Okuqukethwe[Fihla][Bonisa]
Izinkampani eziningi zilwela ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza nama-software ukuze zinikeze amakhasimende azo ulwazi lwedijithali ngenxa yezinguquko zezikhathi kanye nendlela umhlaba osebenza ngayo manje.
Ngokwenza lokhu, bangakwazi ukwamukela kangcono izimfuno zamakhasimende abo.
Ukusebenza nonjiniyela ukwenza le mibono yedijithali ibe ngokoqobo kungase kube nzima. Enye yazo ukwazi amagama abalulekile nemiqondo esetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwesoftware.
Okubi nakakhulu, akubona bonke abathuthukisi abangakwazi ukuveza le mibono kafushane futhi kalula kulabo abangebona ochwepheshe embonini yabo. I-SDK ne-API yimibono enjalo emibili.
Noma le mishwana idlulana njengoba isetshenziswa kaningi phakathi nokuthuthukiswa kwesoftware.
Manje sekunzima kakhulu ukubahlukanisa ngenxa yalokhu. Ukwengeza, abanye onjiniyela bangase bacele ukuthi ukhethe phakathi kwakho kokubili lapho uxhuma amasistimu, okuyinkinga.
Ungakhetha kanjani phakathi kwazo kuyilapho ungawuqondi ngokugcwele umqondo othile? Ingabe kuyadingeka ukukhetha eyodwa yazo?
Ngezincazelo ezicacile, izibonelo, kanye nezifundo eziyisibonelo ukusiza ukuqonda, lesi sihloko sizohlola umehluko phakathi kwale mibono emibili.
Yini i-SDK?
I-SDK imele ikhithi yokuthuthukisa isofthiwe, njengoba negama liphakamisa. Kuyikhithi ehlanganisa amathuluzi esofthiwe nezinhlelo zokusebenza abahleli bezinhlelo abazidingayo ukuze bakhe izinhlelo zokusebenza zezinkundla ezihlukahlukene.
Ihlanganisa yonke into edingekayo ukuze udale imojuli yohlelo lokusebenza. Iqembu lamathuluzi okuthuthukisa isofthiwe akhethekile ezinkundleni zokuxhumana enza i-SDK.
Lawa mathuluzi angase abe abalungisi bamaphutha, abahlanganisi, amalabhulali ekhodi (owaziwa nangokuthi izinhlaka), noma imizila nemigudu engaphansi eklanyelwe ngokuqondile isistimu yokusebenza.
Ngokufanayo nendlela ongadinga ngayo imikhiqizo eminingana ukuze usethe kahle ideski, ukusebenzisa i-SDK kufana nokwenza kanjalo. Lokhu kuzoqukatha izingxenye zedeski ngalinye, imiyalelo yokusetha, nezinto zokusebenza ozidingayo ukuze uhlanganise ideski.
Izingcezu zokwakha ze-SDK ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa okulandelayo:
- Imitapo yolwazi yekhodi: Esikhundleni sokuphotha isondo, onjiniyela bangasebenzisa izinsiza ezikhona (njengokulandelana kwamakhodi) ngenxa yamakhodi emitapo yolwazi.
- Amathuluzi okuhlola nokuhlaziya: Lawa mathuluzi ahlola ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza lusebenza kahle kangakanani kukho kokubili izilungiselelo zokuhlola nezokukhiqiza.
- Amadokhumenti: Kuyo yonke inqubo yokuthuthukisa, abathuthukisi bathintana nemiyalelo ebhaliwe njengoba kudingeka.
- I-Compiler: I-compiler isofthiwe ehlaziya izitatimende ezilimini zokuhlela futhi iziguqule zibe "ikhodi" iphrosesa engakwazi ukuyiqonda.
- I-Debugger: I-debugger isiza abahleli bezinhlelo ukuthi bathole futhi balungise amaphutha kukhodi.
- Amasampula ekhodi embula imisebenzi yokuhlela noma izimo ezinikeza ukuqonda okunemininingwane yohlelo lokusebenza noma ikhasi lewebhu.
- Izindlela nezinqubo ezingaphansi: Kuyo yonke ikhodi yekhompuyutha, isimiso noma isimiso esingaphansi kuyindlela, umsebenzi, ukusebenza, uhlelo oluncane, noma ucezu lwekhodi olungabizwa futhi lwenziwe noma yikuphi. Isibonelo, inqubo isetshenziswa ukwenza ukukhetha kokulondoloza ifayela.
Asebenza kanjani ama-SDK?
Ama-SDK anikeza onjiniyela ukufinyelela kumathuluzi ahlukahlukene abawadingayo ukuze bakhe izinhlelo zokusebenza zesofthiwe ngokushesha.
