Okuqukethwe[Fihla][Bonisa]
I-Quantum computing icubungula idatha isebenzisa izimiso ze-quantum mechanics. Ngenxa yalokho, i-quantum computing idinga indlela ehlukile kune-classical computing. Iphrosesa esetshenziswa kumakhompuyutha e-quantum iyisibonelo esisodwa salo mehluko.
Nakuba amakhompyutha endabuko asebenzisa amaphrosesa asekelwe ku-silicon, amakhompyutha e-quantum asebenzisa amasistimu we-quantum njengama-athomu, ama-ion, ama-photons, noma ama-electron. Basebenzisa izici ze-quantum ukumela izingcezu ezingase zidalwe ngama-quantum superpositions ahlukahlukene ka-1 kanye no-0.
Ngakho-ke, lisho ukuthini ngempela igama elithi “quantum” kulo mongo? Ingabe ukugxuma okubalulekile?
Igama elithi quantum lisuselwa egameni lesiLatini elithi quantum, elisho "ubuningi." 'Iyinani elihlukanisiwe lamandla alinganayo ngobukhulu ukuya kwimvamisa yemisebe emele' ku-physics. I-Discrete ibhekisela entweni engaqhubeki futhi engahlukani. I-Quantum isho amanani ahlukile noma abalulekile ngalo mqondo.
Iyini i-quantum computing?
I-computing ye-Quantum isebenzisa izindlela ze-algebraic ukwakha ama-algorithms ezibalo, avame ukufana noma afana nalawo asetshenziswa ku-quantum physics. I-Quantum mechanics, yona, ibhekisela embonweni eyisisekelo yefiziksi engena encazelweni yezimfanelo zomzimba zemvelo ngosayizi wama-athomu nezinhlayiya ze-subatomic.
A ikhompyutha ye-quantum ngakho-ke ikhompyutha eqanjiwe ekwazi ukusebenzisa ama-algorithms anjalo. Ngenxa yalokho, amakhompiyutha e-quantum asekelwe ngokuyisisekelo kuma-quantum bits, aziwa nangokuthi ama-qubits, angase adalwe kusuka ku-electron eyodwa.
Izinto ze-quantum ziziphatha ngokwemithetho ye-quantum mechanics, zisebenzisa imiqondo efana nokubala okungenzeka, i-superposition, kanye ukungena. Le mibono isebenza njengesisekelo sama-algorithms e-quantum, asebenzisa amakhono amakhompyutha we-quantum ukubhekana nezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Kulesi sihloko, ngizoxoxa ngakho konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana ne-quantum entanglement.
Iyini i-quantum entanglement?
I-Quantum entanglement kwenzeka lapho amasistimu amabili exhumene kakhulu kangangokuthi ukwazi ngomunye kukunikeza ulwazi ngokushesha ngenye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iqhelelene kangakanani.
Ososayensi abanjengo-Einstein badidwa yilesi senzakalo, asibiza ngokuthi “isenzo esithusayo endaweni ekude” njengoba sephule umthetho wokuthi akukho kwaziswa okungathunyelwa ngokushesha kunejubane lokukhanya. Ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kusetshenziswa ama-photon nama-electron, nokho, ukubambelela okuqinisekisiwe.
I-Entanglement iyisisekelo se-quantum computing. I-Quantum entanglement ku-physics ibhekisela kusixhumanisi esinamandla kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlayiya ze-quantum. Lokhu kuxhumana kunamandla kangangokuthi izinhlayiya ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ze-quantum zingaxhunywa ngokungenakuvinjelwa ngenkathi zihlukaniswa amabanga amakhulu.
Ukuze uqhubeke ubambe lokhu, cabanga ngesiqhathaniso esilula esingahlobene ne-physics noma ikhompyutha. Cabanga ngalokho obekungenzeka ukube bekungajikijelwa izinhlamvu zemali ezimbili. Ngokuvamile, ukuthi uhlamvu lwemali olulodwa luhlala emakhanda noma emisileni alunawo umthelela omncane emphumeleni wokuphonswa kohlamvu lwesibili lwesibili.
Kodwa-ke, endabeni yokubopha, zombili izingxenye zixhumekile noma zibambene, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihlukene ngokomzimba. Kulokhu, uma uhlamvu lwemali olulodwa luhlala emakhanda, uhlamvu lwesibili lwesibili luzobonisa amakhanda, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.
Ukuqonda i-quantum entanglement (ngesibonelo)
I-Quantum entanglement iyisimo lapho amasistimu amabili (imvamisa ama-electron noma ama-photon) exhunyaniswe eduze kangangokuthi ukuthola ulwazi mayelana “nesimo” sohlelo olulodwa (isiqondiso sokuphonswa kwe-electron, yithi “Phezulu”) kungaveza ulwazi olusheshayo mayelana nolunye uhlelo. “isimo” (isiqondiso sokujikeleza kwe-electron yesibili, ithi “Phansi”) kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lezi zinhlelo ziqhelelene kangakanani.
