Izindlela zokuvota zendabuko zinezithiyo ezinkulu emphakathini wanamuhla oxhumene, njengezingcuphe zokuphepha nezinkinga zokungafihli lutho. Ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokuvota ku-inthanethi olusekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-blockchain kubonakala kuyisixazululo salokhu kukhathazeka.
Kodwa, kwakuzosebenza kanjani lokho?
Ingabe i-blockchain ingaqinisekisa idatha ekwazi ukumelana nokuphazanyiswa futhi ithuthukise ukuzethemba kwabavoti ngokusebenzisa imvelo yokwahlukaniswa kwe-blockchain? Njengoba umphakathi uzulazula ezinkingeni zezikhathi zanamuhla, isistimu enjalo ingase idingeke ukuze ikhuthaze ukubamba iqhaza kwentando yeningi, iqondise izinqubo zokuvota, futhi iqinisekise ubuqotho bokhetho.
Masiyihlole kabanzi.
Isizinda Esincane
Umqondo wokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-blockchain ezinhlelweni zokuvota wavela ngenxa yezinkinga ezikhulayo amasu okuvota endabuko ahlangabezana nazo. Ukukhathazeka ngokuvikeleka, ukungafihli, kanye nobuqotho bokhetho kwakhula njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka futhi umhlaba uxhumeke kakhulu ngokwedijithali.
Lokhu kwakhuthaza osolwazi nonjiniyela ukuthi bacabangele imibono emisha engaguqula inqubo yezombangazwe.
Umqondo we-blockchain, owachazwa okokuqala ngo-2008 ngumuntu ongaziwa noma iqembu ngaphansi kwegama-mbumbulu elithi Satoshi Nakamoto, wathola ukuduma ngokwethulwa kwe-Bitcoin ngo-2009. I-Blockchain imane iyileja ehlukaniselwe indawo, esabalalisiwe evikelekile, efakazelwa yiphutha, futhi erekhoda ngokusobala ukuthengiselana.
Isakhiwo sayo siqeda isidingo sabaphakathi neziphathimandla, okuyenza ibe ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu kwezicelo ezidinga ukwethenjwa nokungaguquki.
Impumelelo yeBitcoin yembule amandla e-blockchain ekuhwebeni kwezezimali, okwenza abantu abacabanga phambili ukuthi bahlole ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezinye izimboni, njengokuvota. Imiqondo eyisisekelo ye-Blockchain, ehlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo, ubuqotho bedatha, nezinqubo zokuvumelana, inikeze impendulo esebenzayo ezindabeni zesikhathi eside ezibhekene nezinhlelo zokuvota.
Njengoba ochwepheshe kanye nabathandi bezobuchwepheshe beqala ukuphenya ukuthi kungenzeka yini uhlelo lokuvota olusekelwe ku-blockchain, lwathola ukulandelwa. Amaphepha amaningana ezifundo kanye nezihloko zocwaningo zaqala ukuvela, zihlaziya izinzuzo ezingenzeka kanye nezithiyo zokubeka uhlelo olunjalo endaweni.
Ngenxa yalokho, umqondo wokuvota ku-inthanethi kusetshenziswa i-blockchain uvele embonweni waya emzileni ongaba khona wokuguqula indlela imiphakathi eqhuba ngayo ukhetho.
Izinzuzo ze-Blockchain-based Voting Systems
Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zesistimu yokuvota ye-inthanethi esekelwe ku-blockchain ukuphepha kwayo okungokwemvelo nokungafihli lutho. Isakhiwo esihlukaniselwe indawo se-blockchain sisho ukuthi amavoti aqoshwa ebhukwini elinobufakazi obungaguquki, okwehlisa kakhulu amathuba okugebenga noma ukuphazamisa.
Leli zinga eliphakeme lokuvikeleka likhuthaza ukuphuma kwabavoti kanye nokuxhumana ngokukhuthaza ukwethembana phakathi kwabavoti, iziphathimandla zokhetho, nabanye ababambiqhaza.
Izindlela Ezihlukahlukene Zokusebenzisa I-Blockchain Ukuqalisa Ukuvota Ku-inthanethi
Izindlela Zokuvumelana Zesistimu Yokuvota ku-Blockchain
Ukukhetha indlela engcono kakhulu yokuvumelana kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zobuchwepheshe zokuqalisa ukuvota ku-inthanethi ku-blockchain. I-algorithm yokuvumelana ekhethiwe ithinta indlela amavoti aqinisekiswa ngayo futhi aqoshwe ngayo ku-blockchain.
