Ngokushesha kunangaphambili, umhlaba uyashintsha ngenxa yoshintsho lwedijithali.
Ngokufika okuzayo kwelinye igagasi elisha sha lobuchwepheshe elikwazi ukuguqula ngokuphawulekayo ama-paradigm amanje ngesivinini namandla amangalisayo: i-quantum computing, ukuqonda imibono eyisisekelo yenkathi yedijithali kuzoba okubaluleke nakakhulu.
Indlela yempumelelo ebizwa nge-quantum computing isebenzisa i-quantum physics ukuxazulula izinkinga ezingaphezu kobubanzi bamakhompyutha avamile.
Izimiso zethiyori ye-Quantum zibonisa ukuthi izinto kanye namandla aziphatha kanjani esikalini se-athomu ne-subatomic, futhi i-Qiskit ye-IBM iyikhithi yokuthuthukisa isoftware ye-quantum enomthombo ovulekile esiza ekudaleni amasistimu ekhompuyutha e-quantum.
Le ndatshana ifuna ukuchaza lokhu futhi ikunikeze umbono we-quantum computing.
Sizochazela abafundi bethu ngosizo lwekhompuyutha yomthombo ovulekile we-quantum I-SDK, isib. Qiskit futhi ubavumele bahlole besebenzisa I-Jupyter Notebooks ibanjwe e-IBM Quantum Lab.
Yini i-Quantum Computing?
I-computing ye-Quantum igatsha lesayensi yekhompiyutha eligxile ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha kusetshenziswa imibono evela ku-quantum theory.
Kuthatha ithuba lomthamo oyingqayizivele wezinhlayiya ze-subatomic ukuthi zibe khona ngesikhathi esisodwa ezifundazweni eziningi, njengo-0 no-1.
Bayakwazi ukucubungula idatha eningi kakhulu kunamakhompyutha avamile.
Ezinqubweni ze-quantum computing, i-qubit yenziwa kusetshenziswa isimo se-quantum sento. Izingxenye ezibalulekile zolwazi ku-quantum computing ziyi-qubits.
Benza umsebenzi ofanayo namabhithi kukhompyutha evamile ku-quantum computing, kodwa benza ngendlela ehluke kakhulu. I-Quantum computing yinkambu eyavela ngeminyaka yawo-1980.
Kwabe sekutholakala ukuthi ama-algorithms e-quantum asebenza kangcono ekwenzeni eminye imisebenzi yekhompyutha kunozakwabo bakudala.
I-Superposition kanye ne-entanglement, imiqondo emibili evela ku-quantum physics, izisekelo lapho lawa makhompyutha amakhulu asekelwe khona.
Uma kuqhathaniswa namakhompyutha avamile, amakhompyutha e-quantum okwamanje angenza imisebenzi emikhulu ngokushesha kuyilapho esebenzisa amandla amancane kakhulu.
Kufanele siqhubeke nokusebenza kwamakhompyutha e-quantum ukuze sikuqonde ngokugcwele. Asiqale manje.
Isebenza kanjani ngempela ikhompuyutha ye-quantum?
Uma kuqhathaniswa namakhompyutha endabuko esiwajwayele, amakhompyutha e-quantum abhekana nokuxazulula izinkinga ngendlela ehlukile. Kweminye imisebenzi, amakhompiyutha e-quantum anconyelwa kunawavamile ngezindlela eziningi.
Amandla abo okuba khona ezifundazweni eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi yimbangela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amakhompyutha avamile angaba sesimweni esisodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Kunemiqondo emithathu ebalulekile okufanele uyiqonde ukuze uqonde ukuthi amakhompyutha e-quantum asebenza kanjani:
- Ukuma okuphezulu.
- Ukubanjwa.
- Ukuphazamisa.
I-Superposition
Izingcezu ziyizingxenye eziyisisekelo zamakhompiyutha endabuko. Ama-Qubits bits, noma ama-Qubits, amayunithi ayisisekelo amakhompyutha e-quantum.
Ngokuyisisekelo, ama-quantum bits asebenza ngokuhlukile. Ibhithi kanambambili, kwesinye isikhathi eyaziwa ngokuthi ibhithi yendabuko, inguquko engaba ngu-0 noma u-1.
Sithola isimo samanje sebhithi uma siyilinganisa. Ama-Qubits ahlukile kulokhu. Ama-Qubits angafaniswa nemicibisholo ekhomba ngezinhlangothi ezintathu.
