Okuqukethwe[Fihla][Bonisa]
Kungase kudle isikhathi ukudala i-interface yomsebenzisi kusukela ekuqaleni. Izixhumi ezibonakalayo zomsebenzisi ozakhayo kufanele zibe lula ukuzisebenzisa, zihambisane nemithetho yebhrendi, futhi zibonakale zizintsha futhi zamanje.
Uma ungeza izikhathi ezimisiwe eziqinile kanye nesabelomali esilinganiselwe ekuxubeni, umsebenzi uba nzima kakhulu. Nokho, likhona ikhambi kulobu bunzima, futhi baziwa ngokuthi a isikhombimsebenzisi somsebenzisi ikhi.
Ikhithi yokusebenzelana komsebenzisi ingumkhiqizo ongakusiza ukuthi uqedele imisebenzi ephindaphindwayo futhi ukhulule amandla akho okudala.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe, sizobheka ukuthi iyini ikhithi yamathuluzi ye-UI yomthombo ovulekile, izinzuzo zayo kanye nokubi, kanye nohlu lwekhithi yamathuluzi ye-UI yomthombo ovulekile omuhle kakhulu. Ake siqale.
Ithini ikhithi yamathuluzi ye-UI yomthombo ovulekile?
Ikhithi yamathuluzi yomsebenzisi obonakalayo (i-GUI) iqoqo lekhodi ebhalwe ngaphambilini ekuvumela ukuthi uthuthukise izingxenye ze-GUI ngaphandle kokuthi uzibhalele wena yonke ikhodi.
Noma iyiphi ingxenye yesixhumi esibonakalayo iklayenti elingakwazi ukusebenzisana nayo, njengezinkinobho, izinkambu zombhalo, izinto zemenyu, nokunye, kubhekiselwa kuyo njengengxenye ye-GUI.
Kunenqwaba yamathuluzi e-UI yomthombo ovulekile atholakalayo ezilimini eziningi zokuhlela, ngakho-ke uma ubhala ikhodi ye-Java, impela ikhona eklanyelwe wena nje.
Ikhithi yamathuluzi ye-UI iyinsiza enhle kakhulu yabaklami abafuna ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqiza kwabo. Isetshenziswa kaningi kuwebhusayithi nakumklamo wohlelo lokusebenza njengoba ivumela abaklami ukuthi basebenze ngokuphumelelayo nangokushesha ngaphandle kokuthi badale izici ze-UI kusukela ekuqaleni.
Ikhithi yamathuluzi ye-UI yomthombo ovulekile engcono kakhulu
1. I-Ionic
I-Ionic iwuhlaka lomsebenzisi olunomthombo ovulekile lokudala izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula nezedeskithophu zekhwalithi ephezulu kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bewebhu obufana ne-HTML, CSS, ne-JavaScript, kanye nokuhlanganisa nezinhlaka ezidumile ezifana ne-Angular, React, ne-Vue.
Isixhumi esibonakalayo sohlelo lokusebenza, noma ulwazi lomsebenzisi, luyisisekelo se-Ionic Architecture. Kulula ukuyiqonda, ukuhlanganisa, nokusebenzisa ngaphandle kohlaka olungaphambili usebenzisa umbhalo olula ohlanganisa amalabhulali engeziwe noma izinhlaka ezifana ne-Engeli.
Ngokusebenzisa ikhithi yamathuluzi ye-Ionic, izinhlelo zokusebenza zingatshalwa noma yikuphi, okuhlanganisa nendawo ebonakalayo. Uhlaka lwe-Ionic lunomphakathi ophilayo, ovumela onjiniyela ukuthi babuze imibuzo futhi bathole izimpendulo ngokushesha.
I-Ionic ingachazwa njengesistimu ye-hybrid njengoba ihlanganisa izingxenye zomdabu kanye newebhu.
buhle
- I-Ionic iyinketho edume kakhulu phakathi konjiniyela njengoba isebenza kuwo wonke amapulatifomu, okuhlanganisa i-Android, iWindows, ne-iOS.
