Isiqulatho[Fihla][Bonisa]
U-Elon Musk waziwa kakhulu ngamaphupha akhe okuphehlelela iirokethi kuMars, iimoto zerobhothi zombane zigrumba indlela yazo ngaphantsi komhlaba, kunye nobuchwepheshe bokusebenza ngeengqondo zethu. Kuthatha ukucwangcisa okuninzi kwihlabathi alicingelayo entlokweni yakhe ukuba libe yinyani.
Qwalasela into enokwenzeka yokukwazi ukulawula oomatshini nje ngobuchopho bethu. Asicingi ukuba le ngcinga imbi njengoko sicinga ukuba injalo.
UMusk waseka i-Neuralink, inkampani ye-neural tech, kwi-2016 ngenjongo ephambili yokufumana i-symbiosis kunye kukubhadla okungeyonyani kunye nokwakha inkqubo evumela ukudibanisa ne-AI.
U-Alim Louis Benabid, kwelinye icala, ube nempembelelo yehlabathi ekuphuhliseni i-Deep Brain Stimulation ye-Parkinson's disease kunye nezinye iziphazamiso zokuhamba.
Mhlawumbi uyazibuza ukuba kutheni ndithetha nge-Neuralink kunye ne-Deep Brain Stimulation. Ingcinga emva kwabo iyafana kuba bafaka iitshiphusi ezintlokweni zethu kwaye basinike ulawulo nge-AI.
Siza kujonga i-Neuralink kunye ne-Deep Brain Stimulation kule post, kubandakanywa nendlela abasebenza ngayo, into abasetyenziselwa yona, umahluko omkhulu, umngcipheko, kunye neenzuzo kunye neengxaki zomntu ngamnye.
Ke ngoko bopha iqhosha kwaye ulungele uhambo olungalawulekiyo, olunolwazi.
Yintoni iNeuralink?
Neuralink bubuchwephesha, ngakumbi iBrain-Machine Interface, eya kuthi ifakwe ngotyando kwingqondo yakho, ikuvumela ukuba uqhagamshelane kunye nokulawula oomatshini.
Kuya kunceda kwakhona kuphononongo lweempembelelo zombane kwingqondo kunye nokuphuhlisa amayeza kwimiba eyahlukeneyo yezonyango.
I-chipset ye-Neuralink, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-chipset ye-N1, iya kufakwa kwi-skull, eyi-8mm ububanzi kwaye iquka iintambo ezininzi eziqulethe i-electrodes kunye ne-insulation yeingcingo.
Ezi ntambo ziya kufakwa ngotyando ngaphakathi kwengqondo yakho ngerobhothi.
Ngokutsho kweshishini, iingcingo ziyi-100 micrometer ubukhulu kwaye zinzima njenge-neurons ebuchosheni. Izixhobo ezininzi zinokufakwa ngaphakathi kwekhakhayi ukujolisa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho.
Ingaba isebenza kanjani?
Khumbula umboniso bhanyabhanya wesenzo iMatrix ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1990? Khumbula indlela uNeo (uKeanu Reeves) afunda ngayo ubugcisa bokulwa ngokufaka nje inkqubo yekhompyuter kwingqondo yakhe?
Nangona i-Neuralink ayiyi kukwazi ukusifundisa ubugcisa bokulwa, iya kukwazi ukuhambisa kunye nokufumana iimpembelelo zombane ngengqondo ukuze isebenze izixhobo.
Ukuqonda indlela i-Neuralink esebenza ngayo, kufuneka siqale siqonde ukuba ingqondo yethu ihambisa ulwazi kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yomzimba wakho nge-neurons; ezi neurons ebuchotsheni bakho ziyasebenzisana ukuze zenze uthungelwano olukhulu kwaye zinxibelelane ngemiqondiso yemichiza eyaziwa ngokuba zii-neurotransmitters.
