Uninzi lwabantu lunexhala malunga nokucaciswa kwekhamera, ubungakanani besikrini, kunye nomthamo wokugcina xa ufumana i-smartphone entsha. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwezi zinto zinomtsalane zabathengi yinkqubo yokusebenza, ekulula ukuyihoya.
I-Android kaGoogle yeyona nkqubo idumileyo ehlabathini. Ifunyenwe ngaphezulu kwe-86 yeepesenti yeefowuni zee-smartphones kwihlabathi liphela. Eyona nto imangalisayo kukuba i-Android isekwe kumthombo ovulekileyo wenkqubo yeLinux. Oko kuthetha ukuba nabani na unokufunda, atshintshe, kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, abelane ngekhowudi esentliziyweni yoninzi lwee-smartphones. Intsebenziswano yenziwa yenzeke ngoku kuvuleleka.
Ngokungafaniyo neMicrosoft Windows, umzekelo, eyadalwa kwaye yagcinwa yinkampani enye. Bangaphezu kwe-15000 abadwelisi benkqubo abavela kwihlabathi liphela banegalelo kuphuhliso nogcino lweLinux. Aba badwelisi benkqubo banokunikezela ukwakha into entsha esasazwa ngokukhululekileyo.
Yintoni uMthombo oVulekileyo?
Iqhekeza lesoftware apho ikhowudi yemvelaphi yemvelaphi yenziwe yafumaneka esidlangalaleni kwaye inokwabelwana ngayo kwaye ihlaziywe njengoko ifunwa ngumsebenzisi. Isoftware yomthombo ovulekileyo yisoftware apho ikhowudi yemvelaphi okanye ikhowudi yesiseko ifikeleleka kuye nabani na ukuba ayilungise okanye ayiphucule ukuze isetyenziswe kwakhona kunye nokufikeleleka.
Iqhekeza lesoftware linokusetyenziswa kwaye litshintshwe nguye nabani na ukuze inkqubo okanye isicelo sisebenze ngokufanelekileyo. Abadwelisi benkqubo abanokufikelela kwikhowudi yomthombo wenkqubo yekhompyutha banokuyiphucula ngokongeza iimpawu okanye ukulungisa amacandelo angasoloko esebenza kakuhle.
Isoftware yomthombo ovulekileyo yenziwa ngendlela yokwabela amagunya kunye nentsebenziswano, kuxhomekeke kuphononongo loontanga kunye nesiphumo soluntu. Kuba iveliswa luluntu endaweni yombhali omnye okanye iqumrhu, isoftware yemithombo evulekileyo ayibizi kakhulu, iguquguquka, kwaye inobomi obude kunesoftware yobunini.
Rhoqo ngonyaka, umthombo ovulekileyo uya uxhaphaka, uvela kuyo yonke indawo ukusuka kwiidolophu zikarhulumente ukuya kumaziko. Iya isaziwa ngakumbi phakathi kwamashishini abo bonke ubukhulu. Ngapha koko, amanye amashishini athatha umthombo ovulekileyo ukuya kwinqanaba elilandelayo ngokuxhasa ngemali iiprojekthi okanye ngokusebenzisana nabaphuhlisi.
Intsebenziswano ikhuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha kunye nomthombo wasimahla novulelekileyo. Uninzi lwetekhnoloji esibuthatha njengento nje namhlanje ngebungazange buvele okanye bebuya kukhuselwa ngumthetho welungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza ukuba ubungekho.
Imbali
Abaphandi abasebenza kubuchwephesha be-intanethi kunye neeprothokholi zenethiwekhi zonxibelelwano baxhamle kwindawo yophando evulekileyo kunye nentsebenziswano kwiminyaka yoo-1950 kunye no-1960. Ukuphononongwa koontanga kunye nezimvo ezivulekileyo zakhuthazwa yi-Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), ekugqibeleni yaba sisiseko se-intanethi yangoku.
Ikhowudi yemvelaphi yeqela ngalinye labasebenzisi kwabelwana ngayo kwaye yaphuculwa. IiForam zincediswe ekuququzeleleni iingxoxo kunye nophuhliso lonxibelelwano oluvulelekileyo kunye nezithethe zentsebenziswano. Ukusebenzisana, ukuphononongwa koontanga, unxibelelwano, kunye nokuvuleleka kwabhakwa kwiingcambu ze-intanethi ngexesha eyasungulwa ekuqaleni koo-1990.
