Iindlela zokuvota eziqhelekileyo zinemiqobo kuluntu lwanamhlanje olunxibeleleneyo, njengemingcipheko yokhuseleko kunye nemiba yokungafihlisi. Ukuphumeza inkqubo yokuvota kwi-intanethi esekelwe kwi-teknoloji ye-blockchain ibonakala iyisisombululo esinokwenzeka kwezi nkxalabo.
Kodwa, yayiza kusebenza njani loo nto?
Ngaba i-blockchain ingaqinisekisa idatha enganyangekiyo kwaye yonyuse ukuzithemba kwabavoti ngokunyusa ubume be-blockchain yokwabela amagunya? Njengoko uluntu lujonga iingxaki zala maxesha, inkqubo enjalo inokuba yimfuneko ukuze ikhuthaze ukuthatyathwa kwenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi, ilungelelanise iinkqubo zokuvota, nokuqinisekisa imfezeko yonyulo.
Masiyiphonononge ngakumbi.
Imvelaphi encinci
Umbono wokusebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-blockchain kwiinkqubo zokuvota yavela ekuphenduleni imiba ekhulayo apho iindlela zokuvota zemveli ezidibana nazo. Iinkxalabo malunga nokhuseleko, ukungafihli, kunye nemfezeko yonyulo ziye zakhula njengoko itekhnoloji ikhula kwaye ihlabathi liye ladityaniswa ngakumbi ngokwedijithali.
Oku kwakhuthaza abaphengululi neenjineli ukuba baqwalasele iingcamango ezintsha ezinokuguqula inkqubo yezobupolitika.
Ingcamango ye-blockchain, eyachazwa okokuqala ngo-2008 ngumntu okanye iqela elingaziwa phantsi kwegama elingu-Satoshi Nakamoto, liye lafumana ukuthandwa ngokusungulwa kweBitcoin ngo-2009.
Uyilo lwayo luphelisa imfuno yabaphakathi kunye namagunya aphakathi, oko kuyenza ibe lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kwizicelo ezifuna ukuthenjwa kunye nokungaguquki.
Impumelelo yeBitcoin iveze amandla e-blockchain kwintengiselwano yezemali, ikhuthaza abantu abacinga phambili ukuba baphonononge isicelo sayo kwamanye amashishini, afana nokuvota. Iingcamango ezisisiseko zeBlockchain, kubandakanywa nokusabalalisa amagunya, ukuthembeka kwedatha, kunye neenkqubo zokuvumelana, zinike impendulo esebenzayo kwimibandela ekudala ijongene neenkqubo zokuvota.
Njengoko iingcali kunye nabathandi beteknoloji baqala ukuphanda ukuba kunokwenzeka inkqubo yokuvota esekelwe kwi-blockchain, yafumana i-traction. Amaphepha amaninzi ezifundo kunye namanqaku ophando aqala ukuvela, ehlalutya iingenelo ezinokuthi zibekho kunye nemiqobo yokubeka inkqubo enjalo.
Ngenxa yoko, uluvo lokuvota kwi-intanethi kusetyenziswa i-blockchain yavela kwingcinga ukuya kwindlela enokwenzeka yokuguqula indlela uluntu oluqhuba ngayo unyulo.
IiNzuzo zeBlockchain-based Voting Systems
Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili zenkqubo yokuvota esekwe kwi-intanethi ye-blockchain lukhuseleko lwayo lwendalo kunye nokungafihli nto. Ubume be-blockchain buthetha ukuba iivoti zirekhodwa kwi-tamper-proof kunye neleja engaguqukiyo, inciphisa kakhulu amathuba okugqekeza okanye ukuphazamisa.
Eli nqanaba liphezulu lokhuseleko likhuthaza ukuvela kwabavoti kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokukhuthaza ukuthembana phakathi kwabavoti, iziphathamandla zonyulo, kunye nabanye abachaphazelekayo.
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuSebenzisa iBlockchain ukuSebenzisa ukuvota kwi-Intanethi
IiNdlela zokuVumelana kweNkqubo yokuvota kwiBlockchain
Ukukhetha eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuvumelana yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zobuchwephesha bokuphumeza ukuvota kwi-Intanethi kwi-blockchain. I-algorithm yokuvumelana ekhethiweyo ichaphazela indlela iivoti eziqinisekiswa ngayo kwaye zirekhodwe kwi-blockchain.
Iinketho ezimbini eziphandwa rhoqo bubungqina bomsebenzi (PoW) kunye nobungqina bestake (PoS).
