I-genetics yanamhlanje iphuhlise indlela enamandla ebizwa ngokuba yi-genomic selection esebenzisa idatha equlethwe kwi-genomes yezityalo kunye nezilwanyana ukuphucula ukuzala.
Ukukhetha i-Genomic kwenza ukuqikelelwa kwesakhono sofuzo somntu ngamnye kwiimpawu ezinqwenelekayo, ezinjengokumelana nezifo, isivuno, okanye umgangatho, ngokuphonononga umahluko wolandelelwano lwe-DNA kumntu ngamnye.
Le datha yemfuza inceda ukwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi olungcono, ukukhawulezisa inkqubo yokhetho, kunye nokudala iinkqubo zokuzala ezisebenzayo kunye neziqhamo.
Kule ndawo inomdla yemfuzo, yokufunda umatshini kudala imimangaliso kwaye iphucula intsimi. Makhe sihlolisise kwaye sifunde ngokufunda koomatshini ekukhetheni i-genomic.
Yintoni kanye kanye uKhetho lweGenomic?
Ukukhetha i-Genomic bubuchule obusetyenziswa ekukhuliseni izilwanyana kunye nezityalo ukuqikelela ukusebenza komntu ngokusekwe kubume bakhe bemfuza.
Ibandakanya ukujonga kwi-DNA yabantu ukufumana amanqaku athile aqhagamshelwe kwiimpawu ezinqwenelekayo.
Abaphandi banokumisela ukubakho kwemfuza yomntu kwiimpawu ezifana nokuxhathisa isifo, isivuno, okanye umgangatho ngokuhlalutya ezi ziphawuli kuyo yonke i-genome.
Abafuyi banokuqikelela ukusebenza kwenzala ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi ngokubonga kukhetho lwe-genomic ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuthatha ixesha kunye novavanyo olubiza kakhulu lwephenotypic.
Ngokuvumela abafuyi ukuba bakhethe abantu abanamandla okufuza angcono kwiinkqubo zokufuya, le ndlela inceda ekukhawuleziseni inkqubo yokuzala ngokwenza ukuba kuphuculwe okusebenzayo nokugqaliseleyo kweempawu ezinqwenelekayo kwizityalo nezilwanyana.
Ukuzala kwezityalo ngokukhetha i-genomic
Ukuzaliswa kwezityalo kuye kwaguquka ngenxa yokukhethwa kwe-genomic, okuye kwayikhawulezisa inkqubo kunye nokwandisa izivuno zezityalo.
Kodwa ukujongana neengxaki ezizayo eziziswa kukutshintsha kwemozulu, uphuhliso olungakumbi luyimfuneko.
Ukusombulula oku, abaphandi basebenzisa i-pangenomes kunye neendlela zokufunda zoomatshini ekukhetheni i-genomic.
I-genomic material yonke yohlobo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-pangenome, ivumela ukuqondwa ngokucokisekileyo kokwahluka kofuzo.
Sinokuvula indlela yokuphucula izityalo kunye nokunciphisa imiphumo eyingozi yokutshintsha kwemozulu kwezolimo ngokujonga imizekelo evela ekuzaleni izityalo, ukuqonda imiqobo yokufunda koomatshini, kunye nokugxininisa isithembiso sobu buchule.
I-Pangenomes yeZityalo: Ukutyhila i-Genomic Diversity
Ngokwesiko, iindibano zegenome ezibhekiselele kwi-single-reference ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili ekugxilwe kuyo ekukhetheni i-genomic, kodwa ii-pangenomes ngoku zixhaphake kakhulu. I-Pangenomes yezityalo, kunokuba ii-assemblies ze-genome nganye, zibonisa imathiriyeli yemfuza yohlobo okanye intsapho.
Ukwahluka kofuzo okubalulekileyo, kubandakanywa nezo zingabandakanywanga kwindibano yereferensi, zityhilwa ngabo. Kwizityalo ezininzi, ii-pangenomes zenziwe, zikhanyisela imbali yezityalo zasekhaya kunye nokuzala.
Indibaniselwano yazo nokhetho lwemfuza isasebenza ngokuyinxenye.
Abafuyi banokusebenzisa uluhlu olubanzi lwabamakishi bezofuzo, ukuphucula ukuchaneka kokuchaneka kunye nokubamba zonke izixhumanisi ezinokubakho, ngokudibanisa i-pangenomes ekukhethweni kwe-genomic.
