Okuqukethwe[Fihla][Bonisa]
Manje singakwazi ukubala umkhathi wendawo kanye nobunkimbinkimbi obuncane bezinhlayiya ze-subatomic ngenxa yamakhompyutha.
Amakhompiyutha ashaya abantu uma kuziwa ekubaleni nasekubaleni, kanye nokulandela izinqubo ezinengqondo zikayebo/cha, ngenxa yama-electron ahamba ngesivinini sokukhanya ngokusebenzisa ukujikeleza kwawo.
Nokho, asivamile ukubabona “njengabahlakaniphile” njengoba, esikhathini esidlule, amakhompiyutha ayengakwazi ukwenza lutho ngaphandle kokufundiswa (ahlelwe) abantu.
Ukufunda ngomshini, okuhlanganisa ukufunda okujulile kanye ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela, isiphenduke undabuzekwayo ezihlokweni zesayensi nezobuchwepheshe.
Ukufunda ngomshini kubonakala kutholakala yonke indawo, kodwa abantu abaningi abasebenzisa leli gama bangakwazi ukukuchaza ngokwanele ukuthi liyini, lenzani, nokuthi lisetshenziselwani kangcono.
Le ndatshana ifuna ukucacisa ukufunda komshini kuyilapho ihlinzeka ngezibonelo ezibonakalayo, zomhlaba wangempela zendlela ubuchwepheshe obusebenza ngayo ukukhombisa ukuthi kungani buzuzisa kangaka.
Bese, sizobheka izindlela zokufunda zomshini ezahlukahlukene futhi sibone ukuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani ukubhekana nezinselele zebhizinisi.
Okokugcina, sizobonisana nebhola lethu lekristalu ukuze uthole izibikezelo ezisheshayo mayelana nekusasa lokufunda komshini.
Kuyini Machine Ukufunda?
Ukufunda ngomshini kuyisiyalo sesayensi yekhompiyutha esivumela amakhompyutha ukuthi athole amaphethini asuka kudatha ngaphandle kokufundiswa ngokusobala ukuthi lawo maphethini ayini.
Lezi ziphetho ngokuvamile zisekelwe ekusebenziseni ama-algorithm ukuze kuhlolwe ngokuzenzakalelayo izici zezibalo zedatha nokuthuthukisa amamodeli ezibalo ukuze abonise ubudlelwano phakathi kwamanani ahlukahlukene.
Qhathanisa lokhu ne-classical computing, esekelwe ezinhlelweni ezinqumayo, lapho sinikeza khona ngokusobala ikhompuyutha isethi yemithetho okufanele iyilandele ukuze yenze umsebenzi othile.
Le ndlela yokuhlela amakhompyutha yaziwa ngokuthi yi-rule-based programming. Ukufunda ngomshini kuyahluka futhi kudlulele ezinhlelweni ezisekelwe emithethweni ngoba ikwazi ukuzinqumela yona ngokwayo le mithetho.
Cabanga ukuthi ungumphathi webhange ofuna ukunquma ukuthi isicelo semalimboleko sizohluleka yini emalimboleko yakhe.
Ngendlela esekelwe emithethweni, umphathi webhange (noma abanye ochwepheshe) bazokwazisa ikhompuyutha ngokucacile ukuthi uma amaphuzu esikweletu somfakisicelo engaphansi kwezinga elithile, isicelo kufanele sinqatshwe.
Kodwa-ke, uhlelo lokufunda ngomshini lungavele luhlaziye idatha yangaphambilini yezilinganiso zekhredithi yekhasimende nemiphumela yemalimboleko futhi lunqume ukuthi lo mkhawulo kufanele ube yini ngokwawo.
Umshini ufunda kudatha yangaphambilini futhi udala imithetho yawo ngale ndlela. Yiqiniso, lokhu kuyisiqalo kuphela ekufundeni komshini; amamodeli okufunda emishini yomhlaba wangempela ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunomkhawulo oyisisekelo.
Noma kunjalo, kuwukubonakaliswa okuhle kakhulu kwamandla okufunda ngomshini.
Ngabe i umshini ufunde?
Ukuze kugcinwe izinto zilula, imishini “ifunda” ngokuthola amaphethini kudatha efanayo. Cabangela idatha njengolwazi oluqoqa emhlabeni wangaphandle. Uma umshini uphakelwa idatha eyengeziwe, kuba yilapho “uhlakanipha” khona.