Ubungqina Bomsebenzi (PoW)
Cinga ngobungqina bomsebenzi (PoW) ukuba ibe lukhuphiswano lokusombulula iipuzzle. Abathathi-nxaxheba (abasebenzi basezimayini) bakhuphisana ukuze basombulule amaqhina antsonkothileyo ezibalo besebenzisa iikhompyutha zabo kulo mdlalo. Umvukuzi wokuqala wokufumana isisombululo esifanelekileyo uvuzwa ngenxa yemigudu yabo ngokongeza ibhloko entsha yokuthengiselana kwi-blockchain.
Ukusombulula ezi phazili kufuna isixa esibalulekileyo samandla okusebenza, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukwenza umsebenzi.
Ukhuseleko lwe-PoW luvela kwinto yokuba abasebenzi basezimayini kufuneka basebenzise izixhobo zehlabathi lokwenene ukuze badlale umdlalo wokuxazulula iphazili, njengamandla kunye neekhomputha eziyinkimbinkimbi. Nje ukuba ibhloko ilayishwe kwi-blockchain, iba yinto engenakwenzeka kakhulu ukutshintsha okanye ukuphazamisa ulwazi olukule block.
Oku kungenxa yokuba ukutshintsha nantoni na kwibhloko kuya kufuna ukwenziwa kwakhona wonke umsebenzi wokusombulula iphazili kuzo zonke iibhloko ezilandelayo, nto leyo ephantse ingenzeki.
Ubungqina bomsebenzi (PoW) wokuvota: Abavoti kwinkqubo yokuvota esekelwe kwi-intanethi ye-PoW banokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokusombulula iipuzzle. Ivoti nganye inokuthathwa njengephazili, nabavoti (okanye iikhompyutha zabo) ezikhuphisanayo ukuzisombulula.
Ophumeleleyo uya kuba yivoti yokuqala esemthethweni ukuba isonjululwe kwaye yongezwe kwi-blockchain. Nangona kunjalo, i-PoW ayinakuba lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kwiinkqubo zokuvota ngenxa yokuba ivila, inamandla amakhulu, kwaye ayiboneleli ngokunyuka okufunekayo kwinani eliphezulu labavoti.
Ubungqina bentsika (PoS)
Ngoku makhe sixoxe ngoBubungqina beSiteki (PoS). Cinga i-PoS ibe yinkqubo yokuvota apho abathathi-nxaxheba (abaqinisekisayo) banamandla okuvota ngokulinganayo nenani lamathokheni abanawo. Ii-Validators zikhethwa ngokungaqhelekanga kule nkqubo ukwakha iibhloko ezintsha kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthengiselana.
Amathokheni amaninzi aqinisekisayo "ama-stakes" okanye avale njengesibambiso, kunokwenzeka ukuba baya kukhethwa ukwakha ibhloko.
I-PoS, ngokungafaniyo ne-PoW, ayifuni kukhuphiswano lokusombulula iipuzzle. Abaqinisekisi endaweni yoko bakhethwe ngendlela eqikelelwayo kunye neyokuqinisekisa, ngokusekelwe kwinani lamathokheni abazimisele "ukubheja" kwinkqubo.
Abaqinisekisi banyanzelekile ukuba benze ngokunyanisekileyo kuba bebeka umngcipheko wokulahlekelwa ngamathokheni abo ukuba bazama ukukopela okanye ukukhohlisa inkqubo.
Ubungqina beNteko (PoS) yokuvota: Ngokubanzi, i-PoS ilunge ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zokuvota kwi-intanethi. Abavoti abasayi kubandakanyeka kuyo nayiphi na i-puzzle-solving kwinkqubo yokuvota esekelwe kwi-PoS. Endaweni yoko, abaqinisekisi baya kukhethwa ngokungakhethiyo ngokusekelwe kwinani leethokheni abanazo kunye nesigxina.
Abaqinisekisi baya kwakha ngokulandelayo kwaye bongeze kwiibhloko zebhloko eziqulethe iivoti ezirekhodiweyo.
Le ndlela iya kukhawuleza, ingabi namandla kakhulu, kwaye inyuke ngakumbi kwinani elikhulu leevoti. Zombini i-PoW kunye ne-PoS zineenzuzo kunye nezingeloncedo, kwaye ukhetho lwendlela yokuvumelana imiselwa yinkqubo yokuvota ye-intanethi yeenjongo kunye neenjongo ezikhethekileyo.
