Abantu abaningi bakhathazekile ngokucaciswa kwekhamera, usayizi wesikrini, nomthamo wokugcina lapho bethola i-smartphone entsha. Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zalezi zinto ezikhangayo zabathengi yisistimu yokusebenza, okulula ukungayinaki.
I-Android ye-Google iwuhlelo lokusebenza lweselula oludume kakhulu emhlabeni. Itholakala ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-86 wamafoni omakhalekhukhwini emhlabeni wonke. Okumangaza kakhulu ukuthi i-Android isuselwe ohlelweni olusebenzayo lwe-Linux. Lokho kusho ukuthi noma ubani angafunda, aguqule, futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, abelane ngekhodi esenhlizweni yeningi lama-smartphones. Ukubambisana kwenziwa ukuba kwenzeke ngalokhu kuvuleka.
Ngokungafani ne-Microsoft Windows, isibonelo, eyadalwa futhi inakekelwa inkampani eyodwa. Bangaphezu kuka-15000 abahleli bohlelo abavela emhlabeni wonke abanegalelo ekuthuthukisweni nasekugcinweni kweLinux. Laba bahleli bangase banikele ngokwakha okuthile okusha okusatshalaliswa ngokukhululekile.
Yini i-Open-Source?
Ucezu lwesofthiwe lapho ikhodi yomthombo yoqobo yenziwe yatholakala esidlangalaleni futhi ingase yabelwane futhi ibuyekezwe njengoba kudingwa umsebenzisi. Isofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile isofthiwe lapho ikhodi yomthombo noma ikhodi yesisekelo ngokuvamile ifinyeleleka kunoma ubani ukuze ayilungise noma ayithuthukise ukuze isetshenziswe kabusha nokufinyeleleka.
Ucezu lwesofthiwe lungase lusetshenziswe futhi lushintshwe yinoma ubani ukuze uhlelo noma uhlelo lokusebenza lusebenze kahle. Abahleli bezinhlelo abanokufinyelela kukhodi yomthombo yohlelo lwekhompuyutha bangayithuthukisa ngokwengeza izici noma ukulungisa izigaba ezingasebenzi kahle ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Isofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile idalwe ngendlela ehlukaniselwe abantu futhi ngokubambisana, kuncike ekubuyekezweni kontanga kanye nokuphumayo komphakathi. Ngenxa yokuthi ikhiqizwa imiphakathi esikhundleni sombhali oyedwa noma inkampani, isofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile ngokuvamile ayibizi kakhulu, iyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, futhi inokuphila okude kunesofthiwe yobunikazi.
Njalo ngonyaka, imithombo evulekile iya ngokuya idlanga, ivela yonke indawo ukusuka emadolobheni kahulumeni kuya ezikhungweni. Kuya ngokuduma kakhulu phakathi kwamabhizinisi abo bonke osayizi. Eqinisweni, amanye amabhizinisi athatha umthombo ovulekile awuyise ezingeni elilandelayo ngokuxhasa ngezimali amaphrojekthi noma ngokubambisana nonjiniyela.
Ukuhlanganyela kukhuthaza ukuqamba okusha ngomthombo wamahhala novulekile. Ubuchwepheshe obuningi esibuthatha kalula namuhla ngabe abuzange buthuthuke noma buvikelwe umthetho welungelo lobunikazi ukube ubungekho.
Umlando
Abacwaningi abasebenza kubuchwepheshe be-inthanethi bokuqala kanye nezivumelwano zenethiwekhi yezokuxhumana bahlomule endaweni yocwaningo evulekile nehlangene ngeminyaka yawo-1950 nawo-1960. Ukubuyekezwa kontanga namazwana avulekile kukhuthazwe i-Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), okugcine kube isisekelo se-inthanethi yesimanje.
Ikhodi yomthombo yeqembu ngalinye labasebenzisi yabiwe futhi yathuthukiswa. Izithangami zasizwa ekusizeni izingxoxo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuxhumana okuvulelekile kanye nezinkambiso zokusebenzisana. Ukubambisana, ukubuyekezwa kontanga, ukuxhumana, nokuvuleleka kwafakwa ezimpandeni ze-inthanethi ngesikhathi yethulwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1990.