Izinketho ezimbili ezivame ukuphenywa ubufakazi bomsebenzi (PoW) kanye nobufakazi besiteki (PoS).
Ubufakazi Bomsebenzi (i-PoW)
Cabangela Ubufakazi Bomsebenzi (PoW) njengomncintiswano wokuxazulula izindida. Abahlanganyeli (abavukuzi) bayaqhudelana ukuze baxazulule izimfumbe zezibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi besebenzisa amakhompyutha abo kule geyimu. Umvukuzi wokuqala ukuthola isisombululo esifanele uvuzwa ngemizamo yabo ngokungeza ibhulokhi entsha yokuthengiselana ku-blockchain.
Ukuxazulula lezi zindida kudinga inani elibalulekile lamandla okucubungula, okwenza kube umsebenzi onzima.
Ukuvikeleka kwe-PoW kusuka eqinisweni lokuthi abavukuzi kufanele basebenzise izinsiza zomhlaba wangempela ukuze badlale igeyimu yokuxazulula izindida, njengamandla namakhompyutha ayinkimbinkimbi. Uma ibhulokhi selilayishiwe ku-blockchain, kuba yinto engenakwenzeka ngendlela emangalisayo ukushintsha noma ukuphazamisa ulwazi kuleyo block.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukushintsha noma yini kubhulokhi kuzodinga ukwenziwa kabusha kwawo wonke umsebenzi wokuxazulula iphazili kuwo wonke amabhulokhi alandelayo, okuyinto cishe engenakwenzeka.
Ubufakazi Bomsebenzi (PoW) Wokuvota: Abavoti ohlelweni lokuvota lwe-inthanethi olususelwa ku-PoW bangaba nengxenye enqubweni yokuxazulula izindida. Ivoti ngalinye lingathathwa njengendida, lapho abavoti (noma amakhompyutha abo) eqhudelana ukuze alixazulule.
Owinile uzoba ivoti lokuqala elisemthethweni elizoxazululwa futhi lingezwe ku-blockchain. Kodwa-ke, i-PoW ayikwazanga ukuba yisinqumo esihle kakhulu sezinhlelo zokuvota ngoba iyavilapha, idla amandla amaningi, futhi ayinikezi ukukala okudingekile kwenani eliphezulu labavoti.
Ubufakazi besitembu (i-PoS)
Manje ake sixoxe ngobufakazi beSiteki (PoS). Cabangela i-PoS njengohlelo lokuvota lapho ababambiqhaza (abaqinisekisayo) benamandla okuvota ngokulingana nenani lamathokheni abangawabo. Iziqinisekisi zikhethwa ngokungahleliwe kulolu hlelo ukuze kwakhiwe amabhulokhi amasha futhi kugunyazwe okwenziwayo.
Uma amathokheni amaningi e-validator "i-stakes" noma evala njengesibambiso, cishe kungenzeka ukuthi azokhethwa ukwakha ibhulokhi.
I-PoS, ngokungafani ne-PoW, ayidingi ukuxazululwa kwepuzzle ngokuncintisana. Iziqinisekisi esikhundleni salokho zikhethwa ngendlela ebikezelwayo nenqunyelwe, ngokusekelwe enanini lamathokheni abazimisele “ukubheja” ohlelweni.
Abaqinisekisi baphoqelekile ukuthi benze ngokwethembeka njengoba bebeka engcupheni yokulahlekelwa amathokheni abo abekiwe uma bezama ukukopela noma ukuxhaphaza uhlelo.
Ubufakazi Besiteki (PoS) Bokuvota: Ngokuvamile, i-PoS ifaneleka kangcono izinhlelo zokuvota eziku-inthanethi. Abavoti bebengeke babambe iqhaza kunoma yikuphi ukuxazululwa kwendida ohlelweni lokuvota olususelwa ku-PoS. Kunalokho, abaqinisekisayo bazokhethwa ngokungahleliwe ngokusekelwe enanini lamathokheni abanawo kanye nesiteki.
Abaqinisekisi bazokwakha ngokulandelayo futhi bengeze kumabhulokhi e-blockchain aqukethe amavoti arekhodiwe.
Le ndlela izoshesha, isebenzise amandla amancane, futhi ikhule kakhulu ngenani elikhulu lamavoti. Kokubili i-PoW ne-PoS zinezinzuzo kanye nokubi, futhi ukukhetha kwendlela yokuvumelana kunqunywa izinjongo nezinhloso eziqondile zohlelo lokuvota ku-inthanethi.