Zisesimweni esingu-0 uma zikhomba phezulu. Zikusimo esingu-1 uma zikhomba phansi. Okufanayo kuyiqiniso ngezingcezu zakudala.
Nokho, bangaphinde bakhethe ukuba sesikhundleni esiphezulu.
Umcibisholo usesimweni lapho ukhomba khona kunoma iyiphi enye indlela. Ukuma okuphezulu kuka-0 no-1 kuphumela kulesi simo. I-Qubit isazokhiqiza u-1 noma u-0 njengomphumela lapho ikalwa.
Nokho, umumo womcibisholo unquma amathuba abalulekile.
Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi uthole u-1 uma umcibisholo ngokuyinhloko ubheke phansi kanye no-0 uma ngokuyinhloko ubheke phezulu.
Uzoba nethuba elingu-50% lokuwina ngayinye uma umcibisholo uphakathi nendawo. Ngamafuphi, lokho kuyi-superposition.
Ukungena
Amabhithi kukhompuyutha evamile azimele komunye nomunye. Isimo sebhithi eyodwa asinalutho esimweni somunye.
Ama-qubits kumakhompiyutha e-quantum angabambeneka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zihlangana zibe yisimo esisodwa esikhulu se-quantum.
Ukuze uthole umzekeliso, cabangela ama-qubits amabili asezimo eziphakeme ezihlukahlukene kodwa angakabambeki. Ngalesi sikhathi, amathuba abo awanciki komunye nomunye.
Uma sizibandakanya, kufanele silahle lawo mathuba azimele futhi sinqume amathuba azo zonke ezinye izifunda esingakwazi ukuzibalekela, okungukuthi, 00, 01, 10, kanye no-11.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwamathuba ayo yonke isistimu kuyashintshwa uma isiqondiso somcibisholo ku-qubit eyodwa sishintshwa ngenxa yokuthi ama-qubits abambekile.
Ukuzimela kwe-qubits kusuka komunye nomunye kulahlekile. Ngamunye wabo uyingxenye yesimo esifanayo esikhulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unama-qubits amangaki, lokhu kusenjalo.
Kukhona inhlanganisela engenzeka yezifunda ze-2n zekhompuyutha ye-quantum enama-n qubits.
Unokusabalaliswa kwamathuba kuzo zonke izifunda ezimbili, ngokwesibonelo, nge-qubit eyodwa. Unethuba lokusabalalisa kuzo zonke izifunda ezine kuma-qubits amabili, njll. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamakhompyutha we-classical kanye ne-quantum yilokhu.
Ungabeka amakhompyutha wakudala kunoma yisiphi isimo osikhethayo, kodwa eyodwa kuphela ngesikhathi. Zonke lezo zifundazwe zingaba khona ngesikhathi esifanayo kumakhompiyutha e-quantum njenge-superposition.
Ikhompyutha ingazuza kanjani ngokuba kuzo zonke lezo zifunda ngesikhathi esisodwa? Isici sokugcina sokugxambukela singena kuleli phuzu.
impambaniso
Umsebenzi we-quantum wave ungasetshenziswa ukuchaza isimo se-qubit.
Incazelo yezibalo eyisisekelo yayo yonke into ku-quantum physics inikezwa imisebenzi yamagagasi.
Lapho ama-qubits amaningi ebambene, imisebenzi yawo yamagagasi angawodwana ihlanganiswa ndawonye ukuze yakhe umsebenzi wamagagasi owodwa ochaza isimo sonke sekhompuyutha ye-quantum.
Ukuphazamiseka kuwumphumela wokwengeza le misebenzi yamagagasi ndawonye. Lapho amagagasi ehlanganiswa ndawonye, angase ahlanganyele ngendlela eyakhayo futhi ahlangane ukuze akhe igagasi elikhulu, njengoba nje kwenza amaza amanzi.
Bangakwazi futhi ukusebenzisana ngendlela elimazayo ukuze baphikisane. Amathuba ahlukahlukene ezifunda ezahlukahlukene anqunywa umsebenzi wamagagasi wekhompuyutha ye-quantum.
Singashintsha amathuba okuthi izifunda ezithile zizovela lapho sikala ikhompuyutha ye-quantum ngokushintsha izimo zama-qubits ahlukahlukene.
Ngisho noma ikhompuyutha ye-quantum ingaba khona ezindaweni eziningana zezifunda ngesikhathi esisodwa, izilinganiso zembula kuphela esinye salezo zifunda.
Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi kusetshenziswa ikhompuyutha ye-quantum ukuqedela umsebenzi wokubala, ukugxambukela okwakhayo kuyadingeka ukuze kukhuliswe amathuba okuthola impendulo efanele kanye nokuphazamiseka okulimazayo ukuze kwehliswe amathuba okuthola okungalungile.
Manje, ake siqale nge-Qiskit.
Kuyini Qiskit?
I-Qiskit iwuhlaka lwesofthiwe oluxhaswe yi-IBM olwakhelwe ukwenza kube lula kunoma ubani ukuthi angene emkhakheni we-quantum computing.
Ngenxa yokuthi amakhompyutha e-quantum kunzima ukuwathola, ungawathola ngomhlinzeki wamafu, njenge-IBM, usebenzisa ibhokisi labo lamathuluzi le-Qiskit.
Itholakala mahhala, futhi yonke ikhodi yayo ikhona umthombo ovulekile.
Kukhona incwadi ye-inthanethi lokho kukufundisa zonke izisekelo ze-quantum physics, ewusizo kakhulu kulabo abangazi kahle le ndaba. I-Python isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa i-Qiskit toolkit.
Ngakho-ke, uma ujwayelene nolimi lohlelo lwePython, uzobona amakhodi amaningi.
Uhlaka lwesofthiwe lufanele labo abafisa funda nge-quantum computing kuyilapho futhi ezuza okuhlangenwe nakho okungokoqobo.
Isici esibaluleke kakhulu se-Qiskit ukuthi isebenza ngezigaba ezimbili. Esinye sezinyathelo yisiteji sokwakha, lapho sakha khona ama-circuits amaningi we-quantum futhi sisebenzisa lawo ma-circuits ukuxazulula inkinga.
Khona-ke, ngemva kokuqeda isiteji sokwakha noma ukufinyelela isisombululo, siqhubekela esigabeni esilandelayo, esaziwa ngokuthi yisiteji sokwenza, lapho sizama ukuqhuba ukwakha kwethu noma isisombululo kuma-backends ahlukahlukene (i-state vector backend, i-uninary backend, evulekile I-ASM backend), futhi ngemva kokuqedwa kokusebenza, sicubungula idatha esakhiweni ukuze sithole okukhiphayo okufunayo.
Ukuqalisa nge-Qiskit
Kukhompyutha yakho siqu noma i-Jupyter Notebook ephathwa yi-IBM, ungayifaka endaweni yangakini. Bhala ikhodi elandelayo ozoyifaka endaweni kukhompuyutha ye-Windows:
Sidinga ukubhalisa lapha ukuze sifinyelele ithokheni ye-API esivumela ukuthi sisebenzise amadivayisi we-IBM we-quantum, bese siqala ukusebenza newebhusayithi yenkampani. Ungacabanga ukwenza lokhu ngokusebenzisa i-Jupyter Notebook efakwe ku-Qiskit esebenza ku-inthanethi.
Ungafinyelela kuyo ngokukhetha Iphrofayela yakho kumenyu esekhoneni eliphezulu kwesokudla sekhasi, bese ukhetha Ulwazi lwe-akhawunti. Ungathola ithokheni yakho ye-API ngaphansi kwesigaba samathokheni e-API ngendlela ethi ***. Ikopishwa bese ifakwa kukhodi elandelayo:
Uma le khodi isikhishiwe, ithokheni yakho ye-API izogcinwa kukhompuyutha yakho, okukuvumela ukuthi usebenzise amadivayisi we-IBM we-quantum. Faka okulandelayo ukuze unqume ukuthi uyakwazi yini ukufinyelela idivayisi enjalo:
Uma ikhodi eshiwo ngenhla isebenza, kufanele ukwazi ukusebenzisa ikhodi hhayi kukhompyutha yakho kuphela kodwa futhi nangokuthumela amasekhethi e-quantum akhelwe ngaphakathi kumadivayisi e-IBM we-quantum kanye nemiphumela yokwamukela.
Ngakho-ke, sisebenzisa umtapo wezincwadi wamasekhethi, singaqala ukuthuthukisa i-algorithm yethu yokuqala ye-quantum. Siqala ngokungenisa ukuncika okubalulekile kusuka ku-Qiskit kuphrojekthi yethu.
Bese sakha irejista ye-quantum yama-qubit amabili kanye nerejista evamile yamabhithi amabili.
Ngakho-ke manje sinerejista yakudala neye-quantum esunguliwe. Ngokusebenzisa lokho okubili, singakha isekethe futhi uma, nganoma yisiphi isikhathi phakathi nokuguqulwa kwesekethe, ufisa ukudweba ukuthi i-quantum circuit ibukeka kanjani, bhala ikhodi elandelayo:
Singabona esithombeni ukuthi isekethe iqukethe amabhithi amabili we-quantum namabhithi amabili we-classical.