Ku-Android ye-Google ne-Apple iOS, i-Facebook, isibonelo, inikeza i-SDK. Lawa ma-SDK asebenza njengamalabhulali amahhala, anomthombo ovulekile akwenza kube lula ukufaka i-Facebook kuhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lwe-Android noma lwe-iOS.
Ukwengeza, i-Microsoft inikeza.NET i-SDK yohlaka lwezinhlelo zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kuhlanganisa izibonelo, izinsiza, nemitapo yolwazi edingekayo ukuze kudalwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Windows.
Manje njengoba usujwayelene nemininingwane yama-SDK, ake sihlole ukuthi asebenza kanjani.
- Kufanele uqale uthenge, ulande, futhi ufake “ikhithi” edingekayo yesikhulumi sakho. Lokhu kungase kusebenze ekulandeni amafayela anemiyalelo, izibonelo, nezingxenye zengxenye.
- Okulandelayo, ungafinyelela indawo yokuthuthukisa edidiyelwe (IDE) nawo wonke amathuluzi adingekayo ukuze udale uhlelo olusha lokusebenza. Bese abahleli bangaqala ukudala izinhlelo zabo zokusebenza. Umsebenzi womdidiyeli manje usucacile.
- Ekugcineni, ungahlola uhlelo olusha usebenzisa imibhalo, izibonelo zekhodi, imiyalelo, namathuluzi okuhlaziya.
Ungaqala uhambo lwakho nge-SDK uma usuqedile lezi zinyathelo.
Izinhlobo ze-SDK
Ama-SDK ayisisekelo sokuthuthukisa amawebhusayithi nezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula.
Ake sihlole ezimbalwa zezinhlobo ezijwayelekile ze-SDK.
- Ama-Platform SDK: Lawa ma-SDK angamathuluzi abalulekile adingekayo ukuze kudalwe izinhlelo zokusebenza zazo zonke izinkundla. Isibonelo, Windows 11 Izinhlelo zokusebenza zesitolo zidalwe kusetshenziswa i-Windows 11 SDK.
- Ama-SDK Esandiso: Lawa makhithi okuthuthukisa isofthiwe asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa nokwenza kube ngokwakho indawo yokuthuthukisa. Azidingeki, nokho, ukudala izinhlelo zokusebenza zenkundla ethile.
- Ama-SDK ezibalo: Lawa ma-SDK aqoqa ulwazi mayelana nemisebenzi yomsebenzisi, ukuziphatha, njll. isibonelo, i-Analytics SDK evela ku-Google.
- Ama-SDK okwenza imali: Lawa ma-SDK asetshenziswa onjiniyela ukufaka izikhangiso kuzinhlelo zokusebenza esezivele zikhona. Akhiwe ngenhloso ekhethekile yokwenza imali.
- Ama-SDK ezilimi zokuhlela: Lawa ma-SDK asetshenziselwa ukudala izinhlelo ngezilimi ezithile. Isibonelo, i-Java Developer Kit (JDK) isetshenziselwa ukwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzisa ulimi lokuhlela lwe-Java.
Izinzuzo ze-SDK
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwesoftware kungasheshiswa ngenxa yokufinyelela okulula kwe-SDK ezingxenyeni esezilungile.
- Ngenxa yenqubo yokuthuthukisa esheshisiwe ehlinzekwa ama-SDK, onjiniyela bangaphinda basebenzise amazwibela ekhodi. Lokhu kuvumela abahleli bohlelo isikhathi esiningi sokugxila emisebenzini ebalulekile.
- Ama-SDK ahlinzeka ngesofthiwe engenazihibe kanye nokusebenzisana kohlelo lokusebenza. Ukwengeza, banikeza ukufinyelela okulula olwazini oludingekayo ngamaphepha afanele.
- Ama-SDK afakwe amadokhumenti aphelele nosizo lwekhodi eyakhelwe ngaphakathi. Ngenxa yalokho, abathuthukisi abadingi ukucinga ochwepheshe besihloko ukuze baphendule imibuzo yabo.
- Izinto ezishiwo ngenhla zisiza ekunciphiseni izindleko ezingadingekile ezichithwa ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe nezigaba zangemuva kokuthunyelwa.
Manje ake sidlulele engxenyeni ye-API yesikhashana.
Iyini i-API?
I-Application Programming Interface yaziwa ngesifinyezo se-API. Ichaza isethi yemihlahlandlela lapho izinkundla, amagajethi, noma izinhlelo ezixhumeka khona futhi zicobelelane ngolwazi.
Ama-API angaba amabhizinisi ahlukene noma ingxenye ye-SDK. Idala i-synchrony kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingeni lesistimu kuzo zombili izimo.
Ukudalwa kwama-API asebenzayo kuncike konjiniyela abasebenzisa ngokugcwele isofthiwe yobunikazi noma engekho mahhala. Ngemuva kwalokho, bangasebenzisa izinsiza zama-API athuthukisiwe abathengi abangafinyelela kuzo.