Abacwaningi nabathuthukisi bahlale befuna izindlela ezintsha nezithuthukisi zokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-blockchain ukuze bakhe amasistimu okuvota ku-inthanethi aphephile, asebenza kahle futhi athembekile.
Ukuvikelwa kobumfihlo kanye nokuqinisekisa ubuwena
Ukuvota ku-inthanethi kudinga indlela yokuqinisekisa ubuwena ethembekile futhi evikelekile. Izindlela ze-Cryptographic zivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokuvota ezisekelwe ku-blockchain ukuze kunikezwe ubunikazi mbumbulu kodwa obungaqinisekiswa.
Ukubethela kwe-Homomorphic kanye ubufakazi bo-zero amasu anamandla avumela abavoti ukuthi babonise ukufaneleka kwabo ngaphandle kokudalula ulwazi lomuntu siqu.
I-Homomorphic Encryption
Ukubethela kwe-Homomorphic kuwubuchwepheshe obuqinile be-cryptographic obuvumela ukubalwa kwedatha ebethelwe ukuthi kwenziwe ngaphandle kokudalula okuqukethwe kwedatha yoqobo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abavoti bangabhala ngemfihlo amavoti abo ngaphambi kokuwahambisa ku-blockchain kumongo wokuvota ku-inthanethi.
Amavoti avikelekile futhi ayimfihlo uma esebethelwe, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ivoti langempela lihlala liyimfihlo.
Uma kufika isikhathi sokubala amavoti, amavoti abethelwe angasuswa ukubethela futhi abalwe ngaphandle kokuveza izintandokazi zokuvota ngakunye.
Ngenxa yokuthi inqubo yokukhishwa kwekhodi yenzeka endaweni evikelekile nelawulwayo, ubunikazi bomvoti kanye nevoti lakhe elinembile kuhlala kuyimfihlo, kususe ithuba lokukhohlisa ivoti noma ukuphoqelelwa.
I-ZKPs (Ubufakazi Bolwazi Olungenalo)
Enye indlela ye-cryptographic esetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokuvota ezisekelwe ku-blockchain ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba semthethweni kwesitatimende ngaphandle kokudalula noma yiluphi ulwazi oluthile mayelana nesitatimende ngokwaso kuwubufakazi obungenalo ulwazi.
Esimeni sokuvota, ama-ZKP avumela abavoti ukuthi babonise ukufaneleka kwabo ngaphandle kokuveza ulwazi lomuntu siqu njengobunikazi babo noma imininingwane ethile.
Umvoti, isibonelo, angasebenzisa Ubufakazi Be-Zero-Knowledge ukuze afakazele ukuthi ungumvoti obhalisiwe ngaphandle kokuveza igama lakhe, ikheli, nanoma yiluphi olunye ulwazi olubucayi. La madokhumenti aqinisekisa ukufaneleka komvoti ukuvota ngaphandle kokufaka ubumfihlo bakhe engcupheni.
Ngokusebenzisa ama-ZKP, abavoti bangakwazi ukuzibandakanya ohlelweni lokuvota ngokuzethemba, bazi ukuthi ubunikazi babo buvikelekile futhi namavoti abo abalwa ngokuphephile.
Ezinhlelweni zokuvota ezisekelwe ku-inthanethi ezisekelwe ku-blockchain, inhlanganisela yokubethela kwe-Homomorphic kanye Nobufakazi be-Zero-Knowledge inikeza uhlaka oluqinile lokuvikela ubumfihlo nokuqinisekisa ubuwena.
Abavoti bangavota ngokungaziwa, futhi amagama abo ayafihlwa ukuze angabonwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abahleli bokhetho bangaqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwabavoti ngaphandle kokufinyelela noma yiluphi ulwazi lomuntu siqu olubucayi, oluqinisekisa ubuqotho nokufaneleka kwenqubo yentando yeningi.
Lezi zindlela zokufihla ulwazi zibalulekile ekugxiliseni ukwethembana nokuzethemba ezinhlelweni zokuvota eziku-inthanethi, okuzenza zimelane kakhulu nezinsongo zokuphepha ezingaba khona kanye nokuqinisekisa ukungaziwa komhlanganyeli ngamunye.
