Isiqulatho[Fihla][Bonisa]
- 1. Yintoni kanye kanye iBiomedical Engineering?
- 2. Ngaba unokuwuchaza umsebenzi owenziwa ziinjineli zebhayomedical ngawakho amazwi?
- 3. Athetha ukuthini amagama athi “biomechanics” kunye “nebiomechanical engineering”, kwaye asetyenziswa njani?
- 4. Ungasenza njani isixhobo sonyango ukuze umntu onomqolo omoshekileyo akwazi ukuhamba kwakhona?
- 5. Yintoni i-BMI, Ngokuchanekileyo?
- 6. DNA fingerprinting: Yintoni?
- 7. Chaza ngokubanzi iMRI.
- 8. Yintoni kanye kanye i-bio-instrumentation?
- 9. Yintoni isifo sika-Alzheimer?
- 10. Zeziphi iipateni zamaza ezinokubonwa ngexesha le-Eeg Scan?
- 11. Chaza umqobo wegazi-ubuchopho.
- 12. Yintoni i-microarray kwaye isetyenziswa njani, nceda?
- 13. Uthini umgaqo weDNA wokuprinta iminwe?
- 14. Ngawaphi amanyathelo owathathayo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kwesixhobo sonyango okanye inkqubo?
- 15. Yintoni inkqubo yefiziyoloji?
- 16. Umfanekiso wezonyango: Yintoni?
- 17. Dwelisa ezona teknoloji zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimifanekiso yezonyango.
- 18. Ngaba uqhelene ne-LMO?
- 19. Isetyenziselwa ntoni kanye kanye i- arapeutic cloning, yaye njani?
- 20. Ngawaphi amanyathelo athatyathwayo ukumisela idosi ngelixa kuvavanywa ichiza elitsha?
- 21. Yintoni ubuchule bokuguqula imfuza?
- 22. Ngaba ungayichaza i-pathogen kwaye udwelise iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zepathogen?
- 23. Sijonge ukwenza izixhobo zethu zotyando zikhuseleke. Ziziphi izinto onokuzisebenzisa ukubomeleza?
- 24. Yintoni kanye kanye i-RCCS?
- 25. Uzisebenzise njani iinkqubo zekhompyutha okanye isoftware ukuphucula iinkqubo zonyango okanye izixhobo?
- 26. Cacisa imodeli yebhayoloji ye-neuron. Yintoni eyayahlula kwi-synthetic neuron?
- 27. Yintoni kanye kanye ilungu elingelolungu lomzimba?
- 28. Yintoni eyenza iiintronzi nee-exons zahluke enye kwenye?
- 29. Yintoni eyahlula ii-retroviruses kwiiprovirus?
- 30. Leliphi icala okholelwa ukuba lisingise kwinjineli yebhayoloji?
- isiphelo
Iinjineli zeBiomedical ziphethe ezona teknoloji ziphambili zonyango ezisetyenziswayo namhlanje, ukusuka ekuyileni amalungu okwenziwa ukuya ekuveliseni izixhobo zonyango ezitsha.
Ngokuphathelele kwimiba yokhathalelo lwesigulane, iinjineli zebiomedical ziphanda kwaye ziphuhlise iimpendulo kwimiba yezonyango kunye nebhayoloji. Umsebenzi oqhelekileyo wenjineli yebhayoloji uyasebenza kwaye ulungisa ingxaki yezixhobo zebhayoloji njengegcisa lezonyango okanye kwicandelo lophando kunye nophuhliso lwenkampani.
Iinjineli ze-R&D biomedical zisebenzisa ulwazi lwazo ukwenza izixhobo zonyango kunye nezixhobo ezintsha. Yonke imihla, iinjineli zebhayoloji ezikwangamagcisa zibonelela ngoncedo lobugcisa ukugcina, ukulungisa, ukufaka, okanye ukutshintsha izixhobo zebhayomedical.
Kufuneka bafundise abanye abasebenzi ngendlela yokusebenzisa izixhobo ngokufanelekileyo. Kudliwano-ndlebe, iinjineli zebhayoloji kufuneka zilungele ukuphendula kwimibuzo eyahlukeneyo malunga nomsebenzi wazo kuba eli candelo likhula ngokukhawuleza lihlala litshintsha.
