Okuqukethwe[Fihla][Bonisa]
Into ebonakalayo eqondisa amaza kagesi ku-optical spectrum ibizwa ngokuthi i-optical waveguide.
Ama-waveguide e-dielectric esobala akhiwe ngepulasitiki nengilazi, kanye ne-optical fiber, ayizinhlobo ezijwayelekile zamagagasi okukhanya.
Ububanzi bendawo lapho ukukhanya kungasakazeka khona buvinjelwa i-optical waveguide, okuyidivayisi engalingani nendawo yokuqondisa ukukhanya.
Ngokuvamile, i-waveguide inesigaba lapho inkomba ye-refractive iphezulu kune medium ezungezile (ebizwa ngokuthi i-cladding).
Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izimiso ze-optical waveguide, izibonelo ezithile, nokunye okuningi.
Isingeniso ku-optical waveguide
Amabhulokhi wokwakha ayisisekelo wamadivayisi e-photonic angama-optical waveguides, aqondisa, izithandani, ashintshe, ahlukanise, aphindaphinde, kanye namasignali e-demultiplex optical.
Kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-planar, obufana nama-microelectronics, ama-waveguides angenawo, izingxenye ze-electrooptic, ama-transmitters, izamukeli, kanye nokushayela kwe-electronics konke kungahlanganiswa ku-chip eyodwa.
Ukusebenza kwamadivayisi we-waveguide kuncike ezintweni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-geometry, ubude be-wavelength, ukusatshalaliswa kwensimu yokuqala, ulwazi lwempahla, nezimo zokushayela nge-electrooptic, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukusebenza kwawo kuye kwafundwa kabanzi futhi kwaqondwa.
Ngaphambi kokwenza igajethi, imingcele ethile idinga ukushunwa. Ngenxa yokuthi izinsiza eziningi ziyadingeka ukuze kwakhiwe i-chip, ukumodela okunembayo kubalulekile kumasekethe amakhulu e-optoelectronic.
Amamodi e-Waveguide, ukuhlanganisa imodi, ukulahlekelwa, kanye nenzuzo, kanye nokudluliswa kwamasiginali okukhanya, konke kulingisa ngedizayini ye-optical waveguide.
Idivayisi ye-waveguide ichazwa esigabeni esisodwa sedatha yokufaka ngejiyomethri yayo, izici zokukhiqiza, nezinto ezingaguquki.
Idatha ye-waveguide kufanele ibe okokufaka kusetshenziswa ukwakheka kwephrojekthi ngesoftware engaphinda iphathe amapharamitha wokukhiqiza.
Ukusetha ukubala kwezinombolo, ukufaka idatha kuhlanganisa nenye ingxenye. Emhlabeni ophelele, amasistimu okokufaka angafihla noma akhawule okucacisiwe kokubala kwezinombolo.
Kodwa njengoba ukumodela kwe-waveguide kuvame ukusebenzisa izinqubo zezinombolo eziyinkimbinkimbi, udinga ukujwayelana nezakhi ezithile zezinombolo ezingaphansi.
Amasekhethi ezithombe akhiwa kusetshenziswa ama-waveguides. Iqondana nomzila ogudla isikhungo se-waveguide incazelo yobubanzi be-waveguide, noma ishintshile noma iyashintsha.
Uthishanhloko Oyisisekelo we-Optical waveguide
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe esithombeni, imiqondo yejiyomethrikhi noma ye-ray optics ingasetshenziswa ukudlulisa imibono eyisisekelo esekela amagagasi okukhanya okukhanya.
I-refraction inqubo lapho ukukhanya okungena kokubalulekile okunenkomba ye-refractive ephezulu kugobela kokujwayelekile.
Cabanga ngendaba yokukhanya okungena engilazini kuvela emoyeni. Ngokufanayo nendlela ukukhanya okuhamba ngayo ngenye indlela, ukusuka engilazini kuya emoyeni, landela indlela efanayo futhi uchezuke kokujwayelekile. Ngenxa ye-symmetry yokubuyisela emuva isikhathi, lokhu kuphumela. Kungenzeka ukwenza imephu yomsebe ngamunye osemoyeni uwuyise engilazini.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu bukhona. Kodwa eminye imisebe yokukhanya engilazini igejiwe ngenxa yokweqa. Ingqikithi yokubonisa kwangaphakathi, okubamba ukukhanya okusele engilazini, iwumshini osebenzayo.
Nge-engeli phezu kwe-engeli ebalulekile, ziyisigameko ekuthintaneni komoya wengilazi. Ekwakheni okuyinkimbinkimbi okwakhiwe kumsebenzi weGreen, le misebe eyengeziwe ihlobana nokuminyana okukhulu kwezifunda.
Ku-waveguide ye-dielectric, singathwebula futhi siqondise ukukhanya ngokusebenzisa ukuboniswa okuphelele kwangaphakathi. Imisebe yokukhanya ebomvu ibonisa indawo ephezulu nephansi yenkomba ephezulu.
Uma nje i-slab igoba kancane kancane, ingaqondiswa ngisho nalapho igobile noma igoba. Ukukhanya kuqondiswa phakathi kwenkomba ephezulu yengilazi ehlanganiswe nengilazi enenkomba ephansi ngokwalesi simiso esiyisisekelo ku-fiber optics.
Ukusebenza kwe-Waveguide kufanekiselwa kuphela ama-ray optics. Ukuze uthole incazelo egcwele yenkambu ye-waveguide ye-dielectric, izibalo zika-Maxwell zingaxazululwa ngokuhlaziya noma ngezinombolo.
Isibonelo se-Optical waveguide
I-Dielectric slab waveguides, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-planar waveguides, mhlawumbe iwuhlobo oluyisisekelo kakhulu lwamagagasi okukhanya.