Inkontileka yezinkampani ezimbili kanye ne-API ziyefana. Kanye nokudluliswa kolwazi ngokushesha, iphinde inikeze imiyalelo yokuthi ulwazi kufanele luhanjiswe kanjani.
Amagama athi “API” kanye “ne-interface” kwesinye isikhathi asetshenziselwa ukubhekisa entweni efanayo njengoba amanye ama-API aziwa ngokuhlinzeka “ngesixhumi esibonakalayo.”
I-API iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili ezibalulekile:
- Izinto zobuchwepheshe: Ulwazi olumayelana nezivumelwano zokuhlanganiswa kwe-API kubhekiselwa kukho njengokucaciswa kwe-API (okungukuthi, nezinye izinkundla, nezinhlelo zokusebenza). Kufanele kubhalwe phansi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-API isetshenziswa ngempumelelo.
- Uxhumano: Isixhumi esibonakalayo sinikeza indlela yokufinyelela ama-API. Uma kuyi-API yewebhu, ingafinyelelwa ngegama elingukhiye noma ngesixhumi esibonakalayo esihlukile.
Isebenza Kanjani I-API?
Ama-API anika amandla ukuxhumana okungenazihibe kuwo wonke amasethi ohlelo lokusebenza ahlukahlukene. Thatha indaba yesitolo sesuphamakethe lapho usuvele unohlelo lokusebenza lapho amakhasimende angaphequlula futhi a-ode izinto ku-inthanethi.
Uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza seluvele lunikeza le sevisi. Ake sicabange ukuthi abathengi bafisa nokufuna izitolo zokudla endaweni ethile yedolobha.
Kulesi simo, ungakwazi ukuxhuma uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza kubahlinzeki besevisi yegrosa abaziwayo abakhona edolobheni. Ngokusebenzisa i-API ye-geolocation, abasebenzisi bangase bafune izitolo zokudla ngaphandle kokuzihlupha ngohlelo lokusebenza oluhlukile lwe-geolocation.
Ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, isicelo se-API sibandakanya izenzo ezibalwe ngezansi:
- Umsebenzi ovela kuhlelo lwakho lokusebenza uqalwa umsebenzisi wohlelo odala isicelo.
- Ngokushayela i-webserver, i-API idlulisa isicelo. Isicelo ngokuvamile sihloselwe ukufinyelela ekugcineni kwe-API, ngakho-ke i-API yazi ukuthi isithumela kuphi. Iphoyinti lokugcina licaciswa i-URL yeseva.
- Ekugcineni, umsebenzi usuqediwe njengoba isizindalwazi noma uhlelo lwangaphandle lunikeza isevisi edingekayo.
Izinhlobo ze-API
I-REST (Representational State Transfer)
Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zama-API yi-REST API, okumele ihambisane nenani lamazinga, okuhlanganisa:
- Isakhiwo seseva yeklayenti: Amaklayenti akufanele athintwe izinguquko zeseva
- I-CRUD (Dala, Funda, Buyekeza, Susa) kanye ne-JSON asetshenziswa iklayenti neseva ukuze kuxhunyanwe.
- Phakathi kwanoma yiziphi izicelo ezimbili, iseva ayilondolozi isimo seklayenti.
Ukuthutha ngedatha kuvame ukusebenzisa i-REST. Ukuze uthole igama lomsebenzisi we-Facebook, indawo, nesithombe sephrofayela kolunye uhlelo, isibonelo, umuntu usebenzisa i-Facebook API.
I-SOAP (I-Simple Object Access Protocol) APIs
Ama-API asekelwe kuwebhu asetshenziswa lapho ubumfihlo bedatha eyengeziwe kanye nokuvikeleka kudingekile. Bayakwazi ukuxhumana ngezimiso ezisekelwe kuwebhu, ezihlanganisa i-HTTP, i-SMTP, i-TCP/IP, nezinye.
I-REST ipharadigm yezakhiwo, kanti i-SOAP iyiqoqo lezivumelwano. Njengomphumela, amaphrothokholi asuselwa ku-SOAP angasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ama-RESTful API.
I-RPC(Ikholi Yenqubo Ekude)
Lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa ikhodi kusistimu ehlukile. I-RPC ishayela izindlela, ngokuphambene ne-REST, lapho iklayenti livele licele idatha. Izicelo, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-XML-RPCs kanye nama-JSON-RPCs, zingathunyelwa ngamafomu e-XML noma e-JSON.
Ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwenqubo, umfakisicelo ulindela impendulo evela kolunye uhlelo.
Isibonelo, i-API yesango lokukhokha iqinisekisa inombolo yekhadi lesikweletu (ngokusebenzisa ikhodi ekupheleni kwayo) futhi yazisa uhlelo lokusebenza olucelayo uma luphumelele noma lungaphumelelanga.