- Iningi labathuthukisi lijwayele i-HTML, i-CSS, ne-JavaScript, okwenza kube lula kubo ukudala i- uhlaka.
- Isebenzisa ama-plugin, futhi uma ingasebenzi endaweni yomdabu, uhlaka luzophathwa ama-plugin.
- Ku-Ionic, uhlelo lokusebenza lwedeskithophu lungaguqulwa ngokuphelele lube uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula.
- I-Ionic inezici eziningi ezengeziwe, kufaka phakathi susa izaziso kanye nokwesekwa kwe-PWA.
bawo
- Uhlaka lungase lumile phakathi kwamapulatifomu njengoba iseva yekhodi eyodwa isetshenziswa kubo bonke.
- I-Ionic ayiwulungele umsebenzi we-3D noma ukuthuthukiswa komdlalo.
- Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu, izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Ionic zithatha isikhathi eside ukuqaliswa.
- Ukuvikeleka kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ze-Ionic kuyinto ekhathazayo, ikakhulukazi yamabhange nezezimali.
2. wxWidget yamathuluzi
I-wxWidgets iyikhithi yamathuluzi yabahleli bokwenza i-graphical interface yomsebenzisi yedeskithophu kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula (ama-GUI). Kuwuhlaka ngomqondo wokuthi lunakekela umsebenzi omningi we-grunt futhi lunikeza ukuziphatha okuchazwe ngaphambilini kohlelo lokusebenza.
Umtapo wolwazi we-wxWidgets unezigaba eziningi nezindlela umhleli angazisebenzisa futhi azihlele. Ngokuvamile, izinhlelo zokusebenza zibonisa amawindi anezilawuli ezivamile, mhlawumbe akhiqiza izithombe ezithile nemifanekiso, futhi aphendule okokufaka okuvela kumawusi, ikhibhodi, noma eminye imithombo. Angase futhi asetshenziselwe ukusebenzelana nezinye izinqubo noma ukulawula ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ukukubeka ngenye indlela, i-wxWidgets ikwenza kube lula kumhleli ukuthi enze uhlelo olwenza yonke into eyenziwa uhlelo lwesimanje.
Nakuba i-wxWidgets ijwayele ukubizwa ngokuthi ikhithi yamathuluzi yokuthuthukisa i-GUI, ingaphezu kwalokho, okuhlanganisa namakhono awusizo ezinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi yokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza. Lokhu kufanele kube njalo njengoba uhlelo lwe-wxWidgets kufanele luphatheke phakathi kwamapulatifomu ewonke, hhayi nje i-GUI.
Amafayela nokusakaza, izintambo eziningi, izilungiselelo zohlelo lokusebenza, ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinqubo, usizo lwe-inthanethi, ukufinyelela kusizindalwazi, nokunye okuningi konke kuyatholakala kuma-wxWidgets.
buhle
- I-wxWidgets inikeza izibopho ze-python, i-Perl, i-PHP, i-Java, i-Lua, i-lisp, i-erlang, i-Eiffel, i-C# (.NET), i-BASIC, i-Ruby, kanye ne-JavaScript, ngaphezu kwe-C++.
- Ukuhumusha okubucayi kokuqukethwe nakho kuyasekelwa.
- Ingenye yamathuluzi e-GUI aphelele atholakalayo. Kunamakilasi wosizo amaningana atholakalayo.
- Ukusetshenziswa komuntu siqu nokokuhweba kokubili kumahhala.
bawo
- Ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwezentengiso akunakwenzeka.
3. I-UI ye-Balze
I-Blaze UI iyikhithi yamathuluzi ye-UI engasindi kanye nohlaka lwamahhala nomthombo ovulekile (i-MIT License) oluhlinzeka ngesakhiwo esihle kakhulu sokwakha amawebhusayithi ngokushesha anesisekelo esihlasimulisayo nesiqhubekayo.