Ingcinga yokwenza ikhowudi yomthombo ifumaneke esidlangalaleni isuka kwiphulo lobukrelekrele elaqalwa ngokungekho sikweni nguRichard Stallman, umdwebi wenkqubo eMIT, ngo-1983. yiqonde, funda ngayo, kwaye uyiphucule.
UStallman waqala ukusasaza isoftware yasimahla phantsi kwelayisenisi yakhe, iGNU Public License. Obu buchule butsha kunye nesimo sengqondo malunga nophuhliso lwesoftware iye yafumana ukuthambeka, ekugqibeleni yakhokelela kwisiseko sePhulo loMthombo oVulekileyo ngo-1998.
Umthombo ovulekileyo vs. Umthombo weSoftwe evaliweyo
Vula-umthombo weSoftwe
- Isoftware yomthombo ofikelelekayo yinkqubo yekhompyutha enekhowudi yomthombo evulekele uluntu, ivumela nabani na ukuba ayijonge kwaye ayisebenzise.
- Ikhowudi inokutshintshwa ngabanye abantu kunye nemibutho, ikhowudi yomthombo ifikeleleke kuye nabani na.
- Ixabiso lesoftware yomthombo ovulekileyo liphantsi kakhulu.
- Ukuba inkqubo idumile, inani elikhulu labadwelisi benkqubo linokwabelwa kwiprojekthi.
- Kukho imida embalwa kubasebenzisi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwesoftware kunye nokwenza ngokwezifiso.
- Nawuphi na umatshini unokuqwalaselwa ukuba usebenze isoftware evulekileyo.
- IFirefox, Android nguGoogle, inkqubo yokusebenza ye-Linux, i-Android, i-Thunderbird, i-MySQL, i-Mailman, i-Moodle, i-Perl, i-PHP, kunye ne-Python yeminye imizekelo.
I-Software yoMthombo ovaliweyo
- Isoftware yomthombo ovaliweyo yisoftware yekhompyuter enekhowudi yomthombo evaliweyo, okuthetha ukuba uluntu alukwazi ukufikelela kwikhowudi yomthombo.
- Kuphela umntu okanye iqela elivelise isoftware enekhono lokuguqula ikhowudi.
- Ikhowudi yemvelaphi yesoftware yomthombo ovaliweyo ikhuselwe.
- Kukho imida emininzi ebekwe kubasebenzisi ngokuxhomekeke kusetyenziso lwesoftware kunye nokwenza ngokwezifiso.
- Ifemu yesoftware/umbutho uqesha abadwelisi benkqubo ukuphucula isoftwe.
- Isoftware yemithombo evaliweyo iyabiza.
- Ngaphambi kokuba ifakwe kuyo nayiphi na ikhompyuter, isoftware evaliweyo kufuneka ibe nelayisenisi esebenzayo.
- Akukho ndawo yempazamo kwisoftware evaliweyo.
- Skype, Google Earth, Java, Adobe Flash, Virtual Box, Adobe Reader, Microsoft Office, Microsoft Windows, WinRAR, mac OS, Adobe Flash Player yeminye imizekelo.
Izinzuzo
Ikhowudi yomthombo ovulekileyo incede bobabini abaphuhlisi abanomdla kunye neenkampani ezinkulu kubuchwephesha babo bobuchwepheshe. Ayinasiphelo efundisayo, ngakumbi xa kujongwe iziphumo ezikhulayo zokukhowuda. Olu nxibelelwano luhlala lukhula lwezimvo sisiqalo nje sendlela isoftware enokuthi incede ngayo iqumrhu lakho.
Ukolula uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali kunokuba yidabi lemihla ngemihla lokuqalisa. Ukufumaneka kweeprojekthi ezivulelekileyo kuvumela abathengi ukuba bamkele iteknoloji entsha ngaphandle kokuhlawula imirhumo yobulungu okanye ukusayina izivumelwano zexesha elide. Ngaphandle kweendleko eziphantsi (okanye ezingekhoyo), iilayibrari ezivulekileyo zivumela amaqela ukuba aqalise ukwakhiwa kwesiseko se-IT okanye ukuphuhlisa isicelo esitsha.
Uninzi lwalo msebenzi sele lwenzelwe wena enkosi kumthombo ovulekileyo. Oku kukhulula ixesha labaphuhlisi lokuphucula kunye nokwenza ngokwezifiso. Kuya kuhlala kukho iimeko apho imibutho inqwenela ukuqala ukusuka ekuqaleni ngophuhliso, kodwa nezona mpawu zibalaseleyo zehlabathi ziyaliqonda ixesha kunye nemali eyongiwe ngokusebenzisa itekhnoloji yomthombo ovulekileyo. Izinto ezinomthombo ovulekileyo, nokuba zisetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokuqala zosetyenziso oluntsokothileyo okanye amaqhekeza ephazili encinci ukunceda ukugqiba iprojekthi inokuba luncedo kubo bobabini abaphuhlisi kunye namaqela oshishino.