Izinzuzo ze-API
- Kokubili abasebenzisi abavamile kanye nochwepheshe bokuthuthukiswa bayazuza kuma-API. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe amasistimu e-ejensi futhi kwandise amandla okuhweba enhlangano, onjiniyela bangase basebenzisane nababambe iqhaza ebhizinisini.
- Ama-API axhuma izinhlelo zesofthiwe ezingafani ngenkathi ethuthukisa ukusebenza kohlelo noma komkhiqizo kukonke.
- Uma seludaliwe, ulwazi lungabiwa kalula futhi luphinde luhlonishwe eziteshini ezihlukahlukene ngokufinyelela i-API.
- Ukwenza ngokwezifiso kwenziwa kwenzeke kusetshenziswa ama-API. Ngokwenza ulwazi noma amasevisi ahambelane nezidingo zabo, wonke umsebenzisi noma ibhizinisi angakwazi ukuzuza kulokhu.
- Ama-API asiza abahleli bezinhlelo ukusheshisa inqubo yokuthuthukisa isofthiwe. I-API automation iphethe ukhiye njengoba amakhompuyutha esikhundleni sokuthi ibutho elisebenzayo lisetshenziswe ukuphatha umsebenzi. Izinkampani zingathuthukisa ukuhamba kwazo konke ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngenxa yama-API.
I-SDK & APIs: Umehluko Obalulekile
Njengoba izincazelo ezandulele zibonisa, le mibono iyagqagqana futhi ixhumene ngezindlela ezihlukanisa ukuhlukana kwayo.
Nokho, sizozama ukuveza umehluko ocacile ukuze silungise noma yikuphi ukungaqiniseki okusele.
- Ama-API angafaka ama-SDK, kodwa ama-SDK awakwazi ukugcinwa ama-API.
- Izinhlelo ezimbili zingakwazi ukuxhumana ngenxa ye-API. Wonke amathuluzi owadingayo ukuze udale izinhlelo zokusebenza kusukela ekuqaleni aku-SDK.
- Ama-API asetshenziswa ama-SDK ukunika amandla ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlelo ezimbili. Izinhlelo zokusebenza azikwazi ukudalwa ngama-API.
- Ama-SDK asebenziseka kalula futhi ahlanganiswe ngokushesha okukhulu. Ama-API alula ukuzijwayeza futhi awanawo amalabhulali ekhodi.
- Empeleni, i-API isebenza njengesixhumi esibonakalayo sohlelo lokusebenza. Ama-SDK angamabhulokhi wokwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza.
- Onjiniyela bahlala benza izinhlelo zokusebenza basebenzisa i-SDK. Kuphela uma kunesidingo sokuxhumana kwangaphandle nezinye izinkundla lapho ama-API angena khona esithombeni.
- Izicelo zokudlulisa ama-API zisuka kuhlelo lokusebenza olulodwa ziye kolunye futhi zinikeza izimpendulo kuhlelo lokusebenza lwangempela. Ama-SDK afaka konke okudingayo ukuze uxhumane nezinye izinhlelo nokudala izinhlelo.
Ukukhetha phakathi kwe-SDK nama-API
Empeleni, ama-API achaza ukuthi izinkundla ezimbalwa zingavumelanisa kanjani ukusebenza kwazo. Ngamaphrothokholi namazinga, asiza ukuhlanganiswa kohlelo lokusebenza. Ngakho-ke zingenye yezingxenye ezibalulekile ze-SDK.
Nokho, ukusebenzisa ama-API ukwakha izinhlelo kusukela phansi akunakwenzeka.
Ama-SDK akwenza kube lula ukudala isofthiwe entsha noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile zenkundla ethile noma ulimi lohlelo. Ngokuvamile, i-SDK iqukethe okungenani i-API eyodwa yokuxhumana kwangaphandle.
Sebenzisa i-SDK yenkundla uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza oluzosebenza kuyo, njenge-iOS, uma uyithuthukisela leyo nkundla. Sebenzisa i-API yohlelo lokusebenza ukuze uhlanganyele nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza eziku-inthanethi, ezifana ne-Facebook.
Isiphetho
Sengiphetha, ama-SDK avamise ukufaka ama-API, kodwa ayikho i-API eza nama-SDK. Ama-SDK akwenza kube nokwenzeka ukudala izinhlelo zokusebenza, njengesisekelo sekhaya senza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi indlu ime ibe yinde.
Ukwengeza, ama-API anquma ukuthi kanjani izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingaphakathi kwama-SDK sebenzisa futhi uxhumane, njengoba nje olayini bezingcingo benza ukuxhumana nomhlaba wangaphandle.
shiya impendulo