Ukhetho lweGenomic olusekwe kwiSifundo soomatshini
Iindlela zokukhetha eziqhelekileyo ze-genomic zinobunzima ekujonganeni neziphumo ezingezizo ezongezelelekileyo ezifana ne-epistasis, imprinting ye-genomic, kunye nokusebenzisana kwe-genotype. Ngokulinganisa ezi mpembelelo, iindlela zokufunda koomatshini zibonelela ngeempendulo ezifanelekileyo.
Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lusebenzise iindlela zokufunda koomatshini ekukhetheni i-genomic, kunye neziphumo ezisukela phakathi kwedatha kunye nezityalo.
Ubuchule bokufunda ngomatshini ziyakwazi ukuphatha ukumelwa kwedatha entsonkothileyo, njengeephenotypes ezixubeneyo kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwe-phenotypes okanye i-genotypes.
Ngokomzekelo, i-algorithms yokufunda koomatshini isetyenziselwe ukuqikelela imveliso kunye neempawu zekhwalithi yeziqhamo kwizityalo ze-polyploid ezifana ne-strawberries kunye ne-blueberries.
Ngelixa ezi nkqubo zinamandla amakhulu, ukuqonda ukutolika kwazo kunye nokulungelelanisa i-hyperparameters kubalulekile kwisicelo esisebenzayo.
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuFunda koomatshini
Kwizifundo zokuqikelela i-genomic, ukusetyenziswa kobuchule bokufunda ngomatshini kukhula. Ezi ndlela zobuchule zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindlela zokufunda ezibekwe esweni kwaye zingajongwanga.
Iindlela zokufunda ezibekwe iliso ziluncedo ngakumbi kuba zinokufumanisa iipateni kuzo idatha ephawulweyo kwaye ulindele iziphumo.
Ngelixa izifundo ezahlukeneyo ziye zavavanya ukusebenza kwentelekelelo yeendlela ezithile zokufunda koomatshini, uphando oluthelekisa iiseti zeendlela ezahlukeneyo alukho.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ngawaphi amaqela eendlela asebenza ngcono kwaye uvavanye izibonelelo zawo kunye nezinto ezisilela kuzo xa kuthelekiswa neendlela eziqhelekileyo.
Iindlela ezithembisayo zeGenomic
Iimodeli ezixutywe ngomgca
Kwingqikelelo ye-genomic, iimodeli ezixubeneyo eziqhelekileyo zingqineke zithembekile kwaye ziluncedo. Ukunika ingxelo malunga nokwahluka kofuzo kubemi, le mizekelo idibanisa zombini iziphumo ezizinzileyo kunye neziphumo ezingalindelekanga.
Ezi algorithms zinokuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo amaxabiso okuzala kwe-genomic ngokuthathela ingqalelo ukuzalana komntu ngamnye.
Ngenxa yokukhuphisana kokusebenza kwabo kwangaphambili, ukusebenza kakuhle kokubala, kunye nokulula, iimodeli ezixubeneyo zomgca zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizityalo nezilwanyana. Zifuna iiparitha zokulungisa ezimbalwa kunezinye iindlela, ezizenza zilungele ukhetho lwe-genomic.
Ubuyiselo-mali olumiselweyo
Ukuqikelelwa kwegenome, iindlela zohlengahlengiso eziqhelekileyo ezifana ne-LASSO (I-Shrinkage encinci ye-Absolute kunye ne-Selection Operator) kunye nokunciphisa i-ridge zixhobo ezisebenzayo.
Obu buchule buvumela ukhetho oluguquguqukayo kunye nokulungelelanisa ngokongeza ixesha lesohlwayo kwimodeli yokubuyisela umva.
Ezi ndlela zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo idatha enomgangatho ophezulu kwaye ziphucula ukuchaneka koqikelelo ngokunciphisa amaphawu angaphantsi abalulekileyo ukuya kwiqanda.
Iindlela zokubuyisela uhlengahlengiso oluqhelekileyo lukhetho olunomtsalane lokhetho lwe-genomic kuzo zombini izifundo zokuzalanisa izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kuba zibetha ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokulula kunye nokusebenza.
Amahlathi angaqhelekanga
Indlela yokufunda ehlanganisiweyo ebizwa ngokuba ngamahlathi angaqhelekanga yenza uqikelelo usebenzisa imithi yesigqibo. Amahlathi angaqhelekanga angasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya idatha ye-genomic ephezulu-dimensional kumxholo we-genomic prediction.