Imisho ethi “ngokushesha” nethi “kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iqhelelene kangakanani” ibalulekile. Lesi simo sibadide ososayensi abafana no-Einstein, njengoba isimo singachazwa kuze kube yilapho silinganiswa, futhi ukudluliswa kolwazi kuphikisana nomthetho we-physics wakudala wokuthi ulwazi alukwazi ukuthuthwa ngokushesha kunejubane lokukhanya.
Kodwa-ke, ukubopha kufakazelwe ukuthi kusebenzisa kokubili ama-photon nama-electron kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980, ngenxa yocwaningo nokuhlola okwaqala ngawo-1980.
Izinhlayiya ezimbili ze-subatomic (ama-electron) zingakhiqizwa ukuze zichazwe ngokusebenza kwegagasi elilodwa. Ukuthandela kungase kufinyelelwe ngendlela eyodwa ngokuvumela izinhlayiya zomzali ezinama-spins aziro ukuthi zibole zibe yizinhlayiya zamantombazane ezibambene ezinama-spins alinganayo kodwa aphikisanayo.
Uma izinhlayiya zamadodakazi amabili zingasebenzisani nanoma yini, imisebenzi yazo yamagagasi izohlala ilingana futhi iphikisana kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iqhelelene kangakanani. Ososayensi banqume ngokuhlola ukuthi isikhathi sokugxambukela sasingenawo umthelela olwazini.
Kunalokho, ukwaziswa kuthunyelwa kwenye izinhlayiyana ngesivinini esisheshayo kunejubane lokukhanya kuphela lapho ukwaziswa kwezinhlayiyana kulinganiswa.
Ngenxa yalokho, ulwazi lugeleza ngaleli jubane. Kodwa asinakho ukulawula - lokhu kuntuleka kokulawula kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwe-Quantum Entanglement, njengokuthumela umlayezo noma olunye ulwazi ngokushesha kunejubane lokukhanya.
Iyiphi indima entanglement edlala ku-quantum computing?
Ukushintsha isimo se-qubit ebambene ngaso leso sikhathi kushintsha isimo se-qubit ebhanqiwe kumakhompyutha e-quantum. Ngenxa yalokho, ukubopha kusheshisa isivinini sokucubungula samakhompyutha we-quantum.
Ngoba ukucubungula i-qubit eyodwa kuveza ulwazi mayelana nama-qubits amaningi, ukuphinda kabili inani lama-qubits akusho ukuthi kwenyusa inani lezinqubo (okungukuthi, ama-qubits abambene).
I-Quantum entanglement, ngokusho kocwaningo, iyadingeka ku-algorithm ye-quantum ukuletha ukusheshisa okubonakalayo phezu kwezibalo zakudala.
Faka izinhlelo zokusebenza ku-quantum computing
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbalwa zingazuza kulesi sici somzimba esisodwa, esizoshintsha imanje nekusasa lethu. Ukubethela kwe-Quantum, ukubhala ngekhodi okunamandla, mhlawumbe ukudluliswa okusheshayo kunokukhanya, kanye ne-teleportation konke kungase kunikwe amandla ngokubambeka.
Amakhompiyutha e-Quantum anamandla okubhekana nesikhathi nokucubungula izinselelo ezidinga amandla ezinhlobonhlobo zezimboni, ezihlanganisa ezezimali kanye namabhange.
I-Quantum entanglement yinto engase isize amakhompyutha anjalo ngokunciphisa inani lesikhathi namandla okucubungula adingekayo ukuze kuphathwe ukugeleza kwedatha phakathi kwama-qubits awo.
1. I-Quantum Cryptography
Nge-cryptography yakudala, umthumeli ubhala umlayezo ngokhiye owodwa, kuyilapho umamukeli ewuchaza ngokhiye owabelwe. Kodwa-ke, kunengozi yokuthi umuntu wesithathu azothola ulwazi ngokhiye futhi akwazi ukunqanda nokubukela phansi i-cryptography.
Ukudala isiteshi esiphephile phakathi kwezinhlangothi zombili kuyisisekelo se-cryptography enganqamuki. Ukugxambukela kungabangela lokhu. Njengoba lezi zinhlelo ezimbili zibambisene, ziyahlobana (uma enye ishintsha, kanjalo nenye), futhi akekho umuntu wesithathu ozokwabelana ngalokhu kuhlobana.
I-Quantum cryptography iphinde izuze ngokungenzi i-cloning, okusho ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukukhiqiza ikhophi efanayo yesimo se-quantum esingaziwa. Ngenxa yalokho, akunakwenzeka ukuphindaphinda idatha ebhalwe ngekhodi kusimo se-quantum.
Ngokusabalalisa kokhiye we-quantum ongangeneki, i-quantum cryptography isivele yenziwe (QKD). I-QKD isebenzisa ama-photon ahlukaniswe ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze ixhumane nolwazi mayelana nokhiye. Umamukeli uchaza ukhiye esebenzisa izihlungi ze-polarizing kanye nendlela esetshenziswa ukubethela umlayezo.
