Tafole ea likateng[Pata][Bontša]
Lekala la saense ea bongaka le tsoetse pele haholo ho theosa le lilemo. Ho tloha tsoelo-peleng ea ho hlahisa meriana e mecha ea bongaka ho ea ho nanotechnology ho lisebelisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, re tsamaile hole haholo re le mefuta.
E 'ngoe ea tsoelo-pele e joalo ke bokhoni ba ho utloisisa le ho fetola likarolo tsa 'mele le tsa 'mele oa motho ka ho fetola genome ea bona!
Sengoliloeng se fa 'mali selelekela sa lefapha la liphatsa tsa lefutso, se fetela ka holim'a genome ea motho le lits'ebetso tsa ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso le theknoloji ea CRISPR.
Genome ea Motho
Ho ea ka baeloji, motho ke sebopeho se rarahaneng se nang le litšobotsi tse ngata. Litšobotsi tsena, tse kang bolelele, ’mala oa moriri, ’mala oa mahlo, litšobotsi tsa sefahleho, joalo-joalo, li ka fumanoa ho sebelisoa DNA ea tsona.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ke ntho e entsoeng ka metsoako ea motheo ea lik’hemik’hale (tsoekere, phosphate le metheo) e nang le boitsebiso bohle ba hore na ntho e phelang e tla shebahala joang le hore na e sebetsa joang.
Litsebi tsa baeloji le litsebi tsa bongaka li ka khetholla tlhahisoleseling, e ikhethang ho motho e mong le e mong, ka ho ithuta mokhoa oa DNA.
Genese
Lefutso ke karolo e itseng ea DNA e khethollang protheine e le 'ngoe. Ke liprotheine tse hlahisoang ke liphatsa tsa lefutso tse etsang mosebetsi oa ho phethahatsa mesebetsi ea DNA.
Liphatsa tsa lefutso li sebetsa e le likarolo tsa lefutso 'me li na le boikarabelo ba ho fetisetsa litšobotsi tse itseng ho tloha ho batsoali ho ea ho bana ba bona.
Kakaretso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa sebōpuoa le liphatsa tsa lefutso li bitsoa genome ea eona. Ho utloisisa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa motho ho file bo-rasaense monyetla oa ho hlahisa litsela tse ncha tsa ho phekola, ho phekola, kapa esita le ho thibela mafu a likete a hlaselang moloko oa batho.
Mona ke moo phetoho ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e kenang teng.
Gene Editing
Genome kapa gene editing ke sehlopha sa mahlale a lumellang bo-rasaense ho fetola DNA ea ntho e phelang. Litheknoloji tsena li etsa hore ho khonehe ho eketsa, ho tlosa kapa ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso libakeng tse itseng tsa genome.
Ho fapana le mekhoa e meng ea boenjineri ba liphatsa tsa lefutso e kenyang liphatsa tsa lefutso ka mokhoa o sa reroang ka har'a liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amohelang batho, mekhoa ena e shebana le ho kenngoa libakeng tse khethehileng haholo.
Hona e sebetsa?
Ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso ho kenyelletsa li-enzyme. Li-enzyme ke liprotheine tse thusang kapa tse potlakisang ts'ebetso ea lik'hemik'hale. Li-enzyme tse entsoeng ka boenjiniere tse sebelisoang ho hlophisa liphatsa tsa lefutso li bitsoa nuclease 'me li ka khaola DNA.
Nuclease e entsoe ka k'hemik'hale e 'ngoe e li lebisang ho likhoele tsa DNA tseo li lokelang ho li khaola. Likhoele tsena tsa DNA tse sehiloeng li ka inchafatsa, empa lekhetlong lena li feptjoa ka boitsebiso bo lakatsehang hore bo fetohe likhoele tsa DNA tse lakatsehang.
Likhoele tse ncha, li bolela liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ncha le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ncha li bolela litšobotsi tse ncha.
Bo-rasaense ba sebelisa ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso ho batlisisa mafu a fapaneng a amang batho.
Ba fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa liphoofolo, joalo ka litoeba le litlhapi, 'me ba bona kamoo liphetoho tsena li amang bophelo ba bona kateng. Eaba ba sebelisa seo ba se fumaneng ho bolela esale pele hore na liphetoho tse tšoanang liphatseng tsa lefutso tsa batho li ka ama bophelo ba motho joang.
Ho feta moo, bo-rasaense ba ntse ba hlahisa phekolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso. Liphekolo tsena li kenyelletsa ho thibela le ho alafa mafu ho batho ka ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso.
Theknoloji ea CRISPR
Katleho e kholo ho theknoloji ea ho hlophisa liphatsa tsa lefutso ke ho hlahisoa ha Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR).
CRISPR e ipapisitse le sistimi ea ts'ireletso e hlahang ka tlhaho ho libaktheria tse ling. DNA ea libaktheria tse joalo e na le tatellano e mengata e khutšoanyane ea palindromic (mantsoe a tšoanang ka pele le morao, a kang RAAR).
Libaktheria li ne li tla boloka likotoana tsa livaerase tseo li li loanneng ka har'a tatellano ena ea palindromic.
Hona e sebetsa?
Enzyme e sebelisoang ho CRISPR e bitsoa Cas9. Enzyme ena e ikamahanya le tatellano ea palindromic e tšoaelitsoeng ebe e khaola DNA likotoana, e boloka tlhahisoleseling mabapi le vaerase.
Protheine ea Cas e hlometseng e ne e tla lemoha DNA ea kokoana-hloko ebe e e senya hang-hang haeba baktheria e ka boela ea tšoaetsoa ke kokoana-hloko e tšoanang.
