Zviri Mukati[Viga][Ratidza]
- 1. Unorevei netiweki?
- 2. Unorevei chaizvo nenodhi?
- 3. Chii chaizvo chinonzi link?
- 4. Rondedzera marudzi akasiyana-siyana emambure.
- 5. Network Topology: Unorevei nazvo?
- 6. DNS inorevei kwauri?
- 7. Unorevei neVPN?
- 8. Unogona here kuudza marudzi akasiyana eVPN?
- 9. Ndezvipi zvinobatsira zvaungawana nekushandisa VPN?
- 10. Ndeapi maitiro anoshandiswa kuongorora kuvimbika kwe network?
- 11. Chii chaizvo chinonzi OSI reference model?
- 12. Unogona here kundiudza chimwe chinhu nezve OSI referensi modhi layers?
- 13. Chii chinorehwa nekero yeIPv4?
- 14. “Private” uye “Special” IP kero zvinorevei?
- 15. Chii chaizvo chaunorevesa nebeaconing?
- 16. Chii chaizvo chinonzi FTP isingazivikanwe?
- 17. Ndeapi marudzi akasiyana emodhi anoshandiswa kuendesa data kuburikidza nemanetiweki?
- 18. Kero yeMAC inorevei kwauri?
- 19. Unonzwisisei nezwi rokuti RIP?
- 20. Ungasiyanisa sei Broadband kubva kuBaseband Tekinoroji?
- 21. Ungagadzirisa sei dambudziko rekubhomba kwechiratidzo?
- 22. Ko HTTP neHTTPS zvibvumirano zvinorevei?
- 23. Ko SMTP protocol inorevei?
- 24. Ndeapi mabasa e routers uye anosiyana sei kubva kumasuwo?
- 25. TCP inomirirei?
- 26. UDP inomirirei?
- 27. ICMP protocol inorevei?
- 28. Chii chaizvo chinonzi DHCP Protocol?
- 29. Rondedzera firewall.
- 30. Chii chaizvo chinonzi subnet?
- 31. Ungaziva sei nzira yekubatanidza pakati pemuenzi wepanzvimbo nesevha?
- 32. Tiudze nezve piggybacking.
- 33. Chii chinoita kuti chokwadi chive chikamu chakakosha chenetiweki yekombuta, sekufunga kwako?
- 34. Unorevei nekodha nedhikodha?
- 35. Chii chakasiyana pakati peAntivirus & firewall?
- mhedziso
Network pamakomputa chikomborero!
Iwe ungadai usiri kushandisa iyo Internet kuverenga izvozvi, uye ndingadai ndisiri kuinyora dai vasina kugadzirwa (uchishandisa isina waya yekumba network kubatanidza kumusoro komputa yangu).
Kuongorora kwakadzama kwekombuta network pasina mubvunzo kucharatidza kuve kwakaomarara zvakanyanya, asi iyo pfungwa yekutanga yekubatanidza makomputa kuti vagone kutaurirana iri nyore.
Computer networking ndiro izwi rinoshandiswa kutsanangura huwandu hwakawanda hwemidziyo yeIoT yakabatana, kusanganisira makamera, makiyi egonhi, mabhero emusuwo, mafiriji, maodhiyo / anoona masisitimu, thermostats, uye akasiyana masensa, anogona kutaurirana.
Zvishandiso izvi zvinosanganisira laptops, desktops, maseva, smartphones, uye mahwendefa.
IInternet inoshanda semufananidzo mukurusa wetiweki yekombuta.
Iwe unofanirwa kuve ikozvino wakagadzirira iyo 2022 Computer Network Hurukuro Mibvunzo kana iwe uchitarisira basa mukombuta network indasitiri.
Ndizvozvo kutaura kuti kubvunzurudzwa kwese kwakasiyana zvichienderana neakasiyana ebasa profiles. Isu takanyora iyo yakakosha Computer Network Hurukuro Mibvunzo neMhinduro pano kuti uve nechokwadi chekubudirira kwako.
1. Unorevei netiweki?
Netiweki inotsanangurwa semuunganidzwa wezvigajeti zvakabatanidzwa pamwe chete nenzira yekufambisa yemuviri.