Le ntsebenziswano ivelisa intsimi yombane, esinokurekhoda ngokubeka i-electrodes kufuphi.
Ezi electrode zinokuthi emva koko zihlalutye imiqondiso yombane ebuchotsheni bethu kwaye idluliselwe kwi-algorithm enokuthi umatshini uyichaze. I-Neuralink iya kukwazi ukufunda iingqondo zethu kwaye yenze indlela yethu yokunxibelelana noomatshini ngaphandle kokuvula imilomo yethu.
Injongo yetshiphu ye-N1 kukubamba kunye nokuqalisa izikhonkwane zombane ngaphakathi kwengqondo yethu. Siya kuba nakho ukugqwesa iitalente ezintsha ngoncedo lwesicelo esikhethekileyo.
Yintoni iNzululwazi yokuvuselela ingqondo?
Ukukhuthazwa kweBrain enzulu (DBS) lunyango lwe-neurological olusebenzisa ukukhuthazwa kombane ukunyanga izifo ezifana nesifo sika-Parkinson (PD), ukungcangcazela okubalulekileyo, kunye ne-multiple sclerosis. I-DBS isetyenziselwa ukujongana nemiba yentshukumo efana nokungcangcazela, ukuqina, ubunzima bokuhamba, kunye nokuhamba okucothayo.
Ngelixa i-DBS ingenako ukunyanga izifo ezininzi, inokunciphisa iimpawu kwaye inciphise ubungakanani bamayeza afunekayo.
Iimpembelelo zombane eziphosakeleyo kwiindawo zengqondo ezilawula intshukumo zivelisa iimpawu ezinxulumene nentshukumo kwisifo sikaParkinson kunye nezinye izifo ze-neurological.
I-DBS ayinayo imiphumo emibi kwizicubu zengqondo. Kunoko, icinezela iimpembelelo eziphosakeleyo ezivelisa ukungcangcazela kunye nezinye iimpawu zentshukumo.
Ingaba isebenza kanjani?
I-Electrodes ifakwe kwindawo ethile yobuchopho ngokuxhomekeke kwiimpawu eziphathwa nge-Deep Brain Stimulation. Ufakelo lwenziwa ngemingxunya emincinci kumphezulu wokakayi kumacala omabini engqondo asekhohlo nasekunene.
I-electrodes idibaniswe ne-stimulator esebenza ngebhetri phantsi kwesikhumba sesifuba ngeentambo ezide ezihamba phantsi kwesikhumba kunye nentamo. Xa ivuliwe, i-stimulator ikhupha i-pulses yombane ephazamisa izibonakaliso ze-nerve ezingalunganga ezibangela ukuthuthumela, ukuqina, kunye nezinye iimpawu.
Inkqubo ye-DBS yenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu afakwe ngaphakathi emzimbeni:
- I-neurostimulator sisixhobo se-pacemaker esinebhetri esenza ii-pulses zombane. Ifakwe esikhumbeni sesifuba, ngaphantsi kwe-collarbone, okanye kwisisu.
- Ilothe – lucingo olugqunyiweyo olunee-electrode ezininzi kwincam ethumela ii-pulses zombane kwithishu yengqondo. Ifakwa ebuchotsheni kwaye iqhagamshelwe kwintambo yokwandisa ngomngxuma omncinane kukhakhayi.
- Ukongezwa lucingo oludibanisa ukhokelo kwi-neurostimulator. Ifakwa ngaphantsi kwesikhumba kwaye isuka entloko ukuya endlebeni, ihle entanyeni, iye esifubeni.
Inkqubo ye-DBS ivulwa kwaye icinywe sisigulana sisebenzisa isixhobo esiphathwayo. Ugqirha ucwangcisa useto lwesivuseleli esebenzisa isixhobo esingenazingcingo.