Lisebelisoa tsa CRISPR
CRISPR e sebelisitsoe ka mekhoa e fapaneng ho kenyelletsa lipatlisiso, tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, ho ikatisa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng, tlhahiso ea lijo, mafura a matala le tse ling tse ngata.
1. Lipatlisiso
Litsamaiso tsa CRISPR li ntse li kenngoa ts'ebetsong lithutong tse amanang le ho fokotsa mathata a lefutso ho liphoofolo 'me li ka' na tsa sebelisoa haufinyane tleliniking ho phekola mafu a batho a mahlo le mali.
China le United States li amohetse liteko tse peli tsa bongaka tse sebelisang CRISPR-Cas9 bakeng sa kalafo e lebisitsoeng ea mofetše.
Ntle le ts'ebeliso ea biomedical, lisebelisoa tsena li se li sebelisoa lithutong ho potlakisa ho tsoala lijalo le mehlape, ho etsa li-antimicrobial tse ncha, le ho laola likokoanyana tse jalang mafu ka liphatsa tsa lefutso.
2. Tlhokomelo ea bophelo
Bo-rasaense ba khonne ho theha mekhoa ea ho senya libaktheria tse hananang le lithibela-mafu ka ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa likokoana-hloko tse bolaeang libaktheria (bacteriophages) ka theknoloji ea CRISPR-Cas9.
Mekhoa ena e boetse e thusa ho theha mehlala ea liphoofolo bakeng sa mafu a batho le ho tlosoa ha HIV liseleng tse nang le tšoaetso.
Ka mohlala oa mouse oa lefu la batho, CRISPR e ile ea lokisa phoso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, e leng se ileng sa fella ka pholoso ea meriana ea litoeba tse kulang.
3. Ho tsoala liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng
CRISPR e sebelisitsoe ho mahe a emolisitsoeng a pele ho theha likokoana-hloko tse fetotsoeng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso, 'me e kentsoe liphoofolong tsa laboratori ho fihlela phetoho e kholo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso liseleng tsa tsona.
Mekhoa e thehiloeng ho CRISPR e sebelisitsoe ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa liphoofolo tse kenyelletsang litoeba, likhoto le litšoene tse ling tseo e seng batho. Mekhoa ena e ka sebelisoa ho ntlafatsa tlhahiso, ho hanyetsa maloetse, le ho kenya tšebetsong mekhoa e batloang / litšobotsi tsa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng.
Re sebelisa CRISPR, re ka ba ra khona ho hlahisa moloko oa mefuta e mecha ea liphoofolo.
4. Tlhahiso ea Lijo
Theknoloji ea ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso ea CRISPR e ka ntlafatsa chai ea lijalo le boleng; khanyetso ea komello ea limela, khanyetso ea chefo le likokoanyana, ho eketsa polokeho ea lijo le polokeho.
E ka boela ea thusa ho tlosoa ha lithibela-mafu, ho ntlafatsa bophelo ba lihlahisoa, le ho potlakisa ts'ebetso ea ho hōlisa limela.
Limela tsa boleng bo betere li bolela furu ea boleng bo ntlafetseng bakeng sa liphoofolo, kahoo li matlafatsa bophelo ba tsona. Kaha limela le liphoofolo ke motheo oa ketane ea lijo tsa rōna, re ka ba le boleng ba lijo le lihlahisoa tse molemonyana.
5. Green Fuel
Mafura a tala ke mafura a hlahisoang ho tsoa mehloling ea lintho tse phelang 'me ha a na tikoloho.
CRISPR e entse hore ho khonehe ho hlahisa palo e habeli ea biodiesel (mofuta oa mafura a tala) ho tloha ho algae ea phototropic.
Mafura ana a fumanoa ka ho imena habeli tlhahiso ea lipid ho algae, ho sebelisa CRISPR ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso. Lipids lia cha 'me ha e le hantle li etsa biodiesel.
Empa na ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso ho nepahetse?
Ho fetola mokhoa oa tlhaho oa ts'ebetso ho netefatsa hore ho mema matšoenyeho a boitšoaro. Ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa motho ho sebelisa theknoloji ea ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso, joalo ka CRISPR, ha e so fumane tšehetso e sa tsitsang. Lebaka ke hore liphetoho tse entsoeng liphatseng tsa lefutso tsa lehe le peō ea botona li ka fetisetsoa melokong e tlang.
Ho na le phehisano e kholo ea hore na theknoloji ena e lokela ho sebelisoa ho ntlafatsa mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea batho (e kang bohlale kapa bophahamo).
Matšoenyeho a polokeho a boetse a hlaha ha u ntse u sebelisa theknoloji ena kaha kamehla ho na le monyetla oa ho ba le litlamorao tse sa lebelloang (liphetoho sebakeng se fosahetseng) le mosaicism (ha lisele tse ling li jara liphetoho empa tse ling li sa etse joalo).
Ho ipapisitsoe le matšoenyeho mabapi le melao ea boitšoaro le polokeho, phetoho ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ea lisele tsa ho ikatisa ha joale ha e molaong linaheng tse ngata.
fihlela qeto e
Ho utloisisa genome ea motho ho re lumelletse ho fetola theknoloji ea tlhokomelo ea bophelo ho nanoscale.
Ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso le theknoloji ea CRISPR e faneng ka likopo tsa motheo mabapi le ho felisa maloetse esita le ho lokisa ho se phethahale ha batho.
Bo-ramahlale ba bolela esale pele hore mahlale ana ke senotlolo sa ho theha moloko o se nang mafu oa li-homo sapien tse nang le litšobotsi tse phethahetseng.
Maikutlo a hau ke afe ka ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso? Re tsebise litlhalosong.
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