kuyerera, iyo transistor "yakadzimwa" uye inoenderana nediki 0, uye kana ichiyerera, iri "pa" uye inoenderana nediki 1.
Mune chimiro chakarerutswa, zvinoita sekunge bhiti 0 na 1 zvinoenderana nemakomba, zvekuti gomba risina chinhu ridiki 0 uye buri rinogarwa nerekitironi ridiki 1. Zvino zvatava neruzivo rwekuti macomputer anhasi anoshanda sei. , ngatiedzei kunzwisisa kuti quantum makombiyuta anoshanda sei.
Kubva pabhiti kusvika kune qubits
Iyo yakakosha unit yeruzivo muquantum computing ndiyo quantum bit kana qubit. Qubits ndeye, netsanangudzo, maviri-level quantum systems iyo, semabhiti, inogona kunge iri pasi, iyo inofananidzwa nemamiriro ekuderera kana simba rinotsanangurwa se 0; kana padanho repamusoro, rinoenderana nemamiriro ekusimudzira kana kutsanangurwa se1.
Zvisineyi, uye pano pane musiyano wakakosha nemakomputa echinyakare, qubits inogona zvakare kuva mune chero nhamba isingaperi yematunhu aripakati pakati pe0 ne1, senyika iri hafu 0 nehafu 1, kana zvikamu zvitatu muzvina zve0 nechikamu chimwe. ye 1. Ichi chiitiko chinozivikanwa se quantum superposition uye yakasikwa mu quantum systems.
Quantum algorithms: Exponentially yakanyanya simba uye inoshanda komputa
Chinangwa che quantum makomputa kutora mukana weiyi quantum zvivakwa zvequbits, se quantum masisitimu, kukwanisa kumhanya quantum algorithms anoshandisa superposition uye entanglement kupa yakakura kwazvo kugadzirisa simba kupfuura yekare.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti titaure kuti iyo chaiyo paradigm shanduko haisanganisi kuita chinhu chimwe chete icho madhijitari kana ekirasi makomputa -azvino- anoita, asi nekukurumidza, sekureva kwezvinyorwa zvakawanda zvisiri izvo, asi kuti quantum algorithms inobvumira mamwe maoperation kuti aitwe. kuitwa nenzira yakasiyana zvachose; izvo zvinowanzoita zvakanyanya -kureva, munguva shoma shoma kana kushandisa mashoma kwazvo computational zviwanikwa-.
Ngatitarisei muenzaniso wekongiri wezvinoreva izvi. Ngatimbofungidzirai tiri muSan Francisco uye tinoda kuziva kuti ndeipi nzira yakanaka yekuenda kuNew York kubva pamiriyoni sarudzo dzekusvika ikoko (N=1,000,000). Kuti tikwanise kushandisa makomputa kuwana nzira yakakwana, tinofanirwa kudhijita 1,000,000 sarudzo, izvo zvinoreva kuzvishandura mumutauro wechidiki wekombuta yekirasi uye kuita maqubits equantum komputa.
Nepo komputa yemhando yepamusoro yaizoda kupfuura nemunzira dzese imwe neimwe kusvika yawana yainoda, komputa yehuwandu inotora mukana wemaitiro anozivikanwa se quantum parallelism inobvumira kuti, zvakanyanya, kufunga nzira dzese kamwechete. Izvi zvinoreva kuti komputa yequantum ichawana nzira yekukasira nekukurumidza kupfuura komputa yekare, nekuda kwekugadzirisa kwezviwanikwa zvakashandiswa.
Kuti tinzwisise mutsauko wehuwandu hwemakomputa, nen qubits tinogona kuita zvakaenzana nezvinogoneka ne2.n bits. Zvinowanzotaurwa kuti pamwe ne270 qubits iwe unogona kunge uine dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi muhuwandu hwekombuta - dzakasiyana uye panguva imwe chete tambo dzemavara - pane nhamba yemaatomu ari muchadenga, ayo anofungidzirwa kunge angangoita maviri.80. Mumwe muenzaniso ndewekuti inofungidzirwa kuti nekombuta yehuwandu iri pakati pe2000 ne2500 qubits unogona kutyora zvese cryptography inoshandiswa nhasi (inozivikanwa sevoruzhinji kiyi cryptography).
Nezve cryptography inoenda, kune akawanda mabhenefiti ekushandisa quantum computing. Kana masisitimu maviri akanyatsobatanidzwa, zvinoreva kuti anodyidzana (kureva, kana imwe yachinja, imwe inoshandukawo) uye hapana wechitatu anogovera kuwirirana uku.
Tora woenda nazvo
Isu tiri munguva yeshanduko yedhijitari umo akasiyana ari kusimukira matekinoroji akadai se blockchain, hungwaru hwekugadzira, drones, Internet yezvinhu, chaiyo chaiyo, 5G, 3D maprinta, marobhoti kana. autonomous cars vari kuwedzera kuvepo muminda yakawanda uye masekete.
Aya matekinoroji, akaiswa kuti avandudze hupenyu hwemunhu nekukasira kusimudzira uye kugadzira magariro maitiro, ari kufambira mberi zvakafanana. Kashoma chete patinoona makambani achigadzira zvigadzirwa zvinoshandisa kusanganiswa kweaviri kana anopfuura eaya matekinoroji, senge blockchain neIoT kana drones uye. chakagadzirwa njere.
Nepo ivo vakatemerwa kusangana uye nekudaro kuunza mhedzisiro yakakura, danho rekutanga rebudiriro ravari uye kushomeka kwevagadziri uye vanhu vane ruzivo rwehunyanzvi zvinoreva kuti kuchinjika richiri basa rakamirira.
Nekuda kwekukanganisa kwavo kugona, quantum tekinoroji inotarisirwa kwete kungosangana neaya matekinoroji matsva, asi zvakare kuve nesimba rakakura pane angangoita ese. Quantum komputa ichatyisidzira kuvimbiswa, kuchinjana uye kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwedata, kuve nekukanganisa kukuru kune iyo tekinoroji umo cryptography inoita basa rakakosha, senge cybersecurity kana blockchain.
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