Njengoko imeko yesigulane iyahluka ngokuhamba kwexesha, iiparamitha zokuvuselela zingatshintshwa. I-DBS ayonakalisi izicubu zobuchopho njengezinye iinkqubo ezifana ne-pallidotomy okanye i-thalamotomy.
Uthini umahluko phakathi kwe-Neuralink kunye ne-Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)?
Ukubhekisa kumahluko phakathi kwe-Neuralink kunye ne-Deep Brain Stimulation, qwalasela oku kulandelayo:
- I-Neuralink sisixhobo esisebenzisa ii-electrode ezininzi ezincinci ukwenza umphezulu wobuchopho usebenze. Ifakwe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-subcutaneous tissue ye-skull. Kwelinye icala, i-DBS kule mihla inee-electrode ezimbini ezimiliselwe kwiindawo ezinzulu zobuchopho, iintambo zokongezwa ezidibanisa ezi electrode nesona sixhobo siphambili sebhetri, kunye nezixhobo zombane ezenziwe ngumzimba webhetri.
- Inxalenye ye-electrode ifakwe kwingqondo kwaye idibaniswe nebhetri, ebekwe kwi-subcutaneous layer ngaphezu kwe-rib cage, ngokusebenzisa iintambo zokwandisa. Yonke inkqubo iqhutywa phantsi kwe-anesthetic yendawo, kwaye izigulane zihlala ziphaphile, njengeteknoloji ye-Neuralink.
- Olunye ulwahlulo kukuba igajethi yetekhnoloji ye-Neuralink ifuna ukutshaja rhoqo iiyure ezingama-24. I-DBS idinga ukutshaja rhoqo kwiiveki ezi-1-2, kwaye ubomi bebhetri bujikeleze iminyaka eyi-20-25.
Ngaba i-Neuralink ibonelela ngonyango olungcono kune-Deep Brain Stimulation?
Ngokutsho komnye weenjineli ze-Neuralink kwiqela le-neuroscience ebonakalayo, le teknoloji inamandla okuhambisa i-prosthesis ebonakalayo kwabo babandezeleka umonakalo we-retinal okanye ubumfama ngenxa yokulimala kwamehlo.
Umbono kukufaka ikhamera ngokuthe ngqo kwi-cortex ebonakalayo kwaye uvule uluhlu olukhulu lwamawaka, ukuba ayingawo amashumi amawaka, e-electrode ukuphindaphinda umfanekiso obonakalayo.
Kwixesha elizayo, iteknoloji efanayo ingaqeshwa ukwenza uhlobo oluthile lokubonisa iintloko. Iglowubhu inokubonwa kumaza amaninzi anje nge-ultraviolet, infrared, kunye neradar. Ukuze ube namehlo angaphaya kwawomntu, ekuphela kwento umntu anokuyenza kukuchonga amaxesha azo kwaye aguqule ngokuguquguqukayo inzwa.
Kwelinye icala, i-DBS idla ngokuba luncedo kumaqela amathathu e Isifo sikaParkinson izigulana:
- Ngoobani abaneempawu ezisebenza ngokufanelekileyo kumayeza kodwa banyamezele ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwemoto kunye ne-dyskinesias emva kokuba amayeza ephelile, ngaphandle kotshintsho lwamayeza.
- Ngokungcangcazela okungalawulekiyo abangazange baphendule kumayeza.
- Ngeempawu zokunyakaza, ngubani onokuzuza kwiidosi zonyango ezinkulu okanye eziphindaphindiweyo kodwa abakwazi ukwenza oko ngenxa yemiphumo emibi.
I-Oscilloscopes nika ulwazi olubonakalayo malunga neebhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo (PCBs). Ngokufanayo, igajethi ye-Neuralink inokubonelela ngokukhanya kwiindidi zemisebenzi yobuchopho. Lo mphengululi uthi: “Ngenxa yokusebenzisa obu bugcisa, uya kufunda lukhulu ngendlela ingqondo esebenza ngayo.