Idatha eyimfihlo isadluliswa ngemigqa yokuxhumana ejwayelekile, kodwa ukhiye we-quantum oqondile kuphela onganquma umlayezo. Ngenxa yokuthi "ukufunda" ama-photon ahlukanisiwe ashintsha isimo sawo, noma yikuphi ukulalela kuxwayisa abaxhumana nabo ngokungena.
Ubuchwepheshe be-QKD njengamanje buvinjwe intambo ye-fiber optic, engaletha i-photon cishe u-100km ngaphambi kokuba iquleke kakhulu ukuthi ingayithola. Ngo-2004, ukudluliselwa kwebhange kwe-QKD okwakuhilelekile kwenzeka e-Austria.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukudluliswa kokuxhumana okunganqamuki nokungaphazamisi okuvikeleke ngokususelwe ezimisweni ezibonakalayo kunezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisobala kwezezimali, amabhange, ezempi, ezokwelashwa, neminye imikhakha. Amabhizinisi amaningana manje asebenzisa i-QKD ebhajwe.
2. I-Quantum Teleportation
I-Quantum teleportation futhi iyindlela yokudlulisa imininingwane ye-quantum phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili, njengama-photon, ama-athomu, ama-electron, nama-superconducting circuits. Ngokocwaningo, i-teleportation ivumela ama-QC ukuthi asebenze ngokuhambisana kuyilapho esebenzisa ugesi omncane okwehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla izikhathi eziyi-100 kuye kweziyi-1000.
Umehluko phakathi kwe-quantum teleportation ne-quantum cryptography umi kanje:
- Ukushintshaniswa kwe-quantum teleportation Esiteshini sakudala, ulwazi lwe-“quantum” luyathunyelwa.
- Ukushintshaniswa kwe-quantum cryptography Ngesiteshi se-quantum, ulwazi "lwakudala" luthunyelwa.
Izidingo zamandla zamakhompiyutha e-quantum zikhiqiza ukushisa, okuyinselele uma kubhekwa ukuthi kufanele asebenze emazingeni okushisa aphansi kangaka. I-Teleportation inamandla okuholela ekuklameni izixazululo ezizosheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-quantum computing.
3. Uhlelo lwebhayoloji
Umzimba womuntu, njengazo zonke izidalwa, ulokhu ushintsha ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwezigidi zezinqubo zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji. Kuze kube muva nje, bekucatshangwa ukuthi amugqa, u-“A” uholela ku-“B.” Kodwa-ke, i-quantum biology kanye ne-biophysics zithole inani elikhulu lokuhlangana ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zebhayoloji, kanti i-QE idlala indima.
Indlela ama-subunits ahlukahlukene izakhiwo zamaprotheni ahlanganiswe ndawonye athuthukiswa ukuze avumele ukubambelela okuqinile kwe-quantum nokuhambisana. I-Quantum Biology iseyisihloko sethiyori esinokukhathazeka okuhlukahlukene okungaphenduleki; lapho zibhekwa, izicelo zezokwelapha zizobonakala kakhulu.
I-Quantum computing, ngokombono, ingase ifane kangcono nemvelo (ngokulingisa isibopho se-athomu) kanye nezinhlelo zebhayoloji ze-quantum kunamakhompyutha akudala.
4. Superdense Coding
Ukubhala amakhodi okunamandla kuyindlela yokudlulisa izingcezu ezimbili ezivamile zolwazi kusetshenziswa i-qubit ebambeke eyodwa. Ikhodi eminyene kakhulu ingaba:
- Ivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi athumele ingxenye yalokho okudingekayo ukuze akhe kabusha umlayezo wakudala ngaphambi kwesikhathi, okuvumela umsebenzisi ukuthi axhumane ngesivinini esiphindwe kabili kuze kuphele ama-qubit alethwe ngaphambilini.
- Umthamo wesiteshi se-quantum esinezindlela ezimbili ohlangothini olulodwa uphindwe kabili.
- Guqula umkhawulokudonsa wokubambezeleka okuphezulu ube umkhawulokudonsa wokubambezeleka okuphansi ngokudlulisela uhhafu wedatha ngesiteshi sokubambezeleka okuphezulu ukuze usekele idatha engena ngesiteshi sokubambezeleka okuphansi.
Isizukulwane ngasinye sokuxhumana sibize ukudluliswa kwedatha okwengeziwe. Ukuzuza okuqhathanisekayo olwazini kuzokwenzeka ngokubhala amakhodi amakhulu.
Isiphetho
I-Quantum entanglement ingase isivumele ukuthi sisebenze nedatha ngezindlela ebezingacatshangwa ngaphambilini. Ngokuhlanganisa i-quantum computing nokubambeka, sizokwazi ukuphendula izinkinga ezidinga inani elikhulu ledatha ngendlela esebenza kahle nephephile.
Ngokunezelwa kokusebenza kwebhayoloji nesayensi yezinkanyezi, i-QE ingase isetshenziselwe ukuphendula izinkinga abantu asebezindla kudala: savelaphi futhi kwaqala kanjani konke?
Lapho ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, sizobuye sithole izicelo zabo - bunesithembiso esikhulu!
shiya impendulo