Izingxenye ze-Blaze UI zonke zihamba ngeselula kuqala, zithembele ngokukhethekile ekusebenzeni kwesiphequluli somdabu esikhundleni selabhulali noma uhlaka oluhlukile. Isisiza ekuthuthukiseni ngokushesha nangempumelelo iwebhusayithi engakala futhi esabelayo enesitayela esingaguquki.
Ngokusebenzisa Izingxenye, Izinto, kanye Nezinsiza eziningi, i-Blaze UI yenza kube lula ukudalwa kwemiklamo elula esiza ukwenza yonke iwebhusayithi ibe yinhle futhi ihlanganyele.
buhle
- Noma yiluphi uhlaka luzokwenza, noma lungenze lutho nhlobo. Awuvalelwe. Kuphuma kuwe.
- UBlaze ngeke athathe ubunikazi banoma yimiphi imiklamo yakho kuze kube yilapho uyicela ngokuqondile.
- Lena iphrojekthi yamahhala ngokuphelele. Isingathwa ku-GitHub futhi ivulekele umphakathi.
- Zonke izingxenye zadalwa kucatshangwa ngeselula futhi ziyahambisana nanoma yimuphi usayizi wesikrini.
bawo
- Azikho izinkinga ezitholakele.
4. I-GTK +
I-GTK+ iyikhithi yamathuluzi enezinkundla eziningi zokuklama izixhumanisi zabasebenzisi eziyingcaca ezakhiwe kucatshangwa ngobuhle be-Motif. Empeleni ibukeka ingcono kakhulu kune-Motif.
Inamawijethi alula futhi ayinkimbinkimbi njengokukhethwa kwefayela nokukhethwa kombala. Iqale njengesethi yamawijethi e-GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Programme).
Ithuthuke kakhulu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi futhi manje isisetshenziswa yi-a inani elikhulu lezinhlelo, kanye nekhithi yamathuluzi yephrojekthi yedeskithophu ye-GNOME. I-GTK+ iyingxenye ye-GNU Project futhi iyisofthiwe yamahhala.
I-GNU LGPL, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ivumela noma yibaphi abathuthukisi, ngisho nalabo abakhiqiza isofthiwe yobunikazi, ukusebenzisa i-GTK+ ngaphandle kokukhokha noma yiziphi izimali zelayisensi noma izinzuzo. I-GTK+ yakhiwe kusukela phansi kuya phezulu ukuze isebenze ngezilimi ezihlukahlukene, hhayi kuphela i-C/C++. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-GTK+ kusukela ezilimini ezifana ne-Perl ne-Python (ikakhulukazi uma kuhlanganiswe nomakhi we-Glade GUI) kuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza ngokushesha.
buhle
- Izilimi eziningi ziyasekelwa, okuhlanganisa i-Java, i-JavaScript, i-C++, i-Python, i-Pascal, i-FreeBasic, ne-Haskell, nokho, ukusekelwa kwe-C# ne-GO akuphelele.
- Ukusebenzisa i-PyGi enezindikimba ze-Gtk ukuze udale izinhlelo zokusebenza zezinkampani ezihlukene kuzenza zibukeke zizinhle.
bawo
- Njengoba i-Gtk3 ingasazisekeli izithonjana nama-mnemonics, amamenyu okuzula ngekhibhodi cishe akwenzeki.
5. Ikhithi yamathuluzi ye-QT
I-Qt iyikhithi yamathuluzi yokusebenzelana komsebenzisi enezinkundla eziningi zokwakha izinhlelo zesofthiwe ku-C++. Inikeza onjiniyela wonke amathuluzi abawadingayo ukuze bakhe izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-cross-platform ezinokusebenzelana komsebenzisi "okusezingeni eliphezulu".
Ngenxa yokuthi i-Qt ibhalwe nge-C++, igxile entweni ngokuphelele futhi inika amandla ukuhlelwa kwengxenye yangempela.
I-Qt ibizwa ngokuthi "bhala kanye, hlanganisa noma yikuphi" uhlaka olulondoloza isikhathi kubathuthukisi ngokubadinga ukuthi bavele babhale futhi bagcine isisekelo sekhodi eyodwa kunoma iyiphi inkundla abakhetha ukuthuthukisa kuyo, ngohlelo oluqediwe oluhlanganiswe kuzo zonke ezinye izinkundla.
buhle
- Ngokuhlanganisa kalula, ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Qt kuvumela ukuphatheka kohlelo kumapulatifomu amaningi.
- Ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwentuthuko futhi inciphisa isikhathi sokumaketha, iqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza zinobufakazi besikhathi esizayo.
- Ukusebenzisa isu lobuchwepheshe le-Qt lilula futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kwehlisa izindleko.
- Yonga isikhathi ngokukhipha ikhodi eyodwa kuzo zonke izibonisi nezinkundla.
- Ukuhlelwa kwe-C++ kunikeza onjiniyela ukuzimela okwengeziwe kanye nekhono lokusebenza nenani elikhulu lemitapo yolwazi ekhona.
- Ikhodi iguqulwa ibe ngamabhanari omdabu, asebenza ngesivinini esigcwele (asikho isidingo sokusebenzisa umshini obonakalayo)
bawo
- Ngokuzenzakalelayo, izingxenye ze-QT GUI azihlinzeki ngokubukeka kahle nomuzwa we-iOS ne-Android.
- Ngaphandle kweQt Quick Compiler, etholakala kuphela ngenguqulo ye-Qt Commercial, isikhathi sokuqalisa sikhula kakhulu.
- Kumanethiwekhi amakhulu esikhangiso, alukho usekelo olusemthethweni lwe-Qt (amalabhulali ezinkampani zangaphandle kuphela, uma etholakele).
Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa ikhithi yamathuluzi ye-UI
- Awudingi ukudizayina ingxenye ye-GUI kusukela ekuqaleni njalo uma usebenzisa ikhithi yamathuluzi.
- Ikhodi yakho izoba lula kakhulu ukuthuthwa kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza uma usebenzisa ikhithi yamathuluzi e-cross-platform.
- Zonke izingxenye zakho zizobukeka nomuzwa ofanayo uma usebenzisa ikhithi yamathuluzi, okuzokwenza uhlelo lwakho lubukeke luchwepheshile futhi luphucukile.
- Ngokuvamile kulula ukufunda ukusebenzisa amathuluzi omthombo ovulekile, njengoba abhalwe kahle futhi afaka izibonelo eziningi.
Amaphutha okusebenzisa ikhithi yamathuluzi ye-UI
- Amanye ama-toolkits makhulu futhi anothile ngezici, okuwenza esabe ukuwasebenzisa.
- Njengoba amathuluzi omthombo ovulekile ngokuvamile athuthukiswa amavolontiya, ikhwalithi yawo ingase ibe ngaphansi kozakwabo bezentengiselwano.
- Amanye amathuluzi omthombo ovulekile asatshalaliswa ngamalayisense akhawulela indlela angasetshenziswa futhi asatshalaliswe ngayo.
- Uma usebenzisa ikhithi yamathuluzi, uzokhawulwa ngamakhono ayo futhi ungase ungakwazi ukuthuthukisa izixhumanisi eziqondile ozidingayo.
Isiphetho
Okokugcina, Ikhithi Ye-User Interface (I-UI) iqoqo lezingxenye zokusebenzelana ezilungele ukusetshenziswa namathuluzi amaphrojekthi aku-inthanethi namaselula. Ngokukhetha okudidiyelwe kwesitayela, abaklami bangashintsha ngokuphelele isakhiwo sangaphakathi, izifanekiso, nezakhiwo ukuze bakhe ukusebenzelana kwabo komsebenzisi futhi balondoloze ukuhambisana komkhiqizo ngokuchofoza okumbalwa kuphela noma ukudonsa nokuwisa.
Cabangela izidingo zakho nezinsiza olungele ukutshala kuzo uma ukhetha ikhithi yamathuluzi ye-UI yomthombo ovulekile. I-Qt noma i-GTK+ ingaba enye indlela enhle kakhulu uma udinga ikhithi yamathuluzi ecebile enemisebenzi ehlukahlukene.
shiya impendulo