Nokho, akuyona yonke idatha efanayo. Cabanga ukuthi uyisigelekeqe esinenjongo yokuphila ukuze uthole ingcebo engcwatshwe esiqhingini. Uzofuna inani eliningi lolwazi ukuze uthole umklomelo.
Lolu lwazi, njengedatha, lungakuthatha ngendlela efanele noma engalungile.
Lapho ulwazi/idatha etholwayo iba nkulu, kuyancipha ukungaqondakali okukhona, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Ngenxa yalokho, kubalulekile ukucabangela uhlobo lwedatha owondla umshini wakho ukuze ufunde kulo.
Nokho, uma inani elikhulu ledatha selinikeziwe, ikhompuyutha ingakwazi ukubikezela. Imishini ingalindela ikusasa inqobo nje uma ingachezuki kakhulu kokwakudala.
Imishini “ifunda” ngokuhlaziya idatha yomlando ukuze inqume ukuthi yini engenzeka.
Uma idatha endala ifana nedatha entsha, khona-ke izinto ongazisho mayelana nedatha yangaphambilini kungenzeka zisebenze kudatha entsha. Kufana nokuthi ubheka emuva ukuze ubone phambili.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zokufunda komshini?
Ama-algorithms okufunda komshini ngokuvamile ahlukaniswa abe izinhlobo ezintathu ezibanzi (yize ezinye izikimu zokuhlukanisa zibuye zisetshenziswe):
- Ukufunda okugadiwe
- Ukufunda okungagadiwe
- Ukuqiniswa kokufunda
Ukufunda okugadiwe
Ukufunda komshini ogadiwe kubhekisela kumasu lapho imodeli yokufunda yomshini inikezwa khona iqoqo ledatha elinamalebula acacile yenani lenzalo (leli nani livame ukubizwa ngokuthi impendulo noma okuqondiwe).
Ukuze uqeqeshe amamodeli e-AI, ukufunda okugadwe kancane kusebenzisa ingxube yedatha enelebula nengenawo amalebula.
Uma usebenza ngedatha engenamalebula, uzodinga ukulebula idatha ethile.
Ukulebula kuyinqubo yokulebula amasampuli ukusiza kuwo ukuqeqesha umshini wokufunda imodeli. Ukulebula ngokuyinhloko kwenziwa abantu, okungabiza futhi kudle isikhathi. Nokho, akhona amasu okwenza inqubo yokulebula ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Isimo sesicelo semalimboleko esixoxile ngaso ngaphambili siwumfanekiso omuhle kakhulu wokufunda okugadiwe. Besinedatha yomlando emayelana nezilinganiso zezikweletu zabafake izicelo zemalimboleko (futhi mhlawumbe namazinga emali engenayo, ubudala, njalo njalo) kanye namalebula athile asitshela ukuthi umuntu okukhulunywa ngaye uhlulekile yini ukuboleka imali yakhe.
Ukuhlehla kanye nokuhlukanisa izingxenye ezimbili zamasu okufunda agadiwe.
- Ukwahlukanisa - Isebenzisa i-algorithm ukuhlukanisa idatha ngendlela efanele. Izihlungi zogaxekile ziyisibonelo esisodwa. “Ugaxekile” kungaba yisigaba esizicabangelayo—umugqa phakathi kogaxekile nokungebona ugaxekile awucacile—futhi i-algorithm yesihlungi sogaxekile ihlezi izicwenga kuye ngempendulo yakho (okusho i-imeyili abantu abayimaka njengogaxekile).
- Ukunciphisa - Kuyasiza ekuqondeni ukuxhumana phakathi kweziguquguquko ezincikile nezizimele. Amamodeli okwehla angakwazi ukubikezela amanani ezinombolo ngokusekelwe emithonjeni yedatha embalwa, njengezilinganiso zemali engenayo yokuthengisa yenkampani ethile. Ukuhlehla komugqa, ukuhlehla kwezinto, kanye nokuhlehla kwe-polynomial amanye amasu avelele okuhlehla.
Ukufunda okungagadiwe
Ekufundeni okungagadiwe, sinikezwa idatha engenamalebula futhi sifuna amaphethini nje. Ake senze sengathi uyi-Amazon. Ingabe singathola noma yimaphi amaqoqo (amaqembu abathengi abafanayo) ngokusekelwe emlandweni wokuthenga wamakhasimende?