Kule post, siza kujonga imibuzo ye-biomedical injineli yodliwano-ndlebe ukusuka kwisiseko ukuya phambili.
1. Yintoni kanye kanye iBiomedical Engineering?
Ukuphucula impilo yomntu kunye nobomi, ubunjineli bebhayoloji budibanisa iindlela zobunjineli eziqhelekileyo kunye nesayensi yebhayoloji kunye namayeza.
Intsimi igxile ekudalweni kwezixhobo, ubuchule, kunye ne-algorithms ephucula ulwazi lwezonyango kunye nebhayoloji ngelixa uphucula ukusebenza kunye nokuhanjiswa konyango lweklinikhi, kunye nokuqonda iinkqubo eziphilayo ezintsonkothileyo ngokusebenzisa iindlela zovavanyo kunye nohlalutyo.
2. Ngaba unokuwuchaza umsebenzi owenziwa ziinjineli zebhayomedical ngawakho amazwi?
Umsebenzi owenziwa ziinjineli zebhayoloji wahluke kakhulu. Banokusebenza kwiiklinikhi, kwiikholeji, kumashishini, okanye kwiilabhoratri.
Uxanduva lwabo lukwabandakanya ukuyila kunye nokuphuhlisa izixhobo zonyango, izitho ezenziweyo, izicwangciso zonyango, iilebhu zokubeka, kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezinzwa zonyango.
3. Athetha ukuthini amagama athi “biomechanics” kunye “nebiomechanical engineering”, kwaye asetyenziswa njani?
I-Biomechanics luphononongo kunye nokulinganisa imiba yezonyango kunye neenkqubo zisebenzisa imigaqo yobuchwephesha. Lo mmandla unokusetyenziselwa ukwenza iimodeli zezinto ezifana nokuhanjiswa kolwelo kunye noluhlu lwentshukumo yelungu.
Iintliziyo ezenziweyo, izintso, kunye namalungu ngamalungu ambalwa okufakelwa kunye nemilenze eyenziwe kusetyenziswa ubunjineli be-biomechanical.
4. Ungasenza njani isixhobo sonyango ukuze umntu onomqolo omoshekileyo akwazi ukuhamba kwakhona?
Ndandidla ngokuqala ngokuqwalasela impilo yesigulana ngokubanzi kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izigulo ezinokusithintela ekushukumeni kwaso. Ngokulandelayo ndandiza kwenza umatshini oza kugcina ubunzima besigulana ngoxa kwangaxeshanye ndisinika inkxaso ngoxa sihamba.
Umzekelo, ndingenza i-compact exoskeleton enceda isigulana ukuba sihambe siye phambili ngokusebenzisa iintonga okanye intonga. Isigulana siya kuba neendlela ezikhuselekileyo zokuhamba ngenxa yolu hlobo lwesixhobo, ekulula ukusuka kwindawo ukuya kwenye.
5. Yintoni i-BMI, Ngokuchanekileyo?
I-BMI imele i-body mass index. Ubude nobunzima bomntu buthelekiswa. Ibalwa ngokwahlulahlula ubunzima bomntu ngobude obuphindwe kabini.
6. DNA fingerprinting: Yintoni?
I-Genetic fingerprinting, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-DNA fingerprinting, yindlela yokuchonga abantu ngokulandelelana kwe-DNA yabo. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-forensics.
Ukuprintwa kweminwe ye-DNA, iinkqubo zePolymerase Chain Reaction kunye ne-Short Tandem Repeats iinkqubo zisetyenziswa rhoqo.
7. Chaza ngokubanzi iMRI.
Isishunqulelo se-imaging resonance magnetic (MRI) yi-imaging resonance magnetic. Yindlela yomfanekiso wezonyango onika i-anatomy epheleleyo yezitho zangaphakathi, ngakumbi izicubu ezithambileyo.
Intsimi yamagnetic enamandla isetyenziswe kwi-MRI ukuvelisa imifanekiso kunye neemodeli zelungu elijoliswe kuyo.