A komputa network, semuenzaniso, muunganidzwa wemakomputa akabatana pamwe chete kuchinjanisa ruzivo uye zviwanikwa, kusanganisira Hardware, data, uye software. Node mune network dzinoshandiswa kubatanidza maviri kana anopfuura network pamwechete.
2. Unorevei chaizvo nenodhi?
Mune network, node inzvimbo inosangana nzira mbiri. Mukati metiweki, node dzinogona kutumira uye kugamuchira data neruzivo.
Pane node mbiri munetiweki, semuenzaniso, kana makomputa maviri akabatanidzwa pamwechete kuti augadzire. Zvakafanana neizvi, pachava nemanode matatu kana paine makomputa, zvichingodaro.
Chero mudziyo wekutaurirana, wakadai seprinta, sevha, modem, nezvimwe, inogona kushanda senode uye haifanirwe kuve komputa.
3. Chii chaizvo chinonzi link?
Muchimiro chayo chakareruka, chinongedzo chinongedzo pakati pemakomputa maviri kana anopfuura kana zvishandiso. Zvichienderana nekuti iwaya here kana kuti wireless kubatana, chingava chero chinhu.
Wireless links anoshandisa mapoinzi ekuwana, marouters, uye mamwe madhiraivha asina waya, nepo zvinongedzo zvemuviri zvinoshandisa tambo, hubs, switch, nezvimwe.
4. Rondedzera marudzi akasiyana-siyana emambure.
- PAN: MaPAN (Personal Area Networks) anogonesa zvishandiso kubatanidza uye kutaurirana mukati memunhu wese.
- LAN: Iyo network yakavanzika inoshanda mukati uye padyo nenzvimbo imwe chete, senge imba, kambani, kana fekitori.
- MURUME: Iyo Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), inobatanidza uye inoputira zvizere metropolis. Somuenzaniso, funga nezvekubatanidza tambo yeTV.
- WAN: Nharaunda yenzvimbo yakakura inowanzo sanganisira nyika yese kana kondinendi. IInternet ndiyo yakakura kwazvo WAN.
- GAN: Indaneti izita rakapihwa kune sisitimu inoshandisa masatellite kubatanidza pasi rese. IInternet inozivikanwawo seNetiweki yeWide Area Networks.
5. Network Topology: Unorevei nazvo?
Mamiriro ekunze etiweki, kana topology, inosarudza kuti makomputa kana node dzichabatana sei kune imwe.
6. DNS inorevei kwauri?
Server/client programs inouya mumhando mbiri dzakasiyana. Mushandisi anoshandisa imwe zvakananga, nepo imwe ichitsigira maapplication application.
Chikamu chechipiri chinosanganisira masisitimu emazita, ayo mamwe mapurogiramu anoshandisa kuwana email vanogamuchira 'IP kero, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu.
7. Unorevei neVPN?
Iko kugona kugadzira yakachengeteka network yekubatanidza kana uchishandisa veruzhinji network inozivikanwa seyakavanzika yakavanzika network kana VPN.
Yako internet traffic yakavharidzirwa neVPNs, iyo zvakare inovhara chitupa chako online.
Vatatu vanozozviona zvakanyanya kunetsa kutarisa yako internet chiitiko uye kuba data semhedzisiro. Real-time encryption inoitwa.
8. Unogona here kuudza marudzi akasiyana eVPN?
- Svika VPN: Iyo yakavanzika yakavanzika network inoshandiswa kubatanidza telecommuters nevashandisi venhare vari kure. Inogona kushandiswa kutsiva dial-up uye ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) yekubatanidza. Iyo inodhura-inodhura mhinduro ine akawanda ekubatanidza sarudzo.
- Site-to-Site VPN: Mafemu makuru ane mapazi munzvimbo dzinoverengeka anogona kushandisa saiti-kune-saiti kana router-to-router VPN kubatanidza network yeimwe hofisi kune imwe munzvimbo dzakasiyana.
- Intranet VPN: Yakagovaniswa zvivakwa (sevhavha uye internet yekubatanidza) inogona kushandiswa kubatanidza mahofisi ari kure munzvimbo dzakawanda aine zviyero zvekuwanikwa zvakafanana neWAN yakavanzika (yakafara nzvimbo network).