Ngisho noma singenayo idatha ecacile, eqinisekile mayelana nezintandokazi zomuntu, kulesi sibonelo, ukwazi nje ukuthi isethi ethile yabathengi ithenga izimpahla ezifanayo kusivumela ukuthi senze iziphakamiso zokuthenga ngokusekelwe kulokho okuthengiwe ngabanye abantu kuqoqo.
I-carousel ye-Amazon "ongase futhi ube nentshisekelo kuyo" inikwa amandla ubuchwepheshe obufanayo.
Ukufunda okungagadiwe kungaqoqa idatha ngokuhlanganisa noma ukuhlanganisa, kuye ngokuthi yini ofuna ukuyihlanganisa ndawonye.
- Ukuhlanganisa - Imizamo yokufunda engagadiwe ukunqoba le nselele ngokucinga amaphethini kudatha. Uma kukhona iqoqo elifanayo noma iqembu, i-algorithm izowahlukanisa ngendlela ethile. Ukuzama ukuhlukanisa amakhasimende ngokwezigaba ngokusekelwe emlandweni wokuthenga wangaphambilini kuyisibonelo salokhu.
- Association - Imizamo yokufunda engagadiwe yokubhekana nale nselelo ngokuzama ukuqonda imithetho nezincazelo ezikhona emaqenjini ahlukahlukene. Isibonelo esivamile senkinga yenhlangano ukucacisa isixhumanisi phakathi kokuthenga kwamakhasimende. Izitolo zingaba nentshisekelo yokwazi ukuthi yiziphi izimpahla ezathengwa ndawonye futhi zingasebenzisa lolu lwazi ukuhlela ukuma kwale mikhiqizo ukuze ifinyeleleke kalula.
Ukuqinisa Ukufunda
Ukufunda kokuqinisa kuyindlela yokufundisa amamodeli okufunda omshini ukwenza uchungechunge lwezinqumo ezigxile emgomweni esimisweni sokusebenzisana. Amacala okusebenzisa amageyimu okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla ayimifanekiso emihle kakhulu yalokhu.
Awudingi ukufaka i-AlphaZero izinkulungwane zemidlalo ye-chess yangaphambilini, ngayinye inomnyakazo "omuhle" noma "ombi" onelebula. Vele uyifundise imithetho yomdlalo kanye nomgomo, bese uyivumela izame izenzo ezingahleliwe.
Ukuqiniswa okuhle kunikezwa emisebenzini esondeza uhlelo kumgomo (njengokwakha indawo eqinile ye-pawn). Uma izenzo zinomphumela ophambene (njengokushintsha inkosi ngaphambi kwesikhathi), zithola ukuqiniswa okungekuhle.
Isoftware ingagcina ikwazi kahle umdlalo isebenzisa le ndlela.
Ukuqiniswa kokufunda isetshenziswa kakhulu kumarobhothi ukufundisa amarobhothi ngezenzo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinzima ukwenza ubunjiniyela. Kwesinye isikhathi isetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nengqalasizinda yomgwaqo, njengezimpawu zomgwaqo, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhamba kwethrafikhi.
Yini engenziwa ngokufunda komshini?
Ukusetshenziswa komshini wokufunda emphakathini nasembonini kubangela inqubekelaphambili emizamweni eminingi yabantu.
Ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke, ukufunda ngomshini manje kulawula usesho lwe-Google nama-algorithms ezithombe, okusivumela ukuthi simataniswe ngokunembe kakhudlwana nolwazi esiludingayo uma sikudinga.
Kwezokwelapha, isibonelo, ukufunda ngomshini kusetshenziswa idatha yofuzo ukuze kusizwe odokotela baqonde futhi babikezele ukuthi umdlavuza usakazeka kanjani, okuvumela ukuba kusungulwe izindlela zokwelapha eziphumelela kakhudlwana.
Idatha evela emkhathini ejulile iqoqwa lapha eMhlabeni kusetshenziswa izibonakude ezinkulu zomsakazo - futhi ngemva kokuhlaziywa ngokufunda ngomshini, isisiza ukuba sixazulule izimfihlakalo zemigodi emnyama.
Ukufunda ngomshini kwezokudayisa kuxhumanisa abathengi nezinto abafisa ukuzithenga ku-inthanethi, futhi kusiza abasebenzi bezitolo ukuhlela isevisi abayinikezayo kumakhasimende abo emhlabeni wezitini nodaka.
Ukufunda ngomshini kusetshenziswa empini yokulwa nobushokobezi kanye nokweqisa ukulindela ukuziphatha kwalabo abafisa ukulimaza abangenacala.