Dystonia sisigulo sokunyakaza esinqabileyo, kodwa iimpawu zayo - i-postures ephosakeleyo kunye neentshukumo ezijijayo - zinokunyangwa nge-DBS xa iziyobisi zisilela ukunika isiqabu esibalulekileyo. Impendulo yomntu kwi-DBS igqitywa yi-etiology ephantsi ye-dystonia, enokuthi ibe yimfuzo, iziyobisi, okanye enye imeko.
Ukuba isizathu asaziwa, ugqirha uya kuthi aodole iimvavanyo ezininzi njengenxalenye ye-DBS workup.
Ngoku qwalasela a ikamva elingenazifo apho uyazi into eza kwenzeka kuwe phambi kokuba yenzeke, ikuvumela ukuba uyiphephe ngezi teknoloji. Siya kukwazi ukubona iimpawu zeekhemikhali engqondweni kunye neempembelelo zombane, okusivumela ukuba sithintele izifo ngaphambi kokuba zenzeke.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingxaki yentshukumo eqhelekileyo ukungcangcazela okubalulekileyo, kunye ne-DBS inokuba lunyango oluluncedo, ngakumbi kwiimeko ezinzima apho ukungcangcazela kunokuphazamisa, kuchaphazela imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla njengokunxiba, ukuzilungisa, ukutya, okanye ukusela.
I-DBS inokuphucula ubomi babantu kwaye ibenze basebenze ngokufanelekileyo kuba ukungcangcazela kuphela kophawu lokungcangcazela okubalulekileyo.
Singabantu kwaye iinkumbulo ziyaphela ngokuhamba kwexesha. Zitshintshwa, kwaye amabali abo ayatshintshwa. Njengoko iminyaka ihamba, uhlelo lokuqala alusekho. Ingqikelelo yeenkumbulo ezisebenza njengendawo yokugcina izinto njengomculo, umntu unokubuyela umva ngexesha kwaye atshintshe imo yakhe ekuhambeni.
Kwaye okokugqibela, uphando lwakutsha nje lucebisa ukuba abantu abafunyenwe benaso ukudangala, i-dispersive disorder (OCD), okanye ITretrette syndrome banokuzuza kuqhaqho lwe-DBS.
Bobabini babonakala bethembisa, kodwa i-Neuralink ayiyi kuqalisa ukuvavanywa kwabantu kude kube sekupheleni kuka-2021, kanti I-DBS inezinga eliphezulu lempumelelo kwaye ikwavavanywa ebantwini.
Bangaphezu kwe-150,000 abantu kwihlabathi liphela abaye bafumana i-DBS ye-Parkinson's okanye ukungcangcazela, % Lomlimganiselo wempumelelo 95.
Ziziphi izinto ezinobungozi ezinxulumene neNeuralink vs DBS?
Hackers, abangabantu okanye amaqela asebenzela uluhlu lwemibutho, anikezela ngesona sisongelo esicacileyo kwi-Neuralink.
Ukopha ebuchotsheni, usulelo lobuchopho, ukubekwa okungalunganga (ukubekwa endaweni engafanelekanga) ye-DBS ekhokelayo, kwaye ngaphantsi kokubekwa okufanelekileyo (ukubekwa kwe-suboptimal) yesikhokelo zonke iingxaki zotyando.
Ngelixa iikhompyuter ezosulelekileyo zinokuba yingozi kakhulu, sihlala sinokukhetha ukuzicima okanye ukuvala ifestile ukuba zonke ezinye ziyasilela. Ukuba isixhobo esifakwe kwi-neuralink sosulelwa yi Intengiso okanye a intsholongwane, kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi ukuyivala.
