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Quantum computing imagwiritsa ntchito mfundo za quantum mechanics. Zotsatira zake, computing ya quantum imafuna njira yosiyana ndi makompyuta akale. Purosesa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakompyuta a quantum ndi chitsanzo chimodzi cha kusiyana kumeneku.
Pomwe makompyuta azikhalidwe amagwiritsa ntchito mapurosesa opangidwa ndi silicon, makompyuta a quantum amagwiritsa ntchito makina ochulukira monga ma atomu, ma ion, ma photon, kapena ma electron. Amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a quantum kuyimira ma bits omwe amatha kupangidwa mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya 1 ndi 0.
Ndiye, kodi mawu oti "quantum" amatanthauza chiyani kwenikweni? Kodi ndikudumpha kwakukulu?
Mawu akuti quantum amachokera ku liwu lachilatini lakuti quantum, lomwe limatanthauza "kuchuluka." Ndilo 'discrete quantity of energy proportional in magnitude to frequency of radiation it's' mu physics. Discrete imatanthauza chinthu chosapitirira kapena chosiyana. Quantum imatanthawuza kuchulukira kwapadera kapena kofunikira mwanjira iyi.
Kodi quantum computing ndi chiyani?
Makompyuta a Quantum ikugwiritsa ntchito njira za algebraic kupanga ma algorithms powerengera, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ofanana kapena ofanana ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu quantum physics. Quantum mechanics, nawonso, amatanthawuza chiphunzitso choyambirira cha fizikisi chomwe chimalowera mu kufotokozera za chilengedwe chakuthupi pakukula kwa maatomu ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
A kuchuluka kwa makompyuta motero ndi kompyuta yongopeka yomwe imatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma aligorivimu otere. Zotsatira zake, makompyuta a quantum amachokera ku ma quantum bits, omwe amadziwikanso kuti qubits, omwe amatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku electron imodzi.
Zinthu za quantum zimayenda molingana ndi malamulo a quantum mechanics, kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro monga kuwerengera kwapawiri, superposition, ndi kupindika. Malingaliro awa amakhala ngati maziko a ma algorithms a quantum, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamakompyuta a quantum kuthana ndi zovuta.
M'nkhaniyi, ndikukambirana zonse zomwe muyenera kudziwa za quantum entanglement.
Kodi quantum entanglement ndi chiyani?
Kulowetsedwa kwa Quantum kumachitika pamene machitidwe awiri ali ogwirizana kwambiri kotero kuti kudziwa za chimodzi kumakupatsani chidziwitso chachangu cha chinacho, ziribe kanthu kuti ali kutali bwanji.
Asayansi onga Einstein anadabwitsidwa ndi chodabwitsa chimenechi, chimene anachitcha “chochitika chododometsa chapatali” popeza chinaswa lamulo lakuti palibe chidziŵitso chimene chingatumizidwe mofulumira kuposa liwiro la kuwala. Kuyesera kowonjezera pogwiritsa ntchito ma photon ndi ma elekitironi, komabe, kulumikizidwa kotsimikizika.
Kulumikizana ndiye mwala wapangodya wa quantum computing. Kulowetsedwa kwa Quantum mu physics kumatanthauza kulumikizana kwamphamvu kwambiri pakati pa quantum particles. Kulumikizana kumeneku ndi kolimba kwambiri kotero kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tiwiri kapena kupitilira apo titha kulumikizidwa mosalekeza ndikulekanitsidwa ndi mtunda wautali.
Kuti mumvetsetse izi, lingalirani kuyerekeza kosavuta komwe sikukugwirizana ndi sayansi kapena makompyuta. Taganizirani zimene zingachitike ngati akanapanda imodzi, koma ndalama zachitsulo ziwiri zikaponyedwa. Kaŵirikaŵiri, kaya ndalama imodzi itagwera pamutu kapena pamichira ilibe kanthu kwenikweni pa zotsatira za kuponyedwa kwakobiri kachiwiri.
Komabe, pankhani ya kutsekeredwa, mbali zonse ziwiri zimalumikizidwa kapena kutsekeredwa, mosasamala kanthu kuti ndizosiyana mwakuthupi. Pamenepa, ngati ndalama imodzi igwera pamitu, ndalama yachiwiri idzawonetsanso mitu, ndipo mosiyana.
Kumvetsetsa quantum entanglement (ndi chitsanzo)
Quantum entanglement ndi nthawi yomwe machitidwe awiri (makamaka ma elekitironi kapena ma photon) amalumikizana kwambiri kotero kuti kudziwa zambiri za "boma" la dongosolo limodzi (kuzungulira kwa electron, kunena kuti "Kumwamba") kungapereke chidziwitso cha nthawi yomweyo za dongosolo lina. “boma” (mayendedwe a electron yachiwiri imazungulira, nenani “Pansi”) mosasamala kanthu kuti machitidwewa ali kutali bwanji.