Izinkontileka Ezihlakaniphile Zemithetho Yokuvota
Imithethonqubo yenqubo yokuvota ingachazwa ngezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile, ikhodi yokuzenzela efakwe ku-blockchain. Lezi zinkontileka zizokwazi ukwenza izinqubo zokuvota ezifana nokuqala nokuqeda izikhathi zokuvota, ukuhlela amavoti, kanye nokumemezela abaphumelele ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Izinhlelo zokuvota eziku-inthanethi zingenziwa zizimele futhi zibe sobala ngokusebenzisa izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile, eziqeda isidingo sokungenelela komuntu kanye nokukhohlisa okungenzeka.
Izinqubo Zokuvota Ezizenzakalelayo
Izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile zenza kube nokwenzeka ukuzenzela izinqubo ezithile zokuvota. Uma sezifakiwe ku-blockchain, izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile zingacacisa futhi zisebenzise imithetho yokuvota. Bangakwazi ukuvula nokuvala ngokuzenzakalelayo izikhathi zokuvota, baqinisekise ukuthi ukuvota kwenzeka kuphela ngesikhathi esishiwo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile zingafakazela ukufaneleka kwabavoti, ziqinisekise ukuthi ababambiqhaza ababhalisiwe nabagunyaziwe kuphela abangavota.
Amarekhodi Angafihli kanye Nawe-Tamper-Resistant
Ukuqaliswa kwezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ezinhlelweni zokuvota ku-inthanethi kuqinisekisa ukucaca kwamarekhodi okuvota kanye nokungaguquki. Ivoti ngalinye elifakiwe lirekhodwa njengokwenziwa ku-blockchain futhi ligcinwe ngokuphephile.
Uma ivoti selingeziwe ku-blockchain, alinakushintshwa noma lisuswe, okuholela kumlando wokuvota osobala nofundekayo. Lokhu kungafihli kungakhuthaza ukwethembana phakathi kwabavoti, amakhandidethi, nabanye ababambiqhaza ngokubavumela ukuthi baqinisekise ngokuzimela ubuqotho bokhetho.
Ukuqeda Abalamuli
Izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile zisebenza ngokuhlukaniswa, asikho isidingo sabaxhumanisi noma iziphathimandla ezimaphakathi. Le ndlela yokuqondisa ontanga yenza lula inqubo yokuvota ngokwehlisa izindleko zokuphatha kanye nemithombo engaba khona yokwehluleka noma ukukhohlisa.
Abavoti bangazibandakanya ngokuqondile nenkontileka ehlakaniphile, futhi imithetho yenkontileka iqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokuvota ilungile futhi iphephile.
Izixazululo ze-Hybrid Scalability
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezijwayelekile ezimaphakathi, i-blockchain ingase ihambe kancane futhi ingakaleki ngenxa yokungaguquki kwayo okungokwemvelo nezindlela zokuvumelana. Kuphenywa izixazululo ezixubile ukuze kuqedwe lo mkhawulo.
Ukuqonda i-Hybrid Scalability
Umgomo wezixazululo ze-hybrid scalability ukuhlanganisa izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe be-blockchain ne-off-chain noma i-subsidiary-chain protocols ukuze kwandiswe umsebenzi owenziwayo ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuvikeleka nokungafihli lutho.
Lezi zixazululo zizama ukuthola ibhalansi phakathi kohlamvu lwe-blockchain oluhlukaniselwe izwe kanye nesidingo samazinga okucubungula asheshayo, okuzenza zifaneleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezinkulu ezifana nezinhlelo zokuvota eziku-inthanethi.
Izivumelwano Zokuvota Ngaphandle Kochungechunge
Inqubo yokuvota ingenziwa ngaphandle kwe-chain kumasistimu wokukala ahlanganisiwe. Amasistimu okuvota ngaphandle kwe-chain ahlanganisa ukuvota kwamalungu ngaphandle kokurekhoda ngokusobala ivoti ngalinye ku-blockchain eyinhloko.
Amavoti ayaqoqwa futhi acutshungulwe ngenethiwekhi ehlukile noma iphrothokholi engaphatha umthamo omkhulu wokusebenza ngokushesha okukhulu.
Kulesi simo, esikhundleni sokurekhoda ivoti ngalinye, i-blockchain isebenza njengomthombo wokugcina nonegunya lokwazisa imiphumela. Le ndlela yehlisa ubunzima bekhompyutha ku-blockchain eyinhloko, okuvumela ukukala okukhulu.
Amaketanga Angaphansi Okuvota
Elinye isu eliyingxubevange ukudala amaketanga angaphansi anikezelwe ngokuphelele ohlelweni lokuvota. Lawa maketango angaphansi axhunywe ku-blockchain eyinhloko kodwa asebenzisa amasu okuvumelana ayingqayizivele kanye nemithetho efanele ukuthengiswa kokuvota.