- Extranet VPN: Kushandisa yakajairwa intranet dhizaini, vatengesi, vatengi, vanobatana, uye zvimwe masangano zvakabatana kuburikidza neextranet VPN.
9. Ndezvipi zvinobatsira zvaungawana nekushandisa VPN?
- VPN masks online identity uye encrypts internet data.
- Kana ichienzaniswa nekubatana kweWAN, VPN inokwanisika kutenga uye inoshandiswa kubatanidza mahofisi munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana kure.
- Kuti utumire zvakachengeteka data rakavanzika pakati pemahofisi akati wandei akapararira munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, VPN inoshandiswa.
- Nekusimudzira virtualization, VPN inodzivirira ruzivo rwekambani kubva kune chero njodzi dzinogona kuitika kana kupinda.
10. Ndeapi maitiro anoshandiswa kuongorora kuvimbika kwe network?
Kuvimbika kwetiweki kuita chinodiwa chiitiko kuburikidza netiweki, senge kutaurirana pane network, inonzi inovimbika netiweki.
Kushanda kwetiweki kunokanganiswa zvakanyanya nekuvimbika kwetiweki.
Iwo matekiniki nemidziyo yekutarisisa network inodiwa kune network yakavimbika.
Manetiweki zvishandiso anovimbisa kuti data inosvika kwairi kuenda uku iyo network yekutarisa system inonongedza nyaya dzenetiweki.
11. Chii chaizvo chinonzi OSI reference model?
Izwi rekuti "Open System Interconnection" rinoreva referensi modhi inotsanangura mashandisirwo ezvirongwa kutaurirana kuburikidza netiweki network.
Pamusoro pezvo, inotsanangura maitiro ekutaurirana munetiweki uye inobatsira mukunzwisisa chinongedzo pakati pemanetiweki.
Zvinhu zvinotevera zvinogona kushandiswa kuyera kuvimbika kwenetiweki:
- Nguva yekuzorora: Nguva inodiwa kuti apore inonzi inononoka.
- Kutadza Kuitika: Iyo frequency yainotadza kuita sezvaitarisirwa ndiro dambudziko.
- Njodzi inoratidza kuti njodzi isingatarisirwi, yakadai semoto kana kudengenyeka kwenyika, yarova network.
12. Unogona here kundiudza chimwe chinhu nezve OSI referensi modhi layers?
- Physical Layer (Layer 1): data bit kune yemagetsi impulse kutendeuka.
- Data Link Layer (Layer 2): Bits kubva pakiti yedata ichaiswa encoded uye decoded.
- Network Layer (Layer 3): Kuchinjana kwemadatagrams pakati pemapato maviri.
- Yekutakura Layer (Layer 4): Inotarisira kufambiswa kwedata pakati pemapato.
- Session Layer (Layer 5): Ronga uye gadzirisa kombiyuta chiratidzo traffic.
- Presentation Layer (Layer 6): Fomati data yedhizaini yekushandisa.
- Chishandiso Layer (Layer 7): Iyo application layer uye yekupedzisira mushandisi achataurirana.
13. Chii chinorehwa nekero yeIPv4?
Network node's 32-bit dynamic address ndiyo inozivikanwa se IP address. Kero yeIPv4 ine 4 octets ye8-bit manhamba, imwe neimwe inogona kuva nehukoshi hunosvika 255.
14. “Private” uye “Special” IP kero zvinorevei?
Yakavanzika Kero: Pakirasi yega yega, pane kero dzeIP dzinongoshandiswa pachivande. Sezvo midziyo iyi isingachinjike, haigone kushandisa iyi IP kero.
Yakakosha Kero: IP kero siyana, inowanzonzi loopback kero, iri pakati pe127.0.0.1 ne127.255.255.255.
15. Chii chaizvo chaunorevesa nebeaconing?
Beaconing inoitika kana network ichiedza kuzvigadzirisa pachayo mushure mekusangana nematambudziko. Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa mumhete yechiratidzo uye Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) network.
Midziyo isingagamuchire chero chiratidzo inonyeverwa kana mudziyo uri munetiweki ukasangana nematambudziko. Nenzira iyi, nyaya yetiweki inogadziriswa.