Imiba yehardware zibandakanya ukunyakaza okukhokelayo, ukungaphumeleli kwesikhokelo, ukungaphumeleli kwayo nayiphi na inxalenye yenkqubo ye-DBS, kunye nokukhathazeka malunga nesixhobo se-pulse generator. Kusenokubakho ukusilela kwebhetri, usulelo olujikeleze isixhobo, kunye nesixhobo sokugqobhoza eluswini njengoko ubukhulu bolusu kunye nomaleko wamafutha buhluka ngokweminyaka.
Omnye umba ophakanyiswe ngu ukusetyenziswa kakubi okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweteknoloji ye-Neuralink (kunye naluphi na ukhuphiswano olucingelwayo ujongano lwengqondo-yekhompyuter) yinto enokwenzeka kubantu abaneenjongo ezintle kodwa abangaqondiyo.
Kwinqanaba lenkqubo yeDBS, iingxaki ezinxulumene nokuvuselela kwenzeka kuzo zonke izigulane.
Ukunyakaza okungekho ngabom (dyskinesia), ukukhenkceza (iinyawo zibonakala zikhenkceke phantsi), ukunciphisa ibhalansi kunye nokuhamba, ubunzima bokuthetha, ukunyanzeliswa kwemisipha, ukuphazamiseka kunye nokubetha (paresthesia), kunye nombono ophindwe kabini yizo zonke iziphumo ezimbi eziqhelekileyo (i-diplopia).
Xa isixhobo silungisiwe, ezi ziphumo zingalunganga zibuyiselwa umva.
Ewe, zombini i-Neuralink kunye ne-DBS zineengozi ezahlukeneyo. Sinokubonakala malunga ne-DBS kuba abantu abaninzi kwihlabathi liphela bayisebenzisele ukunyanga izigulo zabo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izilingo zabantu ze-Neuralink azikaqalisi, kodwa iinkxalabo esixoxile ngazo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe.
Neuralink Izibonelelo
- Ezinye zezona zibonelelo zilindelekileyo ze-neuralink ziquka ukukwazi ukunyanga ukukhubazeka, ukunyanga ukugula kwengqondo, ukusasaza umculo ngqo entloko yakho, kunye nokuphucula uluhlu lwakho lokubona kunye nokuva.
- Ngechip ye-Neuralink, unokukwazi ukukhuphela ngoko nangoko izakhono kunye nolunye ulwazi kwingqondo yakho.
- I-Neuralink ibonakalise umsebenzi wayo kwiingulube ezintathu ngokusebenzisa 'uqhagamshelwano.' Olu lingelo lubonisa ukuba emva kokufaka itshiphu kwingqondo yomntu ophilayo, isidalwa sisebenza ngokuqhelekileyo. Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukususa into ngaphandle kokwenza umonakalo.
- Ayikakulungelwa ngokupheleleyo ukusingatha iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ngolo hlobo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba sijonga ukukhula kunye nenkqubela phambili kulo lonke ixesha, siyabona ukuba ayizukuthatha ixesha elide de sikwazi ukuphatha iiselfowuni zethu kunye neekhompyuter ngokucinga nje ngazo.
- Iinjongo zexesha elide zinokwenza umahluko omkhulu kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Inokusetyenziswa kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ngaphandle nje kokuqhuba izixhobo zethu. Ungaqhagamshela kwikhompyuter okanye wakhe indawo engqongileyo, ukhuphele ulwazi kwingqondo yakho, kwaye ufezekise ubuchule bokwenza izinto ezininzi.
Neuralink Iingxaki
- Inkxalabo ebaluleke kakhulu ye-Neuralink iya kuba yimfihlo kunye nokhuseleko.
- Kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-chip inamandla kangakanani okanye inamandla kangakanani, iseliqhekeza le-electronics / iteknoloji. Kuhlala kusenzeka ukuba iya kungasebenzi kakuhle.
- Xa i-Neuralink ifumaneka ukuba isetyenziswe ngabantu, iziganeko zokugqekeza eziphambili zinokwanda, zivelise iingozi ezintsha ezifana nokuphanga i-Mind kunye ne-Mind hijacking. Ngokwemigaqo yomntu oqhelekileyo, abantu abangenagama banokufunda indlela ocinga ngayo kwaye bayiguqule ngendlela abayithandayo.