8. Yintoni kanye kanye i-bio-instrumentation?
Igama elithi "bio-instrumentation" lichaza inkqubo yokusebenzisa itekhnoloji ethile, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo zokwenza izixhobo ze-biomechanical ukunyanga izifo kunye nokwenzakala.
Idibanisa ukusetyenziswa kweengcamango zobunjineli kunye neenkqubo zokugqiba umsebenzi kwishishini le-biomedical.
9. Yintoni isifo sika-Alzheimer?
Olona hlobo luxhaphakileyo lwesifo sengqondo esiyingozi sisifo sika-Alzheimer. Yimeko yobuchopho eziswa kukonakala kweprotein ye-tau. Le meko yi-terminal. Esi sigulo siyawohloka. Inokuchongwa nge-PET okanye i-MRI scan.
10. Zeziphi iipateni zamaza ezinokubonwa ngexesha le-Eeg Scan?
Ipateni yamaza enxulumene nokulala ebizwa ngokuba yi-delta, i-theta ebangela ukozela, i-alpha ephumlayo, i-beta yokucinga, kunye ne-gamma zonke zibonakala kwi-EEG scan. I-mu-rhythm ikwabonwa kwi-alpha.
11. Chaza umqobo wegazi-ubuchopho.
Xa ukujikeleza kwegazi kusahluliwe kwi-extracellular fluid yobuchopho, inkqubo ye-nervous central ifumana imiqobo yegazi ebuchotsheni (BECF). Yonke i-capillary ibonisa olu phawu.
I-capillaries ijikelezwe yimidibaniso eqinile, engekhoyo kumjikelezo oqhelekileyo. Iglucose kunye nezinye iimveliso zemetabolism zihanjiswa ngenkuthalo ngaphaya komqobo ngeeseli ezithintelweyo zisebenzisa iiproteni ezithile.
Kunye nenwebu engqindilili yangaphantsi, esi sithintelo sikwabandakanya unyawo lokugqibela lwe-astrocytic.
12. Yintoni i-microarray kwaye isetyenziswa njani, nceda?
I-microarray yi-matrix efana ne-matrix esetyenziselwa ukufunda ukulandelelana kwe-DNA, ngokwenkcazo. Ezi zixhobo ziqeshwe kwi-DNA eninzi okanye uphando lwe-genomic, kubandakanywa ukuchazwa kwe-gene expression, ukufumanisa i-nucleotide ye-polymorphism enye, ukufunyanwa kwe-splicing, kunye nabanye.
Iimvavanyo ezininzi zofuzo zinokuqhutywa ngaxeshanye kusetyenziswa i-microarray chips, ezisetyenziswa ngamashishini athile.
13. Uthini umgaqo weDNA wokuprinta iminwe?
I-Genetic fingerprinting yindlela esebenzisa i-DNA fingerprinting. Ulandelelwano lwe-DNA lunokusetyenziswa kule ndlela ukuchonga umntu. I-Forensics yeyona nto isetyenziswayo kwi-DNA fingerprinting.
I-polymerase Chain Reaction yeyona ndlela isisiseko emva koshicilelo lweminwe lweDNA. I-DNA profiling lelinye igama lale ndlela ekusetyenzisweni okuqhelekileyo.
14. Ngawaphi amanyathelo owathathayo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kwesixhobo sonyango okanye inkqubo?
Ndiqala ngokudlula kwiimfuno zeprojekthi kunye nokulindela abathengi. Ndiye ndenze ishedyuli yokwenza uphando, ndize neeprototypes, kunye nokuvavanya izixhobo okanye indlela.
Ndivavanya iziphumo ezilandela inyathelo ngalinye lovavanyo kwaye ndenza naluphi na uphuculo oluyimfuneko. Ngenxa yoko, ndinokunika abathengi bam ulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga nokusebenza kunye nokhuseleko lwempahla yabo.