16. Chii chaizvo chinonzi FTP isingazivikanwe?
Vashandisi vanogona kuwana data yeruzhinji vachishandisa isingazivikanwe FTP. Kupinda hakuzivikanwe uye mushandisi haafanirwe kuzviratidza kune server.
Kuti ushandise FTP isingazivikanwe, unofanirwa kutsiva id yevashandisi ne "asingazivikanwe."
MaFTP asingazivikanwe anogovanisa mafaera makuru nenhamba huru yevanogamuchira pasina kuburitsa huwandu hukuru hwezita rekushandisa uye password musanganiswa.
17. Ndeapi marudzi akasiyana emodhi anoshandiswa kuendesa data kuburikidza nemanetiweki?
Simplex: Simplex inoreva kutakurwa kwedata kunongoitika mune imwe nzira. Dhata inotumirwa mune simplex mode kungave kubva kune anotumira kune anogamuchira kana kubva kune anogamuchira kune anotumira. Semufananidzo, funga nezveredhiyo kana chiratidzo chekudhinda chinotumirwa kubva pakombuta kuenda kuprinta.
Half Duplex: Ese mafambiro ekufambisa data anogoneka, asi kwete panguva imwe chete. Seimwe nzira, data inofambiswa uye inogamuchirwa. Semuenzaniso, kana mushandisi akatumira chikumbiro kune sevha kana uchitsvaga pamhepo, sevha inopindura newebhu peji mushure mekugadzirisa chikumbiro.
Duplex Yakazara: Kutakurwa kwedata kunoitika panguva imwe chete munzira mbiri. Semuenzaniso, nzira mbiri dzemigwagwa ine nzira mbiri dzetraffic, kutaurirana kwefoni, nezvimwe.
18. Kero yeMAC inorevei kwauri?
Media Access Control inodaidzwa kunzi MAC. Ndiyo mudziyo weMedia Access Control Layer kero mu network yekuvaka.
Sezvo yakasarudzika, mudziyo mumwe chete unogona kuve neiyo MAC kero.
19. Unonzwisisei nezwi rokuti RIP?
Routing Information Protocol inonzi RIP. Iwo ma routers anobatana kwairi kuitira kuendesa data pakati pemanetiweki.
RIP iprotocol ine simba inoshandisa nzira yekuverengera yehop kuona nzira yakakwana pa network kubva kunobva kwainoenda.
Iyi protocol inoshandiswa nema routers kutaurirana network topology date.
Madiki uye epakati nepakati network anogona kushandisa iyi protocol.
20. Ungasiyanisa sei Broadband kubva kuBaseband Tekinoroji?
Nzira mbiri idzi dzinoshandiswa kutakura zviratidzo newaya. Baseband tekinoroji inotamisa data ichishandisa bidirectional dhijitari masaini, zvinoreva kuti data inotumirwa uye inogamuchirwa pamusoro peiyo chiteshi.
Broadband inopa data ichishandisa unidirectional analog masaini, zvinoreva kuti data inotumirwa uye inogamuchirwa kuburikidza nematanho maviri akazvimirira.
21. Ungagadzirisa sei dambudziko rekubhomba kwechiratidzo?
Nyaya yesignal bounce iripo mubus topology. Makomputa ari mubhasi topology akabatana kuburikidza necoaxial waya. Muchivakwa ichi, chiratidzo chekombuta chinopararira kubva pakombuta inotumira munzira mbiri.
Chiratidzo ichi chinobvondokera shure chodzokera nenzira imwe chete yayakabva kana yasvika panoperera waya.
Nyaya yekubhomba kwechiratidzo ndeiyi. Materminators anogona kushandiswa pamagumo etambo kugadzirisa nyaya iyi.
Terminator inobata masaini kana yasvika. Nyaya ine signal bouncing yakagadziriswa.
22. Ko HTTP neHTTPS zvibvumirano zvinorevei?
HyperText Transfer Protocol, kana HTTP, muunganidzwa wemitemo nemirau inotonga kuti data rinogona kuchinjana sei pamusoro peWorld Wide Web (WWW).