Mawu akuti "pompopompo" ndi "mosasamala kanthu kuti atalikirana bwanji" ndi ofunikira. Chochitikachi chadodometsa asayansi ngati Einstein, popeza kuti dzikolo silimatchulidwa mpaka litayesedwa, ndipo kufalitsa uthenga kumatsutsana ndi lamulo lakale la physics lakuti chidziwitso sichikhoza kutengedwa mofulumira kuposa liwiro la kuwala.
Komabe, kutsekeredwa kwatsimikiziridwa kuti kumagwiritsa ntchito mafotoni ndi ma electron kuyambira 1980s, chifukwa cha kafukufuku ndi kuyesa komwe kunayamba m'ma 1980.
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono (ma elekitironi) titha kupangidwa kuti tithe kufotokozedwa ndi ntchito imodzi yozungulira. Kutsekeredwa kutha kutheka mwa njira imodzi polola kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi zero tiwole kukhala tinthu tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tofanana koma tosiyana.
Ngati tinthu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono sitilumikizana ndi chilichonse, mafunde awo amakhala ofanana komanso amatsutsana ngakhale atalikirana bwanji. Asayansi adatsimikiza poyesa kuti nthawi yotsekeredwa inalibe chokhudza zambiri.
M’malo mwake, chidziŵitsocho chimatumizidwa ku tinthu ting’onoting’ono pamlingo wothamanga kwambiri kuposa liŵiro la kuwala kokha pamene chidziŵitso cha chinthu chimodzi chikuyezedwa.
Zotsatira zake, chidziwitso chimayenda motere. Koma tilibe ulamuliro pa izo - kusowa kwa ulamuliro uku kumalepheretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Quantum Entanglement, monga kutumiza uthenga kapena chidziwitso china mofulumira kuposa liwiro la kuwala.
Kodi kulowetsedwa kumagwira ntchito yanji mu quantum computing?
Kusintha mkhalidwe wa qubit wotsekedwa nthawi yomweyo kumasintha mkhalidwe wa qubit wophatikizidwa mumakompyuta a quantum. Zotsatira zake, kutsekeredwa kumathandizira kuthamanga kwa makompyuta a quantum.
Chifukwa kukonza qubit imodzi kumawulula zambiri zama qubits angapo, kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa ma qubits sikungowonjezera kuchuluka kwa njira (ie, ma qubits otsekeredwa).
Kuphatikizika kwa Quantum, malinga ndi kafukufuku, kumafunika kuti quantum algorithm ipereke kufulumira kwapang'onopang'ono pamawerengedwe akale.
Kulowetsa ntchito mu quantum computing
Mapulogalamu angapo atha kupindula ndi mawonekedwe amtundu uwu, omwe angasinthe mtsogolo komanso mtsogolo. Kubisa kwa Quantum, kukopera kwakukulu, mwina kutumizira mwachangu kuposa kuwala, komanso kutumizirana matelefoni zonse zitha kuthandizidwa ndi kutsekeredwa.
Makompyuta a Quantum ali ndi kuthekera kothana ndi nthawi ndikukonza zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza azachuma ndi mabanki.
Quantum entanglement ndi chodabwitsa chomwe chingathandize makompyuta oterowo pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa nthawi ndi mphamvu yokonza yofunikira kuti azitha kuyendetsa deta pakati pa ma qubits awo.
1. Quantum Cryptography
Mu classical cryptography, wotumiza amaika uthengawo ndi kiyi imodzi, pomwe wolandirayo amawulemba ndi kiyi yogawana. Komabe, pali chiwopsezo chakuti wina adzapeza chidziwitso cha makiyiwo ndikutha kuletsa ndikuchepetsa cryptography.
Kupanga njira yotetezeka pakati pa magulu awiriwa ndiye mwala wapangodya wa cryptography yosasweka. Kusokonezeka kungayambitse izi. Pamene machitidwe awiriwa akugwedezeka, amalumikizana wina ndi mzake (pamene wina asintha, momwemonso winayo), ndipo palibe wina aliyense amene angagwirizane ndi izi.
Quantum cryptography imapindulanso ndi kusakhala ndi cloning, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndizosatheka kupanga chofananira chofanana cha dziko losadziwika la quantum. Zotsatira zake, ndizosatheka kubwereza zomwe zasungidwa mu quantum state.
Ndi kugawa kwachinsinsi cha quantum, quantum cryptography yazindikirika kale (QKD). QKD imagwiritsa ntchito ma photon opangidwa mwachisawawa kuti afotokoze zambiri zachinsinsi. Wolandira amalemba makiyi pogwiritsa ntchito zosefera polarizing ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kubisa uthengawo.