Izihlungi ze-waveguide ezihlotshisiwe, izihlungi ze-acousto-optic, namamodulators kungamadivayisi ambalwa aku-chip angasebenzisa ama-waveguide e-slab ngenxa yobulula bawo.
Ama-waveguides we-slab nawo asetshenziswa njalo njengamamodeli amathoyizi.
Izendlalelo ezintathu zezinto zokwakha, ngayinye ene-dielectric constant ehlukile, ihlanganiswa ukuze yenze i-slab waveguide, enganwebeka unomphela eziqondisweni ezihambisana nezindawo eziphakathi kwazo.
Uma isendlalelo esimaphakathi sinenkomba ye-refractive ephakeme kunezendlalelo zangaphandle, ukukhanya kuqukethwe isendlalelo esimaphakathi ngokusebenzisa ukuboniswa okuphelele kwangaphakathi.
Ezinye izibonelo ze-2-Dimensional waveguide
I-strip waveguide
Ngokuyisisekelo, umugqa wesendlalelo oshutheka phakathi kwezendlalelo zokuvala yiwo owakha i-strip waveguide.
Isendlalelo esiqondisayo se-slab waveguide siboshelwe kuzo zombili izikhombisi-ndlela eziphambene kuneyodwa nje, okuholela esibonelweni esilula se-waveguide engunxande. Kokubili amasekhethi okubona ahlanganisiwe nama-laser diode asebenzisa amagagasi angama-rectangular.
Ngokuvamile zisebenza njengesisekelo sezingxenye ezibonakalayo ezifana nama-interferometers e-Mach-Zehnder kanye nama-multiplexer okuhlukanisa amaza. Izikhathi eziningi, ama-waveguides angama-rectangular optical asetshenziswa ukwakha imigodi yama-laser diode.
Indlela yokuhlela ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukwakha amagagasi okukhanya anomumo ongunxande.
I-Rib waveguide
Ku-waveguide yezimbambo, isendlalelo esiqondisayo empeleni siyi-slab enomucu (noma imichilo eminingi) embozwe ngaphezulu kwayo.
Ezakhiweni zezimbambo zezendlalelo eziningi, ukuvalelwa eduze kobunye kuyenzeka kanye nokuvalelwa kwegagasi ngezinhlangothi ezimbili kumagagasi e-rib waveguides.
I-Photonic crystal waveguide kanye ne-waveguide ehlukene
Endleleni yawo yokusabalalisa, amagagasi okukhanya ajwayele ukugcina ukuphambana okungashintshi. Lesi yisimo, ngokwesibonelo, nge-strip and rib waveguides.
Ngokusebenzisa okubizwa ngamamodi e-Bloch, ama-waveguides angaba nokuhluka ngezikhathi ezithile esigabeni esiphambanayo kodwa adlulise ukukhanya ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa.
Lawa magagasi ahlukaniswa njengamagagasi e-photonic crystal waveguides (anephethini ye-2D noma ye-3D) noma ama-waveguides ahlukaniswe izigaba (anephethini ye-1D ngokuhambisana nesiqondiso sokusakazeka).
I-waveguide ebhalwe nge-laser
Imboni yezithombe kulapho amagagasi okukhanya asetshenziswa khona kakhulu. Ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwama-chips kagesi nama-optical fibers kwenziwa kwenzeke ngokumisa ama-waveguides esikhaleni se-3D.
Imodi eyodwa yokukhanya kwe-infrared kumaza wamaza okuxhumana ngocingo ingasakazwa kusetshenziswa amagagasi anjalo, nawo asethelwe ukuthwala amasignali okubona phakathi kwamasayithi okokufaka nokukhiphayo ngokulahleka okuncane kakhulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Optical waveguide
Ezinhlelweni ze-microwave, ezokusakaza, ne-radar, i-waveguide iwumugqa wokuphakelayo we-electromagnetic. I-waveguide yenziwe ngepayipi lensimbi noma ishubhu elingunxande noma eliyisilinda.
Inkambu ye-electromagnetic isakazeka ngobude. Izimpondo nezimpondo zesitsha ziyizinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile kakhulu ze-waveguide.
I-Optical fiber—ingabe iyi-waveguide?
Ukuboniswa okuphelele kwangaphakathi, okubusa ukuthi i-optical fiber isebenza kanjani, kungacatshangwa njenge-waveguide yokukhanya.
Uma i-engeli yesigameko inkulu kune-engeli ebalulekile, ukuboniswa okuphelele kwangaphakathi kwenzeka lapho igagasi elisakazayo lihlangana nomngcele phakathi kwezinto ezimbili ezihlukene.
Isiphetho
Sengiphetha, i-optical waveguide iyisakhiwo "esiqondisa" igagasi lokukhanya ngokulivimbela ukuthi lihambe ngendlela ehlukile kunaleyo efunwayo. Embonini yezokwelapha, ama-optical fibers avame ukusetshenziselwa kokubili ukuxilongwa nokwelapha.
Imicu eguquguqukayo eyenziwe ngemicu yokubona ingafakwa emaphashini, emithanjeni yegazi, nakwezinye izitho. Ishubhu elilodwa elide lihlala izinyanda ezimbili zemicu ye-optic ngaphakathi kwe-endoscope, umshini wezokwelapha.
Isithombe esinemininingwane senziwa ngokuqondisa ukukhanya kusishuqulu esivivinywa kunqwaba eyodwa kuyilapho sithola ukukhanya okuvela kuso kwenye inqwaba. Ama-endoscopes angenziwa ukuze ahlole izingxenye ezithile zomzimba noma amalunga, njengamadolo.
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