Okuxhunyanwa ukuqina kwe-blockchain ithuthukiswa ngokuhlukanisa umsebenzi ohlobene nokuvota kumaketanga angaphansi. Amaketango asizayo angaphatha ithrafikhi yokuvota ngokuyimpumelelo, okuholela ezikhathini zokucubungula ngokushesha kuyo yonke inqubo yokuvota.
Imiphumela Yokumisa ku-Main Blockchain
Kungakhathalekile ukuthi iyiphi inketho ye-hybrid scalability esetshenzisiwe, imiphumela yokugcina yenqubo yokuvota iqiniswe ngokuphephile ku-blockchain eyinhloko. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela yokhetho ithembekile futhi isobala.
Amaketango angaphansi, noma ama-off-chain protocols, aphethe ukucubungula amavoti ngokushesha nokubalwa kwemiphumela, kuyilapho i-blockchain eyinhloko isebenza njengedaja evikelekile nengaguquki yokuqopha imiphumela yokugcina yokhetho.
Le nhlanganisela igcina izinzuzo zokuvikeleka kwe-blockchain nokwabiwa kwamazwe ngenkathi kubhekwana nezindaba zokuthi scalability.
Imfundo Yomvoti Nokusebenziseka
Ukuvota ku-inthanethi okusekelwe ku-Blockchain kudinga ukubhekana nemfundo yabasebenzisi kanye nezinkinga zokusebenziseka.
Umvoti ojwayelekile akakwazi ukuqonda ngokugcwele ubuchwepheshe be-blockchain.
Ngakho-ke, ukudala umsebenzisi-friendly indawo yomsebenzisi nokunikeza izinto zokufundisa kuba semqoka. Ukwengeza, ukudala izixhumanisi zewebhu ezisebenziseka kalula noma izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula kungathuthukisa ukufinyeleleka futhi kukhuthaze ukubamba iqhaza kwabavoti.
Ukucwaningwa Kwamabhuku Okuzimele kanye Nokungafihli
Ukucaca nokungaguquki kobuchwepheshe be-blockchain kungasiza ukuqinisekisa ubuqiniso bemiphumela yokhetho. Abacwaningi mabhuku abazimele bangahlola umlando wokuthengiselana we-blockchain ukuze baqinisekise ukulunga kwenqubo yokuvota.
Abavoti, amakhandidethi, nezigungu ezilawulayo bathola ukwethenjwa okwengeziwe ngenxa yalokho, okwandisa izinga labo lokuqinisekisa ekungakhethini kwesistimu yokuvota.
Isiphetho: Ukwamukela I-Blockchain Yekusasa Lentando Yeningi
Izindlela zokuvota zendabuko zinezithiyo ezinkulu emphakathini wanamuhla onenethiwekhi, okuhlanganisa ubungozi bezokuphepha nezinkinga zokungafihli lutho. Ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokuvota lwe-inthanethi olusekelwe ku-blockchain kunikeza isisombululo esisebenzayo kulokhu kukhathazeka.
Ngokusebenzisa izici ezinwetshiwe nezingaguquki ze-blockchain, isistimu enjalo ingase iqinisekise idatha ekwazi ukumelana nokuphazanyiswa futhi ikhulise ukuzethemba kwabavoti, ukuze ikhuthaze ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi, ukusheshisa izinqubo zokuvota, nokuqinisekisa ubuqotho bokhetho.
Njengoba umphakathi ubhekana nezinselele zosuku lwanamuhla, amasistimu okuvota ku-inthanethi asekelwe ku-blockchain ahlinzeka ngomgwaqo ophoqelelayo oya phambili.
Singakha ikusasa lapho ukubamba iqhaza kwentando yeningi kwandiswa, ukwethenjwa ezinqubweni zokhetho kuqiniswa, futhi izimiso eziyisisekelo zentando yeningi zigcinwa ngobuqotho nokungafihli ngokwamukela amathuba anikezwa ubuchwepheshe be-blockchain.
Indlela yokwamukela izinhlelo zokuvota ezisekelwe ku-blockchain isaqhubeka, futhi kuzodingeka ukutadisha okwengeziwe nokusebenzisana ukuze kubonakale amandla aphelele alobu buchwepheshe obuphazamisayo ekuchazeni ikusasa lentando yeningi.
shiya impendulo