Umqondo wokwenza ikhodi yomthombo itholakale esidlangalaleni usukela emkhankasweni wobuhlakani owaqalwa ngokusemthethweni nguRichard Stallman, umdidiyeli wezinhlelo e-MIT, ngo-1983. qonda, funda ngayo, futhi uyithuthukise.
UStallman waqala ukusabalalisa isofthiwe yamahhala ngaphansi kwelayisense yakhe, i-GNU Public License. Le nqubo entsha nesimo sengqondo mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe yazuza amandla, ekugcineni yaholela esisekelweni se-Open Source Initiative ngo-1998.
Umthombo ovulekile vs. Isofthiwe yomthombo ovaliwe
I-Open-Source Software
- Isofthiwe yomthombo ofinyelelekayo isofthiwe yekhompyutha ikhodi yayo yomthombo evulekele umphakathi, evumela noma ubani ukuthi ayibuke futhi ayisebenzise.
- Ikhodi ingashintshwa ngabanye abantu nezinhlangano, ikhodi yomthombo ifinyeleleka kunoma ubani.
- Izindleko zesofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile ziphansi kakhulu.
- Uma uhlelo ludumile, inani elibalulekile labahleli linganikezwa kuphrojekthi.
- Kunemikhawulo embalwa kubasebenzisi ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa kwesoftware nokwenza ngokwezifiso.
- Noma yimuphi umshini ungase ulungiselelwe ukusebenzisa isofthiwe evulekile.
- I-Firefox, Android by Google, isistimu yokusebenza ye-Linux, i-Android, i-Thunderbird, i-MySQL, i-Mailman, i-Moodle, i-Perl, i-PHP, ne-Python ezinye zezibonelo.
Isoftware Yomthombo Ovaliwe
- Isofthiwe yomthombo ovaliwe isofthiwe yekhompyutha enekhodi yomthombo evaliwe, okusho ukuthi umphakathi awukwazi ukufinyelela ikhodi yomthombo.
- Umuntu noma iqembu kuphela elikhiqize isofthiwe elinamandla okushintsha ikhodi.
- Ikhodi yomthombo yesofthiwe yomthombo ovaliwe ivikelekile.
- Kunemikhawulo eminingana ebekwe kubasebenzisi ngokuya ngokusebenziseka kwesoftware nokwenza ngokwezifiso.
- Inkampani yesofthiwe/inhlangano iqasha abahleli bezinhlelo ukuthuthukisa isofthiwe.
- Isofthiwe yomthombo ovaliwe iyabiza.
- Ngaphambi kokufakwa kunoma iyiphi ikhompyutha, isofthiwe evaliwe kufanele ibe nelayisensi evumelekile.
- Asikho isikhala sephutha kusofthiwe yomthombo ovaliwe.
- I-Skype, Google Earth, Java, Adobe Flash, Virtual Box, Adobe Reader, Microsoft Office, Microsoft Windows, WinRAR, mac OS, Adobe Flash Player ezinye zezibonelo.
Izinzuzo
Ikhodi yomthombo ovulekile isize kokubili abathuthukisi abasafufusa kanye nezinkampani ezinkulu kulwazi lwabo lobuchwepheshe. Iyafundisa engapheli, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa umphumela okhulayo wokubhala amakhodi. Le nethiwekhi yemibono ekhula njalo iyisiqalo sokuthi isoftware enjalo ingayisiza kanjani inkampani yakho.
Ukwelula isabelomali kungase kube impi yansuku zonke yokuqala. Ukutholakala kwamaphrojekthi omthombo ovulekile kuvumela abathengi ukuthi bamukele ubuchwepheshe obusha ngaphandle kokukhokha imali yobulungu noma ukusayina izinkontileka zesikhathi eside. Ngaphandle kwezindleko eziphansi (noma ezingekho), amalabhulali omthombo ovulekile avumela amaqembu ukuthi aqale ukwakha ingqalasizinda ye-IT noma ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza olusha.
Okuningi kwalokhu kusebenza sekwenzelwe wena ngenxa yomthombo ovulekile. Lokhu kukhulula isikhathi sonjiniyela sokuthuthukisa nokwenza ngendlela oyifisayo. Kuyohlale kunezimo lapho izinhlangano zifisa ukuqala phansi ngentuthuko, kodwa ngisho nezinkampani ezinkulu emhlabeni ziyasibona isikhathi nemali eyongiwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bemithombo evulekile. Izingxenye zomthombo ovulekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisetshenziswa njengamakhithi okuqala wezinhlelo zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi noma izingcezu zendida encane ukusiza ukuqeda iphrojekthi kungase kube enye indlela ewusizo kokubili konjiniyela abangabodwana namathimba ebhizinisi.