Abaphandi kunye nabaphuhlisi bahlala bekhangela iindlela ezintsha kunye nezixhasi zokusebenzisa itekhnoloji yebhlokhi ukwakha iinkqubo zokuvota ezikhuselekileyo, ezisebenzayo, nezithembekileyo kwi-Intanethi.
Ukhuseleko lwabucala kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwesazisi
Ukuvota kwi-Intanethi kufuna indlela yokuqinisekisa isazisi esithembekileyo nesikhuselekileyo. Iindlela zeCryptographic zisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiinkqubo zokuvota ezisekwe kwibhloko yebhloko ukunikezela ngezazisi ezingaziwayo kodwa ezinokuqinisekiswa.
Uguqulelo lwe-Homomorphic kunye ubungqina-zero-ubungqina zizindlela ezinokwenzeka ezenza abavoti babonise ukufaneleka kwabo ngaphandle kokuxela ulwazi lomntu.
Ufihlo lweHomomorphic
Uguqulelo lwe-Homomorphic bubuchwephesha obuqinileyo be-cryptographic obuvumela ukubalwa kwedatha efihliweyo ukuba iqhutywe ngaphandle kokubhengeza umxholo wedatha yoqobo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abavoti banokubhala ngokufihlakeleyo iivoti zabo ngaphambi kokuba bazingenise kwi-blockchain kumxholo wokuvota kwi-intanethi.
Iivoti zikhuselekile kwaye ziyimfihlo xa sele zifihliwe, ziqinisekisa ukuba eyona voti ihlala yabucala.
Xa kufika ixesha lokubala iivoti, iivoti ezifihliweyo zinokucazululwa kwaye zibalwe ngaphandle kokutyhila ukhetho lomntu ngamnye.
Ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yokuchithwa kwekhowudi yenzeke kwindawo ekhuselekileyo nelawulwayo, isazisi somvoti kunye nevoti yabo echanekileyo ihlala iyimfihlo, isusa ukuba nokwenzeka kokuguqulwa kwevoti okanye ukunyanzeliswa.
Ii-ZKPs
Enye indlela ye-cryptographic esetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokuvota ezisekelwe kwi-blockchain ukuqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni kwengxelo ngaphandle kokutyhila naluphi na ulwazi oluthile malunga nenkcazo ngokwayo bubungqina bolwazi olungenalwazi.
Kwimeko yokuvota, ii-ZKPs zenza abavoti babonise ukufaneleka kwabo ngaphandle kokutyhila ulwazi lomntu siqu olufana nobunikazi babo okanye iziqinisekiso ezithile.
Umvoti, umzekelo, unokusebenzisa iZero-Knowledge Proof ukubonisa ukuba ungumvoti obhalisiweyo ngaphandle kokuveza igama lakhe, idilesi, okanye naluphi na olunye ulwazi olubuthathaka. Olu xwebhu luqinisekisa ukufaneleka komvoti ukuba avote ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni ubumfihlo bakhe.
Ngokusebenzisa ii-ZKPs, abavoti banokubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yokuvota ngokuzithemba, besazi ukuba ubuni babo bukhuselekile kwaye iivoti zabo zibalwe ngokukhuselekileyo.
Kwiinkqubo zokuvota ezisekelwe kwi-intanethi ye-blockchain, ukudibanisa i-encryption ye-Homomorphic kunye ne-Zero-Knowledge Proofs inikezela ngesakhelo esiqinileyo sokukhusela ubumfihlo kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwesazisi.
Abavoti banokuvota ngokungaziwa, kwaye amagama abo afihlwa emehlweni. Ngaxeshanye, abaququzeleli bonyulo banokuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwabavoti ngaphandle kokufikelela kulo naluphi na ulwazi lomntu olunovakalelo, beqinisekisa ukuthembeka kunye nokuba semthethweni kwenkqubo yedemokhrasi.
Ezi ndlela zobuchule be-cryptographic zibalulekile ekubetheleni ukuthembana kunye nokuzithemba kwiinkqubo zokuvota kwi-intanethi, zibenza zixhathise ngakumbi kwizoyikiso zokhuseleko ezinokuthi ziqinisekise ukungaziwa komthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye.
Iikhontrakthi ezihlakaniphile zeMithetho yokuvota
Imigaqo yenkqubo yokuvota inokuchazwa ngeekontraki ezihlakaniphile, ikhowudi yokuzenzela efakwe kwi-blockchain. Ezi khontrakthi ziya kuba nako ukwenza iinkqubo zokuvota ezinjengokuqala kunye nokuphelisa ixesha lokuvota, ukubeka iivoti kwitheyibhile, kunye nokwazisa abaphumeleleyo ngokuzenzekelayo.