I-Natural language processing (NLP) isho inqubo yokuvumela amakhompyutha ukuthi aqonde futhi axhumane nathi ngolimi lwabantu ngokufunda ngomshini, futhi kube nomphumela wempumelelo kubuchwepheshe bokuhumusha kanye namadivayisi alawulwa yizwi esiwasebenzisa kakhulu nsuku zonke, njenge I-Alexa, i-Google dot, i-Siri, nomsizi we-Google.
Ngaphandle kombuzo, ukufunda ngomshini kukhombisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obuguqulayo.
Amarobhothi akwazi ukusebenza kanye nathi futhi akhulise ubuyena nomcabango wethu ngomqondo wawo ongenaphutha kanye nesivinini esingaphezu komuntu awaseyona inganekwane yesayensi - aba ngokoqobo emikhakheni eminingi.
Izimo zokusebenzisa umshini wokufunda
1. ICybersecurity
Njengoba amanethiwekhi eba nzima nakakhulu, ochwepheshe be-cybersecurity basebenze ngokuzikhandla ukuze bavumelane nobubanzi obulokhu bukhula bezinsongo zokuphepha.
Ukulwa ne-malware kanye namaqhinga okugebenga avela ngokushesha kuyinselele ngokwanele, kodwa ukwanda kwamadivayisi we-Intanethi Yezinto (IoT) kuyiguqule ngokuyisisekelo indawo ye-cybersecurity.
Ukuhlaselwa kungenzeka noma nini nanoma iyiphi indawo.
Siyabonga, ama-algorithms wokufunda komshini anike amandla imisebenzi ye-cybersecurity ukuze ihambisane nalokhu kuthuthuka okusheshayo.
Izibalo zokubikezela vumela ukutholwa okusheshayo nokunciphisa ukuhlaselwa, kuyilapho ukufunda komshini kungahlaziya umsebenzi wakho ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi ukuze kutholwe okungavamile kanye nobuthakathaka ezindleleni ezikhona zokuphepha.
2. Ukuzenzakalela kwenkonzo yamakhasimende
Ukuphatha inani elandayo lamaklayenti oxhumana nabo ku-inthanethi kukhinyabeze kakhulu ukuhlela.
Bamane nje abanabo abasebenzi abanele benkonzo yamakhasimende ukuthi baphathe umthamo wemibuzo abayitholayo, kanye nendlela evamile yokukhishwa kwemisebenzi isikhungo sokuxhumana akwamukeleki kumakhasimende amaningi anamuhla.
Ama-Chatbot namanye amasistimu azenzakalelayo manje angabhekana nalezi zimfuno ngenxa yentuthuko yamasu okufunda komshini. Izinkampani zingakhulula abasebenzi ukuthi benze ukwesekwa kwamakhasimende okusezingeni eliphezulu ngokuzenzela imisebenzi evamile nengabalulekile kakhulu.
Uma kusetshenziswe ngendlela efanele, ukufunda ngomshini ebhizinisini kungasiza ekwenzeni lula ukuxazululwa kwenkinga futhi kunikeze abathengi uhlobo losekelo oluwusizo olubaguqula babe ompetha bomkhiqizo abazinikele.
I-3. Ezokuxhumana
Ukugwema amaphutha nemibono eyiphutha kubalulekile kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuxhumana, kodwa ikakhulukazi kwezokuxhumana zebhizinisi zanamuhla.
Amaphutha ohlelo lolimi alula, ithoni engalungile, noma ukuhumusha okuyiphutha kungabangela ubunzima obuhlukahlukene ekuthintaneni ne-imeyili, ukuhlaziya kwamakhasimende, umhlangano wevidiyo, noma imibhalo esekelwe emibhalweni ngezindlela eziningi.
Amasistimu okufunda ngomshini anokuxhumana okuthuthukisiwe okudlula izinsuku ze-Microsoft Clippy.
Lezi zibonelo zokufunda komshini zisize abantu ngabanye ukuxhumana kalula nanembile ngokusebenzisa ukucubungula kolimi lwemvelo, ukuhumusha kolimi kwesikhathi sangempela, nokubonwa kwenkulumo.
Nakuba abantu abaningi bengawathandi amakhono okulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo, bayakwazisa futhi ukuvikelwa emaphutheni ayihlazo nethoni engafanele.