Ngale ndlela, inani elikhulu lemithi yesigqibo yakhiwe, nganye iqeqeshelwa i-random subset of markers, kunye nokuqikelelwa kwabo kudibanisa ukuvelisa i-forecast eyodwa.
Amahlathi angaqhelekanga sisixhobo esiluncedo ekukhethweni kwe-genomic kuba inokuchonga ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kunye nokulungelelaniswa okungahambiyo phakathi kweempawu kunye namanqaku.
Amahlathi angaqhelekanga nawo ayakwazi ukumelana nabangaphandle kwaye angakwazi ukufumana idatha engekhoyo, eyandisa ixabiso labo lokubikezela i-genomic.
Ii-ANN (uthungelwano lwe-neural olwenziweyo)
Artificial amanethiwekhi, ngamanye amaxesha zibizwa ngokuba zii-ANN okanye iinethiwekhi ze-neural, ziimodeli ezibaliweyo ezitsala impembelelo kuyilo lwe-neural lwengqondo yomntu.
Ngenxa yesakhono sazo sokuqaphela iipateni ezintsonkothileyo kunye nobudlelwane kwidatha, ii-ANN ziye zaxhaphaka ngakumbi kuqikelelo lwemfuzo.
Ii-ANN zinokurekhoda intsebenziswano engahambelaniyo phakathi kwabamakishi kunye neempawu ngenxa yolwakhiwo lwazo ezininzi kunye neenodi ezidityanisiweyo (neurons). Ezi nethiwekhi zidinga uqeqesho olucokisekileyo kusetyenziswa iiseti zedatha enkulu kunye nohlengahlengiso olungqongqo lwe-hyperparameter.
Ngokutyhila izixhumanisi ezintsonkothileyo zofuzo kunye nokuchonga iipatheni ezifihliweyo kwidatha ye-genomic, ii-ANN zinamandla okunyusa ukuchaneka kokubikezelwa kwe-genomic.
Iimpawu ekujoliswe kuzo kunye nokubaluleka kweDatha
Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba idatha ethile kunye neempawu ezijoliswe kuzo zivavanywa zinefuthe ekusebenzeni kwangaphambili kunye neendleko zokubala zeendlela zokufunda koomatshini.
Njengoko kunokubonwa, ukongeza ukuntsonkotha kwiindlela eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo kunokukhokelela kwiindleko ezinkulu zekhompyuter ngaphandle kokunyusa ukuchaneka koqikelelo.
UTyalo-mali oluLungileyo kwiKhompyutha
Ukunikezelwa kokuthembela kwiiseti zedatha ekujoliswe kuzo kunye neempawu zokusebenza kwangaphambili kunye nomthwalo wokubala, kubalulekile ukutyalomali ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle kokubala kwe-algorithms yokufunda koomatshini kunye nezixhobo zekhompyutha.
Oku kuya kunceda ukuphucula ukuchaneka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokhetho lwe-genomic.
Isiphelo – Liphethe Ntoni Ikamva?
Ukufundwa komatshini ekukhetheni i-genomic kubonakala kunekamva eliqaqambileyo. Ubuchule bokufunda ngoomatshini bunamandla okutshintsha ngokupheleleyo ukuqikelelwa kofuzo njengoko iteknoloji ikhula kwaye izixhobo zekhompyuter zifumaneka ngokubanzi.
Ezi ndlela zivumela ukuphathwa kwedatha ye-genomic ephezulu-dimensional, ukufunyanwa kweepateni eziyinkimbinkimbi, kunye nokwanda kokuchaneka kwangaphambili.
Ngokuququzelela ukhetho olukhawulezayo noluchaneke ngakumbi lwabantu abaneempawu ezinqwenelekayo, indibaniselwano ye-algorithms yokufunda koomatshini kunye nokukhethwa kwe-genomic kubambe ithuba lokuphucula iinkqubo zokuzala.
Ukuphucula obu buchule, ukujongana nemiba yokubala, kunye nokuphanda ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo nezilwanyana, uphononongo oluninzi luyafuneka.
Silindele ukuba ukufunda koomatshini kubaluleke ngakumbi ekukhetheni i-genomic njengoko iteknoloji ikhula, isantya senkqubela phambili yemfuza kunye nokunceda icandelo lezolimo .
Shiya iMpendulo