Iinkqubo zokuvota kwi-Intanethi zingenziwa ngokuzimela ngakumbi kwaye zicace ngokusebenzisa iikontraki ezihlakaniphile, eziphelisa imfuno yokungenelela kwabantu kunye nokukhwabanisa okunokwenzeka.
IiNkqubo zoVoto oluzenzekelayo
Iikhontrakthi ze-Smart zenza ukuba kube lula ukuzenzekelayo iinkqubo ezithile zokuvota. Emva kokuba ifakwe kwi-blockchain, izivumelwano ezihlakaniphile zingacacisa kwaye zinyanzelise imithetho yokuvota. Bangavula ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye bavale amaxesha okuvota, baqinisekise ukuba ukuvota kwenzeka kuphela ngexesha elichaziweyo.
Ngaphaya koko, iikhontrakthi ezihlakaniphile zinokuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwabavoti, ziqinisekisa ukuba kuphela ngabathathi-nxaxheba ababhalisiweyo nabagunyazisiweyo abanokuvota.
IiRekhodi eziNgafihliyo kunye neziThintelwayo
Ukuphunyezwa kweekhontrakthi ezihlakaniphile kwiinkqubo zokuvota kwi-intanethi kuqinisekisa ukucaca kweerekhodi zokuvota kunye nokungaguquki. Ivoti nganye ephosiweyo irekhodwa njengentengiselwano kwi-blockchain kwaye igcinwe ngokukhuselekileyo.
Emva kokuba ivoti yongezwe kwi-blockchain, ayinakuguqulwa okanye isuswe, okukhokelela kwimbali yokuvota ecacileyo kunye nokuphicothwa. Oku kungafihlwa kungakhuthaza ukuthembana phakathi kwabavoti, abagqatswa, kunye nabanye abachaphazelekayo ngokubavumela ukuba baqinisekise ngokuzimeleyo ukuthembeka konyulo.
Ukuphelisa abalamli
Iikhontrakthi ze-Smart zisebenza ngokusasazwa, kungekho mfuneko yabameli okanye abasemagunyeni. Le ndlela yoontanga ngqo yenza lula inkqubo yokuvota ngokunciphisa iindleko zolawulo kunye nemithombo enokubakho yokungaphumeleli okanye ukukhwabanisa.
Abavoti banokubandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo kwikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile, kwaye imithetho yekhontrakthi iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokuvota ilungile kwaye ikhuselekile.
Hybrid Scalability Solutions
Xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo eziqhelekileyo ze-centralized, i-blockchain inokucotha kwaye iyancipha ngenxa yokungaguquki kwayo kunye neendlela zokuvumelana. Izisombululo zeHybrid ziyaphandwa ukoyisa lo mqobo.
Ukuqonda iHybrid Scalability
Injongo yezisombululo ze-hybrid scalability kukudibanisa izibonelelo zetekhnoloji ye-blockchain kunye ne-off-chain okanye i-subsidiary-chain protocols ukunyusa i-transaction throughput ngelixa ugcina ukhuseleko kunye nokungafihli.
Ezi zisombululo zizama ukufumana ulungelelwaniso phakathi komlinganiswa obekwe phantsi kolawulo lwe-blockchain kunye nesidingo samazinga okusebenza okukhawulezayo, okwenza ukuba zifaneleke ngakumbi kwizicelo ezinkulu ezifana neenkqubo zokuvota kwi-Intanethi.
IiProtokholi zokuvota ngaphandle kweChain
Inkqubo yokuvota inokuqhutywa ngaphandle kwekhonkco kwiinkqubo ezixubileyo zokulinganisa. Iinkqubo zokuvota ngaphandle kwekhonkco zibandakanya ukuvota kwamalungu ngaphandle kokurekhoda ngokucacileyo ivoti nganye kwi-blockchain ephambili.
Iivoti endaweni yoko ziyaqokelelwa kwaye ziqhutywe kuthungelwano olwahlukileyo okanye iprotocol enokulawula umthamo omkhulu wemisebenzi ngokukhawuleza.
Kule meko, kunokuba urekhode ivoti nganye, i-blockchain isebenza njengomthombo wokugqibela kunye nonegunya lokwazisa iziphumo. Le ndlela inciphisa uxinzelelo lokubala kwi-blockchain ephambili, evumela ukuba kubekho ukulinganisa okukhulu.