Inofambisa kudyidzana kukuru pakati pewebhu maseva nemabhurawuza. Kuve protocol isina nyika, chikumbiro chega chega chakazvimirira pane chiri pamberi pacho.
Kubva paTCP, HTTP ndeye application layer protocol. Chiteshi chainoshandisa nekusingaperi ndeye 80.
HyperText Transfer Protocol Yakachengeteka, kana Yakachengeteka HTTP, inodaidzwa neacronym HTTPS. Iyo yakagadziridzwa uye yakachengeteka mutsauko weHTTP.
Chengetedzo inowedzerwa kuHTTP kuburikidza neSSL/TLS protocol.
Encrypting kutaurirana inogonesa kutengeserana kwakachengeteka uye inotsigira kuzivikanwa kwakachengeteka kwevatambi venetiweki. Kazhinji, port 443 inoshandiswa.
23. Ko SMTP protocol inorevei?
Iyo Nyore Yekutumira Tsamba Protocol inozivikanwa seSMTP. Mitemo yekutaurirana-kune-server inotsanangurwa neSMTP. Chirongwa ichi chinogona kutumira maemail kuburikidza neinternet nerubatsiro rweseti iyi yegwara.
Ese maviri End-to-End uye Store-uye-Forward matekiniki anotsigirwa. Pachiteshi 25, yakagadzirirwa kugara-kuteerera modhi.
24. Ndeapi mabasa e routers uye anosiyana sei kubva kumasuwo?
Chishandiso chetiweki chinodaidzwa kuti router chinoshandiswa kubatanidza zvikamu zviviri kana kupfuura zvetiweki. Iyo inodzora kuti traffic yetiweki inotumirwa sei. Inotumira mapaketi eruzivo uye data, senge mapeji ewebhu, maemail, mafoto, uye mavhidhiyo, kubva kunobva kune kwainoenda.
Pane network layer, inoshanda.
Nekudaro, kusiyana nerouter, iyo inogona chete kuendesa data kune inofananidzwa network, magedhi anoshandiswawo kufambisa uye kudzora network traffic.
25. TCP inomirirei?
Iyo Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol dzimwe nguva inozivikanwa seTCP kana TCP/IP. Seti yemitemo inosarudza kuti komputa inobatana sei neInternet uye inotumira data pane network.
Kana makomputa mazhinji akabatanidzwa kunetiweki, inomisikidza network chaiyo uye inoshandisa nzira nhatu dzekubata maoko kumisikidza kubatana, zvichiita kuti ive yakavimbika.
26. UDP inomirirei?
Iyo User Datagram Protocol (UDP) ndeye datagram-yakavakirwa. Inonyanya kushandiswa kutepfenyura uye multicasting.
Kunze kwenzira nhatu dzekubata maoko nekutarisa kukanganisa, kushanda kwayo kwakada kufanana nekweTCP/IP Protocol.
Inoshandisa kutapurirana kwakatwasuka pasina kubata-ruoko, izvo zvinoderedza kuvimbika kwayo.
27. ICMP protocol inorevei?
Iyo Internet Kudzora Mharidzo Protocol inozivikanwa seICMP. Iri kukanganisa-kubata network layer protocol.
Izvo zvakakosha pakureva kukanganisa, kuona kana iyo data iri kusvika kwaunoda kuenda nenguva, uye inonyanya kushandiswa netiweki michina senge ma routers kugadzirisa matambudziko ekubatanidza network. Port 7 inoshandiswa nekusingaperi.
28. Chii chaizvo chinonzi DHCP Protocol?
Iyo Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol inozivikanwa seDHCP. Iyo iapplication layer protocol inomisikidza otomatiki IP network zvishandiso kuti vagone kushandisa TCP uye UDP-based protocol.
Iwo maturusi anogona kutaurirana pane ese IP network nekuti maseva eDHCP anongoburitsa IP kero uye mamwe maparamita etiweki.
Iyo inobatsira mukuwana iyo IP kero, subnet mask, uye DNS resolution. Nekutadza, port 67 inoshandiswa.
29. Rondedzera firewall.
Iyo network yekuchengetedza sisitimu inozivikanwa se firewall inoshandiswa kutarisa inouya uye inobuda traffic uye kuirambidza zvinoenderana ne firewall chengetedzo mitemo.