15. Yintoni inkqubo yefiziyoloji?
Inkqubo yefiziyoloji igxile ekuqondeni ukuba iinkqubo ngaphakathi kwezidalwa eziphilayo zisebenza njani kumanqanaba amancinci kunye ne-submicroscopic, ukusuka kwimpendulo ye-dg yeziyobisi kwiinkqubo zemetabolism kunye nokuphendula kwesigulo, ukunyakaza kwamalungu ngokuzithandela ukuya ekuphiliseni ulusu, kunye ne-auditory physiology.
Lo mmandla wokufunda usebenzisa iifomyula zemathematika ekuvavanyeni nasekufaniseni.
16. Umfanekiso wezonyango: Yintoni?
Imifanekiso yezonyango isetyenziselwa ukuqaphela kunye nokuhlela imiba yezempilo kuquka imihlaza, iziphene, kunye nezinto ezinjalo ngokudibanisa ukusetyenzwa kwedatha ye-elektroniki, ukuhlalutya, kunye nokunikezelwa kunye nokuqonda izinto eziphathekayo.
Ezinye iindlela ezifana ne-ultrasound kunye ne-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) zisetyenziswa rhoqo.
17. Dwelisa ezona teknoloji zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimifanekiso yezonyango.
Itekhnoloji yokucinga yezonyango iqeshwe kwiinkalo zempilo kunye nophando ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Iyeza lenyukliya, i-electron microscopy, i-computer tomography, i<em>radiography, i<em>thermography, i<em>fluoroscopy, i<em>ultrasound, ne<em>positron emission tomography, okanye iPET, zezinye zezi.
Uhlobo lwemifanekiso esetyenziswayo luxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesifundo olwenziwayo okanye kuhlobo lonyango.
18. Ngaba uqhelene ne-LMO?
Into ephilayo eguqulweyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-LMO. Ii-LMO zezo zidalwa ziye zafumana ukuguqulwa kofuzo kusetyenziswa i-biotechnology.
I-LMO ibandakanya zombini izidalwa eziye zatyhubela i-mutagenesis okanye ukuzala okuqhelekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokhetho, kunye nezo ziye zenziwa iinkqubo ezintsha ze-DNA recombinant. Ukukwazi kwee-LMOs ukusebenzisa inkunkuma enobungozi kubalulekile.
19. Isetyenziselwa ntoni kanye kanye i- arapeutic cloning, yaye njani?
I-DNA okanye icandelo le-DNA strand liphinda liphindwe ngexesha le-cloning yonyango. Ibizwa ngokuba yi-somatic cell nuclear transfer ngamanye amaxesha. Ii-embryo ezine-stem cell zisetyenziswa kwi-cloning.
Iiseli ze-Embryonic stem zinokuphinda zikhule kwaye zi-pluripotent, okuthetha ukuba zinokukhula zibe naluphi na uhlobo lweeseli ezingaphezu kwama-220 ezinokufumaneka emzimbeni womntu.
20. Ngawaphi amanyathelo athatyathwayo ukumisela idosi ngelixa kuvavanywa ichiza elitsha?
Ndiqala ngokuqwalasela iminyaka yomguli, ubunzima bakhe, nempilo yakhe ngokubanzi xa ndifumanisa ukuba mangaphi amayeza ekufanele ndiwanike. Emva koko ndiqwalasela naziphi na izifo ezikhoyo kunye neempawu ezibonisayo.
Elona thamo lifanelekileyo libalwa kusetyenziswa ialgorithm endiyiphuhliseyo ndisebenzisa ubuchule bam bobugcisa. Oku kubalulekile kuba kuqinisekisa ukuba izigulana zithatha idosi efanelekileyo yamayeza ngaphandle kokudlula ngaphezulu.
21. Yintoni ubuchule bokuguqula imfuza?
Ukuguqulwa kofuzo luhlobo lwesiganeko sokuhlanganiswa kwakhona kwemfuza ye-DNA. Oku kwenzeka rhoqo ngexesha lolwahlulo lwe-meiotic, kodwa kuyenzeka nakwiiseli ze-somatic. Sinokudlulisela ulwazi lwe-DNA ukusuka kwelinye i-DNA helix ukuya kwelinye eliye latshintshwa ukulandelelana ngokusebenzisa le ndlela.