Imixokelelwane encedisayo yokuvota
Esinye isicwangciso esixubileyo kukudala amakhonkco ancedisayo anikezelwe ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo yokuvota. La matyathanga ancedisayo adityaniswe ne-blockchain ephambili kodwa asebenzise iindlela ezizodwa zokuvumelana kunye nemithetho elungele ukuthengiselana ngokuvota.
Eyona nto ephambili Ubunzima be-blockchain iphuculwa ngokwahlula imisebenzi enxulumene nokuvota kumatyathanga ancedisayo. Amatyathanga ancedisayo anokulawula i-traffic yokuvota ngokufanelekileyo ngakumbi, okukhokelela kwixesha elikhawulezayo lokucubungula yonke inkqubo yokuvota.
I-Anchoring Iziphumo kwi-Main Blockchain
Nokuba yeyiphi i-hybrid scalability option esetyenzisiweyo, iziphumo zokugqibela zenkqubo yokuvota zimiliselwe ngokukhuselekileyo kwi-blockchain engundoqo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zonyulo zinyanisekile kwaye ziselubala.
I-subsidiary chain, okanye i-off-chain protocols, ijongene nokucubungula ngokukhawuleza iivoti kunye neziphumo zokubala, ngelixa i-blockchain ephambili isebenza njenge-ledger ekhuselekileyo nengenakuguqulwa yokurekhoda iziphumo zonyulo lokugqibela.
Le ndibaniselwano igcina izibonelelo zokhuseleko lwe-blockchain kunye nokwabela amagunya ngelixa kusonjululwa imiba enokunyuka.
Imfundo yabavoti kunye nokuSetyenziswa
I-Blockchain-based based voting idinga ukujongana nemfundo yomsebenzisi kunye nemiba yokusebenzisa.
Umvoti oqhelekileyo akanakubuqonda ngokupheleleyo ubuchwephesha be-blockchain.
Ngoko ke, ukudala umsebenzisi-friendly ujongano lomsebenzisi kwaye ukubonelela ngezinto zokufundisa kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukongeza, ukudala ujongano lwewebhu olusebenziseka lula okanye usetyenziso lweselula kunokuphucula ukufikeleleka kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabavoti.
UPhicotho-zincwadi oluZimeleyo kunye nokuNgafihli
Ukungafihli kunye nokungaguquki kwetekhnoloji ye-blockchain kunokuncedisa ukuqinisekiswa kweziphumo zonyulo. Abaphicothi-zincwadi abazimeleyo banokuhlola imbali ye-blockchain yokuthengiselana ukuqinisekisa ukulunga kwenkqubo yokuvota.
Abavoti, abagqatswa, kunye nezigqeba ezilawulayo bafumana intembeko eyongezelelekileyo ngenxa yoko, benyusa izinga labo lengqiniseko kwinkqubo yokuvota yokungakhethi cala.
Isiphelo: Ukwamkela iBlockchain yeKamva yeDemokhrasi
Iindlela zokuvota eziqhelekileyo zinemiqobo kuluntu lwanamhlanje olunxibelelene, kubandakanywa umngcipheko wokhuseleko kunye nemiba yokungafihli. Ukuphumeza inkqubo yokuvota esekelwe kwi-intanethi ye-blockchain inika isisombululo esisebenzayo kwezi zinto zixhalabisayo.
Ngokusebenzisa iimpawu ezinatyisiweyo nezingaguquguqukiyo ze-blockchain, inkqubo enjalo inokuqinisekisa idatha enganyangekiyo kwaye yonyuse ukuzithemba kwabavoti, ngoko ke ikhuthaze intatho-nxaxheba yedemokhrasi, ukukhawulezisa iinkqubo zokuvota, kunye nokuqinisekisa imfezeko yonyulo.
Njengoko uluntu lujongene nemingeni yanamhlanje, iinkqubo zokuvota ezisekelwe kwi-intanethi ye-blockchain zibonelela ngendlela enyanzelisayo.
Sinokudala ikamva apho intatho-nxaxheba yedemokhrasi inyuswa, ukuthembela kwiinkqubo zonyulo kuqiniswa, kwaye iinjongo eziphambili zedemokhrasi zixhaswa ngokunyaniseka kunye nokungafihli ngokwamkela amathuba anikwe yiteknoloji ye-blockchain.
Indlela yokwamkela iinkqubo zokuvota ezisekelwe kwi-blockchain isaqhuba, kwaye ukufunda ngakumbi kunye nentsebenziswano kuya kufuneka ukuba kuqondwe amandla apheleleyo ale teknoloji ephazamisayo ekuchazeni ikamva lentando yesininzi.
Shiya iMpendulo