Imiphakathi eku-inthanethi efana ne-GitHub ibonisa amandla okusebenzisana esofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile, ehlinzeka ngendawo yokuhlala ezigidini zonjiniyela nezinkampani ezizosingatha, zihlole, futhi zisebenzise izinkundla ezinomthombo ovulekile. I-Microsoft yakhokha u-$7.5 billion wenkundla ngo-2018. Lesi cishe isibonelo esibonakala kakhulu kuze kube manje sendlela ubuchwepheshe bomthombo ovulekile osudume ngayo, nokuthi izikhondlakhondla ze-IT ezisunguliwe zitshala imali esikhathini esizayo salo mphakathi.
Ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene, ukusungula nokusebenzisa isu lesoftware yomthombo ovulekile sekubalulekile. Ngamunye futhi ndawonye, abathuthukisi besofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile bafuna izimpendulo ezingcono kakhulu ezinseleleni zobuchwepheshe, okuholela kusofthiwe ethembekile, ephephile, futhi emahhala. Uhlelo luyathuthuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yokusebenza kwabo ngokungakhathali.
Le nqubo isizwa izisekelo eziningi, okuhlanganisa i-Linux Foundation, esekela umthombo ovulekile kuzo zonke izizinda zobuchwepheshe, i-Apache Software Foundation, kanye ne-Eclipse Foundation.
Basungula izindinganiso ngokubambisana nama-behemoth edijithali afana ne-AWS, i-Facebook, i-Google, i-IBM, i-Microsoft, i-Netflix, ne-SAP, kanye nabakhiqizi be-hardware abafana ne-Cisco, Intel, kanye Tesla. Baphinde bakhe amakhaya azimele amaphrojekthi, banikeze usizo lwezezimali lwengqalasizinda, basize ngokumaketha, futhi bakhethe amakomiti ukwenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile zamaphrojekthi.
Ukufingqa, ezinye zezinzuzo eziyinhloko zomthombo ovulekile yilezi:
- Izindleko zehardware ziphansi.
- Isofthiwe yekhwalithi engavamile.
- Ukusekelwa komhlaba wonke ngonjiniyela.
- Ukuvumelana nezimo nenkululeko.
- Ukuphathwa kwamalayisensi kulula.
- Ukugxila kanye nokukalwa kwamaphrojekthi.
Izingozi
Njengoba kushiwo esigabeni esandulele, umthombo ovulekile ungase unikeze izinzuzo ezimbalwa. Manje sizobheka izithiyo ezingaba khona noma izingozi ezihlobene nayo, eziwela ezigabeni ezintathu kanje:
- Ubungozi bokuphepha
- Ubungozi Bekhwalithi
- Ubungozi bokuhambisana
Izingxenye zomthombo ovulekile zingatholakala kumakhosombe e-inthanethi ahlukahlukene, futhi onjiniyela abanazo izindlela zokwazi ukuthi zinhle noma ziphephe kangakanani. Izinhlangano ezingafaki izimali ekulawuleni ukusetshenziswa kwazo zizifaka engozini, futhi zingase zikhokhe inani kamuva lapho ukulungisa amaphutha kuba eqolo.
Ubungozi bokuphepha
Abaduni bangenza imali eningi bexhaphaza amaphutha okuphepha omthombo ovulekile. Lokhu kunikeza abaduni lonke ulwazi abaludingayo ukuze bahlasele. Ukwenza izinto zibe zimbi nakakhulu, ngoba isetshenziswa kabanzi, ubungozi engxenyeni ethandwayo inikeza abaduni inani elikhulu labangaba izisulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izigebengu ze-inthanethi ziqaphe ngeso lokhozi umphakathi futhi ziyashesha ukuxhaphaza amaphutha aziwayo okuvikela ezingxenyeni ezidumile zomthombo ovulekile.
Amabhizinisi e-software asengozini yokuhlaselwa ngonya uma engaqapheli ukusetshenziswa kwawo komthombo ovulekile futhi engazi noma imaphi amalabhulali asengozini kumakhodi awo.