Le ndlela ingasetyenziselwa ukufikelela kwi-gene mutation. Inokukhokelela kwilifa elingelola-Mendelian. Esi siphumo siye sabonwa rhoqo kwiminqamlezo yokungunda.
22. Ngaba ungayichaza i-pathogen kwaye udwelise iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zepathogen?
Igama elithi pathogen libhekisela kuyo nayiphi na into ephilayo etya ezinye iintlobo. Ii-pathogens zisasazwa ngobuninzi bemijelo, kubandakanywa ukuhamba emoyeni, ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, ukudibana ngokwesondo, igazi, kunye nolunye ulwelo lomzimba.
Iintsholongwane zinokuba yintsholongwane, ibhaktiriya, okanye umngundo ngokwendalo. Iintsholongwane zihlala zinxulunyaniswa nokugula, kodwa zinokusetyenziselwa ukuphelisa izinambuzane kunye nokulwa nesifo esizivelisayo, njengokugonywa komkhuhlane.
23. Sijonge ukwenza izixhobo zethu zotyando zikhuseleke. Ziziphi izinto onokuzisebenzisa ukubomeleza?
Intsimbi ephezulu yokuqina ilungele izixhobo zotyando kuba ilula kwaye yomelele, iyenza ilungele iinjongo zonyango. Bendikhe ndasebenza noogqirha abasebenzisa izixhobo zenkampani yethu, ke ndiyazi ukuba sele zakhiwe ngentsimbi ephezulu.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba bendiphuhlisa umgca omtsha wemveliso, bendiya kuqwalasela ukubandakanya i-titanium kumxube ngokunjalo. Yomelele ngakumbi kunentsimbi kodwa ikhaphukhaphu kune-aluminiyam.
24. Yintoni kanye kanye i-RCCS?
I-RCCS sisishunqulelo senkqubo yenkcubeko yeeseli ezijikelezayo. Sisixhobo esisetyenziswa kwi-microgravity ukuvelisa amaqoqo eeseli anamacala amathathu. I-NASA idale esi sixhobo sokuhlola izicubu zeeseli zezilwanyana, kubandakanywa nabantu, kwi-microgravity.
Izicubu eziphuhliswe kwi-RCCS zikhulu, zine-dimensional, kwaye zinezakhiwo kunye neekhemikhali ezifana nezicubu eziqhelekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba i-RCCS ingenazo iindawo ezihambayo, iiseli azikho sengozini yokonakala kwaye ngenxa yoko zinexesha elide lobomi.
25. Uzisebenzise njani iinkqubo zekhompyutha okanye isoftware ukuphucula iinkqubo zonyango okanye izixhobo?
Kwindima yam yangaphambili, bendiyinxalenye yeqela elisebenzisa iMATLAB kunye neLabVIEW ukwenza inoveli izixhobo zonyango. Ezi zixhobo zimbini zisenze sakwazi ukwenza iiprototypes ngokukhawuleza kwiimveliso zethu kwaye sizivavanye ngaphambi kokuba sigqibe uyilo.
Ezi nkqubo ziye zasetyenziselwa ukuhlola idatha esuka kubantu abazame iimveliso zethu.
26. Cacisa imodeli yebhayoloji ye-neuron. Yintoni eyayahlula kwi-synthetic neuron?
Imodeli yebhayoloji ye-neuron ikwabizwa ngokuba yimodeli ye-spiking neuron. Le modeli luphawu lwemathematika lweempawu zemithambo-luvo okanye i-neuron.
Le modeli yenzelwe ukuqikelela nokuchaza iinkqubo zebhayoloji. Oku kwahluka kwii-neuron ezenziweyo kuba ii-neuron ezenziweyo zisekelwe kwi-computational efficacy. Imveliso ye-neuron eyenziweyo ithathwa bubunzima be-synaptic.
27. Yintoni kanye kanye ilungu elingelolungu lomzimba?
Sisixhobo sokwenziwa esinokusetyenziswa endaweni yelungu lomzimba elilahlekileyo. Isekelwe kwingcamango ye-biomechatronics. Ingasetyenziselwa ukubuyisela amalungu omzimba alahlekileyo ekuzalweni, ngenxa yokwenzakala, okanye ngenxa yesiphene.