Zambiri zachinsinsi zimasamutsidwabe kudzera mumizere yolumikizirana yokhazikika, koma makiyi enieni a quantum okha ndi omwe amatha kutsitsa uthengawo. Chifukwa "kuwerenga" ma photon opangidwa ndi polarized amasintha mawonekedwe awo, kuyang'ana kulikonse kumachenjeza olankhulana nawo za kulowererako.
Ukadaulo wa QKD pakadali pano uli wotsekeredwa ndi chingwe cha fiber optic, chomwe chimatha kupereka chithunzithunzi cha mtunda wa 100km musanakomoke kwambiri kuti musalandire. Mu 2004, kusamutsidwa koyamba kwa banki ya QKD kunachitika ku Austria.
Kuwonetsetsa kufalitsa mauthenga osasweka komanso osasokoneza omwe ali otetezeka kutengera mfundo zakuthupi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito momveka bwino muzandalama, mabanki, asitikali, azachipatala, ndi zina. Mabizinesi angapo tsopano akugwiritsa ntchito QKD yokhazikika.
2. Quantum Teleportation
Quantum teleportation ndiyonso njira yotumizira zidziwitso za kuchuluka pakati pamagulu awiri, monga ma photon, maatomu, ma elekitironi, ndi mabwalo apamwamba kwambiri. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, teleportation imalola ma QCs kuti aziyendera limodzi pomwe akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa zochepetsera mphamvu ndi 100 mpaka 1000 nthawi.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa quantum teleportation ndi quantum cryptography ndi motere:
- Kusinthana kwa quantum teleportation Panjira yachikale, zambiri za "quantum" zimatumizidwa.
- Kusinthana kwa quantum cryptography Panjira yochulukirapo, zambiri za "classical" zimatumizidwa.
Mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira pamakompyuta a quantum zimatulutsa kutentha, zomwe ndizovuta chifukwa amayenera kugwira ntchito pamalo otsika kwambiri. Teleportation ili ndi kuthekera kotsogolera ku mayankho apangidwe omwe angafulumizitse chitukuko cha quantum computing.
3. Biological System
Thupi la munthu, monga zolengedwa zonse, likusintha mosalekeza chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwa mamiliyoni azinthu zamankhwala ndi zachilengedwe. Mpaka posachedwa, iwo ankaganiziridwa kuti ndi mzere, ndi "A" kupita ku "B." Komabe, quantum biology ndi biophysics zavumbulutsa kugwirizana kwakukulu mkati mwazinthu zachilengedwe, ndi QE ikuchitapo kanthu.
Njira zosiyanasiyana za subunits zomanga mapuloteni zimayikidwa palimodzi zimapangidwira kuti zilole kulumikizidwa kokhazikika komanso kulumikizana. Quantum Biology akadali mutu wazongopeka wokhala ndi nkhawa zosiyanasiyana zosayankhidwa; akayankhidwa, ntchito zamankhwala zidzawonekera kwambiri.
Quantum computing, mwamalingaliro, imatha kufanana bwino ndi chilengedwe (poyerekeza kugwirizanitsa ma atomiki) ndi machitidwe achilengedwe a kuchuluka kuposa makompyuta akale.
4. Superdense Coding
Superdense coding ndi njira yotumizira zidziwitso ziwiri wamba pogwiritsa ntchito qubit imodzi yolumikizidwa. Khodi yomwe ili yolimba kwambiri ikhoza:
- Imalola wogwiritsa ntchito kutumiza theka lazomwe zimafunikira kuti apangenso uthenga wakale pasadakhale, kulola wogwiritsa kuti azitha kulumikizana mwachangu mpaka ma qubit omwe adaperekedwa kale atha.
- Kuchuluka kwa njira ziwiri za quantum kunjira imodzi kumachulukitsidwa.
- Sinthani bandwidth yapamwamba kukhala yotsika-latency bandwidth potumiza theka la data panjira yotsika kwambiri kuti muthandizire zomwe zikubwera panjira yotsika kwambiri.
M'badwo uliwonse wolumikizana umafuna kusamutsa zambiri. Kupindula kofananirako kuzidziwitso kutheka ndi ma coding a superdense.
Kutsiliza
Kuphatikizidwa kwa Quantum kumatha kutilola kuti tizigwira ntchito ndi data m'njira zomwe sitinaganizepo kale. Mwa kuphatikiza quantum computing ndi kutsekeka, titha kuyankha zomwe zimafuna kuchuluka kwa data m'njira yabwino komanso yotetezeka.
Powonjezerapo kugwiritsa ntchito zamoyo ndi zakuthambo, QE ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyankha nkhani zomwe anthu akhala akuziganizira kwa nthawi yayitali: Kodi tinachokera kuti ndipo zidayamba bwanji?
Ukadaulo ukachulukirachulukira, m'pamenenso tidzapeza ntchito zambiri zaukadaulo - uli ndi lonjezo lalikulu!
Siyani Mumakonda