Ubungozi Bekhwalithi
Ngenkathi inkampani ichitha isikhathi esiningi nemali ukuze iqinisekise ikhwalithi yekhodi yayo yokuphathelene, kubonakala sengathi amaqembu amaningi okuthuthukisa awanaki noma aziba ikhwalithi yezingxenye zomthombo ovulekile. Yebo, sonke sifuna ukuthi umkhiqizo wethu wokugcina ungaguquguquki futhi uzinze ngaphansi kwengcindezi.
Esinye sezizathu ezenza kube nzima ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ingxenye yesofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile ayifaki ebucayini isimo somkhiqizo wakho ingoba azikho izindlela okuvunyelwene ngazo zokuhlola ikhwalithi yawo, futhi uhlamvu lokusebenzisana lomthombo ovulekile lungenza kube nzima isilinganiso.
Ubungozi bokuhambisana
Yonke ingxenye yesofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile, kanye nokuncika kwayo, ilayisensi. Uma siwasebenzisa kuphrojekthi yethu, sizibophezela kusethi yemigomo nemibandela okufanele sihambisane nayo. Kulabo abangazi kahle inkimbinkimbi yokunikezwa kwelayisensi yomthombo ovulekile, lokhu kungaba iphupho elibi.
Amanye amaphrojekthi omthombo ovulekile akanalo uhlobo lwelayisensi yomthombo, okusho ukuthi imithetho ye-copyright isebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ngoba maningi kakhulu amalayisense, ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zomthetho kunzima impela. Ubuwazi ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-200 zamalayisense omthombo ovulekile, ngayinye enesethi yayo yemigomo nemibandela ehlukile, eyisipesheli, futhi evame ukudida?
Ikusasa Lomthombo Ovulekile
Amagagasi amasha okuqanjwa kabusha azogqugquzelwa isoftware engumphumela womzamo wokusebenzisana, hhayi nje ovela ebhizinisini elilodwa, kodwa ovela emphakathini ozinikele ekwenzeni ngcono indawo yonke.
Izinkampani zikhulula abathuthukisi bazo ukuze baqhudelane enkundleni yedijithali, ngenhloso yokuba ngabokuqala ukukhiqiza ukuqamba okusha okuhlala kukhuphuka embonini yezobuchwepheshe, njengoba iqhubeka nokuthola ukuchayeka phakathi kwamabhizinisi.
Onjiniyela bangabhekana ngempumelelo nobunzima bokuhlola nokusebenzisa ngokusebenzisa umphakathi womthombo ovulekile nokufunda konjiniyela abangcono kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngokugcwala kobuchwepheshe obusha obufana ne-AI, ukufunda imishini, kanye nentuthuko yamarobhothi.
Uma abasebenzi basebenzisa ithuba lomphakathi oguquguqukayo, ogxile kwisixazululo, sibona inzuzo yamabhizinisi. Kusukela ezimotweni ezizishayelayo kuye kumarobhothi ezokwelapha, amadolobha ahlakaniphile kuya kuma-datacenter, asifuni ukuphathisa izimpendulo zalezi zinselele enanini elincane lamafemu. Kunalokho, kufanele sithembele kumthombo ovulekile kanye nenqwaba yabaqambi abahlakaniphile ukuze sithole imiphumela emihle kakhulu.
Isiphetho
Ukunyakaza komthombo ovulekile kunesibopho sokuthuthuka ngokushesha kobuchwepheshe emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule. Nakuba umthombo ovulekile udala ubungozi obuthile, kunezinzuzo eziningi nezindlela ezithembisayo zokuya phambili. Umphakathi omkhulu wabahlanganyeli, imihlahlandlela yokuthi ungaqalisa kanjani, ukufunda ngokutadisha ikhodi yabanye abantu, kanye nokufumana ulwazi lokuxhumana nabanye onjiniyela ngezinye zezinzuzo ezinhle kakhulu ozithola kusofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile.
Uma futhi ufuna ukuqala ukufaka isandla kuphrojekthi yomthombo ovulekile, qala ngokuthola okuhehayo, bese usesha i-GitHub ukuze uthole ilebula ethi “inkinga yokuqala enhle” noma into efanayo. Isiqephu sokuqala esihle iphrojekthi ekhetha ukukhetha okulula kumaphrojekthi adumile konjiniyela abangakaze banikele ngaphambilini.
shiya impendulo