Inoshanda sechipinganidzo pakati pemidziyo yetiweki neinternet (public network) (yakavanzika network).
Pamwe chidimbu chehardware, chidimbu chesoftware, kana zvese zviri zviviri zvinobatanidzwa. Inopa network imwe nhanho yekudzivirira.
30. Chii chaizvo chinonzi subnet?
A subnet itiweki mukati meimwe network yakagadzirwa kuburikidza neiyo subnetting process, iyo inobatsira segment network kuita subnets. Inoshandiswa kuwedzera kushanda kwenzira uye kusimbisa network chengetedzo.
Maitiro ekutora kero yeanotambira kubva patafura yekufambisa anotora nguva shoma.
31. Ungaziva sei nzira yekubatanidza pakati pemuenzi wepanzvimbo nesevha?
Shandisa iyo Traceroute yekuraira kuti uwane nzira yakatorwa nekubatana pakati pemakina ako neserver yakanangana.
Ichi chishandiso chetiweki chekuongorora chinoshandiswa kuona chakakonzera nyaya dze network.
Iyo inochengeta track yeese marouters anoshandiswa nedata packet kusvika kwairi kuenda uye chero kunonoka mukufamba.
32. Tiudze nezve piggybacking.
Munzira mbiri dzekukurukurirana, mugamuchiri anopindura kune anotumira mushure mekugamuchira mapaketi e data. Funga nezve chiitiko umo mugamuchiri anononoka kutumira kubvuma kusvikira network layer yapfuura mune inotevera data packet.
Muchiitiko ichocho, iyo inouya data furemu inosanganisira kubvuma. Piggybacking ndiro zita rechiito ichi.
33. Chii chinoita kuti chokwadi chive chikamu chakakosha chenetiweki yekombuta, sekufunga kwako?
Authentication ndiyo nzira inoshandiswa kusimbisa zvitupa zvemushandisi usati wamugonesa kuwana network. Zita rekushandisa uye password zvinowanzo shandiswa kuzviita.
Izvi zvinopa nzira yakachengeteka yekudzivirira vanhu vasina mvumo kubva kuwana mukana kune network.
34. Unorevei nekodha nedhikodha?
An encoder isoftware, dunhu, kana mudziyo unoshandura data kubva kune imwe fomati kuenda kune imwe.
Mune encoders, analog impulses inoshandurwa kuita yedhijitari.
A decoder isoftware, hardware, kana chimwe chikamu chinoshandura encoded data kuita yayo yekutanga fomati.
Decoders inoshandura analog impulses kubva kudhijitari.
35. Chii chakasiyana pakati peAntivirus & firewall?
Zvirongwa zviviri zvakaparadzana zvekuchengetedza software zvinoshandiswa munetworking ndeye firewall uye antivirus.
Intranet's private network inodzivirirwa nefirewall, iyo inoshanda semuchengeti wepagedhi kuchengetedza vashandisi vasina mvumo.
Firewall inoongorora meseji yega yega uye inoramba iyo isina kuchengeteka.
Mapurogiramu anonzi antivirus anochengetedza kombiyuta kubva kumavhairasi, spyware, adware, uye zvimwe zvirongwa zvinokuvadza.
Iyo sisitimu haigone kudzivirirwa kubva kune malware, spyware, uye kumwe kutyisidzira nefirewall.
mhedziso
Networking ndeimwe yemisoro yakakosha yekubvunzurudza sezvo zvakanyanya kuoma kudzivirira iyo Internet mumamiriro anhasi. Makiromita 1.3 emakiromita e undersea optical fiber cables akarongwa kuiswa pasi rose kubatanidza nyika kuInternet panosvika 2022.
Waya dzinodarika dzakakwana dziripo kuti dzipedze kutenderera kwepasi kwakazara zana.
Chero ani anopinda mubvunzurudzo wetiweki achaona kuti chinyorwa ichi chinobatsira.
Mubvunzurudzo, munhu anofanira kungwarira paanenge achipindura mibvunzo nekuti networking inyaya yakaoma. Nemibvunzo yambotaurwa, hauzonetse kujekesa kubvunzurudzwa.
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