I-DBS eluncedo
- I-DBS ihlala ithoba iimpawu ezinjengokuqina, ukungcangcazela, ukucotha, kunye ne-dyskinesia. I-DBS nayo ibonakaliswe ukunceda ngokuvula/ukuvala ujingi, imo kunye nomgangatho wobomi, kunye namanqanaba amandla ngokubanzi.
- Utyando lwe-DBS lunceda ukunciphisa amayeza kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zeLevodopa, kunye neendleko zamayeza.
- Akukho ziseli zemithambo-luvo kufuneka zisuswe ukwenza utyando lwe-DBS. I-DBS ayinayo imiphumo emibi engqondweni.
- Oogqirha kunye nabantu abane-DBS banokulawula i-electrode kunye nokuvuselela rhoqo kunye nobukhulu, kwaye banokulungiswa ngokuzimeleyo njengoko kufuneka.
- Izigulane ezinesifo sikaParkinson, ukungcangcazela, nayiphi na ingxaki yokuhambahamba, okanye i-dyskinesia zixhomekeke kwabanye kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla. Utyando lwe-DBS lunceda izigulana ukuba zilawule iimpawu zazo kwaye zibavumele ukuba bagqibezele imisebenzi bebodwa.
DBS Ububi
- Kwelinye icala, iinkampani ezininzi zeinshorensi zinokugubungela enye okanye yonke i-DBS. Olu tyando lunokuxabisa phakathi kwee-$15,000 kunye ne-$20,000 iyonke.
- Xa kuxoxwa ngethuba lotyando, kukho umngcipheko wokopha, ukubetha, usulelo, kunye nokuqokelelana kolwelo engqondweni. Siyazi kwakhona ukuba ingqondo lilungu elintsonkothileyo nelithambileyo.
- I-DBS iya kuthatha iinyanga ukufumanisa eyona ndibaniselwano yokuvuselela i-DBS kunye namachiza olawulo lweempawu. Nangona ezinye iimpawu zinokuhamba ngokukhawuleza, ukufumana ukudibanisa okufanelekileyo kwimiphumo yexesha elide kunokuthatha ixesha elibalulekileyo.
Iingcinga Final
U-Elon Musk watyhila isixhobo sakhe se-Neuralink esilindelwe kakhulu, esijolise ukwakha uxhulumaniso oluthe ngqo phakathi kwabantu kunye neekhomputha.
Ngokutsho kwentetho kaMusk, igajethi esekelwe kwi-microchip esekelwe kulawulo lwengqondo yenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kunyango lweemeko ezahlukeneyo ze-neurological.
Kwiminyaka emininzi, iprojekthi ye-Neuralink ye-Musk iqokelele ulwazi ngokufaka i-electrodes yobukhulu obuhlukeneyo kunye neempawu ezivela kumphezulu kunye neendawo ezinzulu zobuchopho. Kwiimeko ezithile; ingomnye weyona mizekelo yangoku yemizamo yethu yokufakwa kombane kwengqondo kunye nezenzo.
Kwelinye icala, iingcali zithi ziyakwazi ukuvuselela iindawo ezinzulu zobuchopho ngokubeka i-electrode ngaphakathi kwengqondo kwaye zinyange imiba emininzi yemithambo-luvo. Ngaphandle koko, baye basebenzisa ubuchule be-DBS ixesha elide kwaye baye baphumelela kakhulu kunye nabo.
Zombini i-Neuralink kunye ne-Deep Brain Stimulation zijongeka njengenyathelo elithembisayo elisingise kwikamva elingenasifo.
Nangona kunjalo, kuxhomekeke kwikamva ukubona ukuba ziqhubeka njani zombini.
Shiya iMpendulo