Uluntu olukwi-Intanethi olunje ngeGitHub lubonisa amandla entsebenziswano esoftware evulelekileyo, ebonelela ngekhaya kwizigidi zabaphuhlisi kunye neenkampani ukuba zibambe, zivavanye, kwaye zisebenzise amaqonga avulelekileyo. IMicrosoft ihlawule i-7.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiqonga ngo-2018. Lo ngowona mzekelo ubonakalayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku wendlela itekhnoloji edumileyo yomthombo ovulekileyo, kwaye oko kwasekwa ii-IT ezinkulu zityala imali kwikamva loluntu.
Ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, ukuphuhlisa nokusebenzisa isicwangciso sesoftware yomthombo ovulekileyo kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngomntu ngamnye kunye kunye, abaphuhlisi besoftware evulekileyo bafuna ezona mpendulo zilungileyo kwimicelimngeni yobugcisa, okukhokelela kwisoftware ethembekileyo, ekhuselekileyo, kunye nesimahla. Inkqubo iyaphucuka ekuhambeni kwexesha ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo ongadinwayo.
Inkqubo incediswa ziziseko ezininzi, kubandakanya iLinux Foundation, exhasa umthombo ovulekileyo kuyo yonke imimandla emininzi yetekhnoloji, iApache Software Foundation, kunye ne-Eclipse Foundation.
Baseka imigangatho ngentsebenziswano kunye neebhemoth zedijithali ezifana ne-AWS, i-Facebook, i-Google, i-IBM, i-Microsoft, i-Netflix, kunye ne-SAP, kunye nabavelisi bee-hardware ezifana ne-Cisco, i-Intel, kunye ne-Intel. tesla. Bakwakha amakhaya azimeleyo kwiiprojekthi, banikezela ngoncedo lwezemali kwiziseko ezingundoqo, bancedise ngokuthengisa, kwaye bakhethe iikomiti zokwenza ukhetho lweprojekthi olukrelekrele.
Ukushwankathela, ezinye zezibonelelo eziphambili zomthombo ovulekileyo zezi:
- Iindleko zehardware zisezantsi.
- Isoftware yomgangatho okhethekileyo.
- Inkxaso yehlabathi ngabaphuhlisi.
- Ukuguquguquka kunye nenkululeko.
- Ulawulo lwamaphepha-mvume lulula.
- Ukugxila kunye nokwandiswa kweeprojekthi.
Ingozi
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe kwicandelo elandulelayo, umthombo ovulekileyo unokubonelela ngeengenelo ezininzi. Ngoku siza kujonga izinto ezinokuthi zenzeke okanye iingozi ezinxulumene nayo, eziwela kwiindidi ezintathu ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Umngcipheko woKhuseleko
- Umngcipheko womgangatho
- Umngcipheko wokuthotyelwa
Amacandelo omthombo ovulekileyo anokufumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokugcina i-intanethi, kwaye abaphuhlisi abanandlela yokwazi ukuba balungile okanye bakhuselekile kangakanani na. Imibutho engatyali mali ekulawuleni ukusetyenziswa kwayo izibeka emngciphekweni, yaye inokuhlawula ixabiso kamva xa ukulungisa iimpazamo kubiza kakhulu.
Umngcipheko woKhuseleko
Abahlaseli banokwenza imali eninzi bexhaphaza iziphene zokhuseleko lomthombo ovulekileyo. Oku kunika abahlaseli lonke ulwazi abaludingayo ukuqalisa uhlaselo. Ukwenza izinto zibe mbi ngakumbi, kuba isetyenziswa ngokubanzi, ubuthathaka kwicandelo elidumileyo linika abahlaseli inani elikhulu lamaxhoba anokuba ngamaxhoba. Oku kuthetha ukuba abahlaseli babeke iliso elibukhali kuluntu kwaye bayakhawuleza ukuxhaphaza iziphene ezaziwayo zokhuseleko kwizinto ezidumileyo zomthombo ovulekileyo.
Amashishini esoftware asemngciphekweni wohlaselo olukhohlakeleyo ukuba awabeke iliso kusetyenziso lwawo oluvulelekileyo kwaye awazi naziphi na iilayibrari ezisesichengeni kwikhowudi yawo.