Njengoba kunje, lesi sifunda asinawo amasango, okwenza singathandeki. Manje ake sakhe isifunda sisebenzisa amasango e-quantum. Njengeyakudala amasango anengqondo (FUTHI, NOMA amasango) ngaweziyingi ezijwayelekile zedijithali, amasango e-quantum ayizingxenye eziyisisekelo zamasekethe e-quantum.
Ukusebenzisa isango le-Hadamard ku-qubit yokuqala kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekudaleni ukubopha. Bese, sisebenzisa ikhodi elandelayo, sizongeza ukusebenza kwe-x okulawulwa ngama-qubit amabili:
Manje njengoba laba opharetha ababili sebesetshenziselwa ukwakha isekethe yethu ye-quantum, sekuyisikhathi sokulinganisa ama-quantum bits (qubits), thatha lezo zilinganiso, futhi uzigcine kumabhithi we-classical. Masidale ikhodi edingekayo ukuze sifeze lokho:
Umdwebo ongezansi ubonisa ukwakheka kwesekethe yethu:
Isekhethi kufanele bese iqhutshwa kusifanisi sekhompyutha esivamile. Isekhethi isiqediwe. Futhi hlola imiphumela yalokho kubulawa.
Ulwazi olutholwe ngokwenza leyo sekethe lugcinwa ekuguquguqukeni komphumela. Masibonise le miphumela sisebenzisa i-histogram yesakhiwo.
Yilokho okwenzekayo lapho siqhuba isifunda sethu se-quantum. Ngezinombolo ezingu-00 no-11, sithola amathuba acishe abe ngu-50%. Isifunda sakho sokuqala sekhompuyutha ye-quantum sakhiwe. Siyakuhalalisela!
Izicelo ze-Qiskit Quantum Computing
Qiskit Finance
Iqoqo lamathuluzi okukhombisa kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zihlinzekwa yi-Qiskit Finance. Lokhu kufaka phakathi abahumushi be-Ising ekuthuthukiseni iphothifoliyo, abahlinzeki bedatha yedatha yangempela noma engahleliwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwentengo yezinketho zezezimali ezihlukahlukene noma ukuhlolwa kwengozi yekhredithi.
Qiskit Nature
Izicelo ezifana ukugoqa amaprotheni kanye nesakhiwo se-electronic/vibronic Izibalo zazo zombili izimo ezijabulile neziphansi zisekelwa yi-Qiskit Nature.
Inikeza zonke izingxenye ezidingekayo zokuxhuma amakhodi e-classical futhi iguqule ngokuzenzakalelayo izethulo ezahlukene ezidingwa amakhompyutha we-quantum.
I-Qiskit Machine Learning
I-Quantum ukufunda imishini izindlela ezizisebenzisayo ukubhekana nezinkinga ezahlukahlukene, njengokuhlehla kanye nokuhlukaniswa, zihlinzekwa i-Qiskit Machine Learning kanye nama-quantum kernels ayisisekelo namanethiwekhi e-quantum neural (QNNs) njengamabhulokhi wokwakha.
Iphinde inikeze amandla ukuxhumeka kwama-QNN ku-PyTorch ngenjongo yokuhlanganisa izici ze-quantum emisebenzini yakudala.
Ukuthuthukisa i-Qiskit
I-Qiskit Optimization inikezela ngezinhlobo eziningi zezinsizakalo zokuthuthukisa, okuhlanganisa ukumodela okuphezulu kwezinkinga zokuthuthukisa, ukuhumusha okuzenzakalelayo kwezinkinga ezizethulweni ezihlukahlukene ezidingekayo, kanye neqoqo lezindlela ezilula zokuthuthukisa i-quantum.
Isiphetho
Sengiphetha, ngenkathi i-supercomputer eshesha kakhulu manje etholakalayo ithatha iminyaka, amakhompyutha we-quantum anganqamula ngokushesha ezindleleni zamanje zokubethela.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amakhompyutha we-quantum azokwazi ukuphula amasu amaningi okubethela asetshenziswa namuhla, kulindeleke ukuthi azodala izibambele zobufakazi bokugebenga.
Ukuthuthukisa izinkinga amandla amakhompuyutha e-quantum. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, sicela uvakashele i-Qiskit GitHub.
shiya impendulo