Eyona nto ingalunganga yamalungu angengowamvelo lixabiso lawo eliphezulu. Ngapha koko, ngenxa yokuguga kunye nokukrazuka, amalungu okufakelwa kufuneka atshintshwe rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-3-4. Ukuba ilungu liqulethe izicubu ezidibeneyo, iziseko kwilungu kufuneka zihlaziywe kanye ngenyanga.
28. Yintoni eyenza iiintronzi nee-exons zahluke enye kwenye?
Naluphi na ulandelelwano lwe-nucleotide olucinywayo kwijini ngokudibanisa kwe-RNA ukwenza imveliso yokugqibela ye-RNA yejini kubhekiswa kuyo njenge-intron. Zombini ulandelelwano lwe-DNA olufunyenwe ngaphakathi kofuzo kunye necandelo elihambelanayo kwimibhalo ye-RNA kubhekiswa kuyo njengee-introns.
Imizila yemfuza yezinto eziphilayo kunye nezo zeentsholongwane ezininzi zinee-introns.
I-exon lulandelelwano lwe-DNA okanye i-RNA eshicilelweyo enye. ngokuthetha ngokubanzi. Ulandelelwano lwe-nucleic acid eyaziwa ngokuba yi-exon inokufumaneka kwindlela ekhulileyo ye-molecule ye-RNA.
29. Yintoni eyahlula ii-retroviruses kwiiprovirus?
I-enzayim ye-reverse transcriptase iyafuneka ukukopa i-retrovirus, intsholongwane ye-RNA enokosulela iseli yomkhosi. I-RNA genome yayo ingasetyenziselwa ukudala i-DNA. I-enzayimu ye-integrase emva koko idibanisa i-DNA esandul' ukuyilwa kwigenome yomninimzi.
Intsholongwane yeRNA emva koko iphinda izivelise kwakhona ngokungena kwiDNA yeseli yomkhosi. Usapho lwentsholongwane iRetroviridae lubandakanya iintsholongwane ezigutyungelweyo ezaziwa ngokuba zii-retroviruses.
I-provirus yintsholongwane enokuthi i-genome ibophe kwi-DNA ye-cell host. Kusulelo lwentsholongwane oluleleyo, intsholongwane iphinda iphindaphindeke ngokuphindaphinda kweseli yomkhosi kunokuba iyodwa. Le meko inokuqhubeka kwizizukulwana ezininzi zeeseli.
30. Leliphi icala okholelwa ukuba lisingise kwinjineli yebhayoloji?
Okungakumbi kunokwenziwa ngobunjineli bebhayoloji, ngokoluvo lwam. Kuba inokuthi isenze sikwazi ukuvelisa izixhobo zonyango ezilungiselelwe ngakumbi ngexabiso elithotyiweyo, ndinomdla ngakumbi kusetyenziso lwetekhnoloji yoshicilelo lwe-3D kule ndawo.
Nangona kunjalo, ndiyazi ukuba ukudibanisa itekhnoloji entsha kukhathalelo lwezempilo kunokuba nzima. Ndingenza zonke iinzame zokuhlanganisa obu buchwepheshe butsha ngelixa ndiphakamisa iimfuno zokhuseleko.
isiphelo
Ngokudibanisa isayensi yobunjineli kunye nesayensi yebhayoloji kunye nokuziqhelanisa neklinikhi, ubunjineli bebhayoloji sisifundo esonyusa ulwazi kubunjineli, ibhayoloji, kunye neyeza ngelixa sikwaphucula impilo yabantu.
Ukukunceda kudliwano-ndlebe, nantsi eyona mibuzo ibalaseleyo yodliwano-ndlebe lobunjineli bebhayoloji, ukusuka kokulula ukuya kokuntsonkotha. 'Yabona Uthotho lodliwano-ndlebe lweHashdork ngoncedo lokulungiselela udliwano-ndlebe.
Shiya iMpendulo