Umngcipheko womgangatho
Ngelixa inkampani ichitha ixesha elininzi kunye nemali ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wekhowudi yayo yobunini, kubonakala ngathi uninzi lwamaqela ophuhliso alunaxabiso okanye aluhoyi umgangatho wamacandelo omthombo ovulekileyo. Ewe, sonke sifuna ukuba imveliso yethu yokugqibela ihambelane kwaye izinzile phantsi koxinzelelo.
Esinye sezizathu zokuba kube nzima ukuqinisekisa ukuba icandelo lesoftware yomthombo ovulekileyo alithobeki ubume bemveliso yakho kungenxa yokuba akukho ndlela ekuvunyelwene ngayo yokuvavanya umgangatho wayo, kwaye umlinganiswa ovulelekileyo wentsebenziswano unokwenza kube nzima umlinganiselo.
Umngcipheko wokuthotyelwa
Lonke icandelo lesoftware evulelekileyo, kunye nokuxhomekeka kwayo, linelayisensi. Xa sizisebenzisa kwiprojekthi yethu, sizibophelela kwiseti yemigaqo nemiqathango ekufuneka siyithobele. Kwabo bangaqhelananga nobunzima bokufumana ilayisensi yomthombo ovulekileyo, oku kunokuba liphupha elibi.
Ezinye iiprojekthi zomthombo ovulekileyo ziswele naluphi na uhlobo lwelayisenisi yomthombo, oko kuthetha ukuba imithetho yelungelo lokushicilela isebenza ngokungagqibekanga. Kuba zininzi iilayisensi, ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zomthetho kunzima kakhulu. Ubusazi na ukuba kukho ngaphezu kwama-200 eentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeelayisenisi zomthombo ovulekileyo, nganye ineseti yayo ekhethekileyo, ekhethekileyo, kwaye ihlala ibhidanisa imiqathango kunye neemeko?
Ikamva loMthombo oVulekileyo
Amaza amatsha okwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha aya kuphenjelelwa yisoftware eyisiphumo somzamo wentsebenziswano, hayi nje kwishishini elinye, kodwa kuluntu oluzinikele ekuphuculeni imekobume yonke.
Iinkampani zikhulula abaphuhlisi babo ukuba bakhuphisane kwibala ledijithali, ngenjongo yokuba ngabokuqala ukuvelisa into entsha ehlala isanda kwishishini lezobuchwepheshe, njengoko liqhubeka nokufumana ukubonakaliswa phakathi kwamashishini.
Abaphuhlisi banokujongana ngempumelelo novavanyo kunye nobunzima bokuphunyezwa ngokusebenzisa indawo evulekileyo yoluntu kunye nokufunda kubaphuhlisi abagqwesileyo, ngakumbi ngokukhukula kobuchwephesha obutsha obufana ne-AI, yokufunda umatshini, kunye nenkqubela phambili yerobhothi.
Xa abasebenzi bethatha ithuba loluntu oluguquguqukayo, olujolise kwisisombululo, sibona amashishini ezuza. Ukusuka kwiimoto eziziqhubayo ukuya kwiirobhothi zonyango, izixeko ezikrelekrele ukuya kwidatha yedatha, asifuni ukunika iimpendulo kule mingeni kwinani elincinci lefemu. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka sithembele kumthombo ovulekileyo kunye nokubulawa kwabaqambi abakrelekrele ukufumana ezona ziphumo zibalaseleyo.
isiphelo
Intshukumo yomthombo ovulekileyo inoxanduva lokuqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza kwetekhnoloji kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. Ngelixa umthombo ovulekileyo ubeka umngcipheko othile, zininzi izibonelelo kunye neendlela ezithembisayo eziya phambili. Uluntu olukhulu lwabanegalelo, izikhokelo zendlela yokuqalisa, ukufunda ngokufunda ikhowudi yabanye abantu, kunye nokufumana amava okunxibelelana nezinye iinjineli zezinye izibonelelo ezibalaseleyo ozifumana kwisoftware evulelekileyo.
Ukuba ufuna ukuqalisa ukufaka isandla kwiprojekthi yomthombo ovulekileyo, qala ufumane leyo inomdla kuwe, emva koko ukhangele i-GitHub yeleyibhile ethi "umcimbi wokuqala olungileyo" okanye into efanayo. Inqaku elilungileyo lokuqala yiprojekthi egcina ukhetho olulula kwiiprojekthi ezidumileyo zabaphuhlisi abangazange babe negalelo ngaphambili.
Shiya iMpendulo