4. Ukuqashelwa Kwento
Nakuba ubuchwepheshe bokuqoqa nokuhumusha idatha sebunesikhathi eside bukhona, ukufundisa amasistimu wekhompiyutha ukuqonda lokho abakubukayo kufakazele kuwumsebenzi onzima ngokukhohlisayo.
Amandla okubona into engezwa enanini elandayo lamadivayisi ngenxa yezinhlelo zokusebenza zokufunda ngomshini.
Imoto ezishayelayo, ngokwesibonelo, ibona enye imoto lapho iyibona, ngisho noma abahleli bezinhlelo bengayinikezanga isibonelo saleyo moto ukuze isetshenziswe njengesithenjwa.
Lobu buchwepheshe manje sebusetshenziswa emabhizinisini okuthengisa ukusiza ukusheshisa inqubo yokukhokha. Amakhamera ahlonza imikhiqizo esezinqoleni zabathengi futhi angakhokhisa ama-akhawunti abo ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho ephuma esitolo.
5. I-Digital Marketing
Okuningi kokumaketha kwanamuhla kwenziwa ku-inthanethi, kusetshenziswa uchungechunge lwezinkundla zedijithali nezinhlelo zesofthiwe.
Njengoba amabhizinisi eqoqa ulwazi olumayelana nabathengi bawo kanye nokuziphatha kwabo kokuthenga, amaqembu okukhangisa angasebenzisa lolo lwazi ukuze akhe isithombe esinemininingwane yababukeli abaqondiswe kubo futhi bathole ukuthi yibaphi abantu abathambekele kakhulu ekufuneni imikhiqizo namasevisi abo.
Ama-algorithms wokufunda komshini asiza abakhangisi ekwenzeni umqondo wayo yonke leyo datha, bathole amaphethini abalulekile nezibaluli ezibavumela ukuthi bahlukanise ngokuqinile amathuba.
Ubuchwepheshe obufanayo buvumela i-automation ye-digital marketing enkulu. Amasistimu ezikhangiso angasethwa ukuze kutholwe abathengi abasha ngendlela eguquguqukayo futhi anikeze okuqukethwe okubalulekile kokumaketha kubo ngesikhathi nasendaweni efanele.
Ikusasa Lokufunda Ngomshini
Ukufunda ngomshini kuyadlondlobala ngempela njengoba amabhizinisi amaningi nezinhlangano ezinkulu zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukubhekana nezinselele ezithile noma ukusungula uphethiloli.
Lokhu kutshalwa kwezimali okuqhubekayo kubonisa ukuqonda ukuthi ukufunda komshini kukhiqiza i-ROI, ikakhulukazi ngezinye zezimo ezishiwo ngenhla zokusetshenziswa ezisunguliwe neziphindekezekayo.
Phela, uma ubuchwepheshe bufanelekele i-Netflix, i-Facebook, i-Amazon, i-Google Amamephu, njalonjalo, kungenzeka ukuthi ingasiza inkampani yakho ukuthi isebenzise ngokugcwele idatha yayo.
Kusha ukufunda imishini amamodeli athuthukiswa futhi wethulwa, sizobona ukwanda kwenani lezicelo ezizosetshenziswa ezimbonini zonkana.
Lokhu kakade kwenzeka nge ukubona ubuso, okwake kwaba umsebenzi omusha ku-iPhone yakho kodwa manje isisetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo nezinhlelo zokusebenza, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlobene nokuphepha komphakathi.
Ukhiye wezinhlangano eziningi ezizama ukuqalisa ngokufunda komshini ukubheka ngalé kwemibono ekhanyayo yekusasa futhi uthole izinselele zangempela zebhizinisi ubuchwepheshe obungakusiza ngazo.
Isiphetho
Eminyakeni yangemva kwezimboni, ososayensi nochwepheshe bebezama ukwenza ikhompuyutha eziphatha njengabantu.
Umshini wokucabanga uwumnikelo obaluleke kakhulu we-AI esintwini; ukufika okumangalisayo kwalo mshini ozishayelayo kuye kwashintsha ngokushesha imithetho yokusebenza kwezinkampani.
Izimoto ezizishayelayo, abasizi abazenzakalelayo, izisebenzi ezizimele, namadolobha ahlakaniphile muva nje abonise ukusebenza kwemishini ehlakaniphile. Inguquko yokufunda komshini, nekusasa lokufunda komshini, kuzoba nathi isikhathi eside.
shiya impendulo