Zachibadwa zamakono zapanga njira yamphamvu yotchedwa genomic selection yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito deta yomwe ili m'magulu a zomera ndi zinyama kuti azitha kuswana.
Kusankhidwa kwa ma genomic kumathandizira kulosera za kuthekera kwa majini amunthu pamikhalidwe yomwe akufuna, monga kukana matenda, zokolola, kapena mtundu, powunika kusiyana kwa DNA kwa anthu.
Deta ya majini imeneyi imathandiza kupanga zisankho zodziwika bwino, kufulumizitsa kasankhidwe, ndikupanga mapulogalamu obereketsa omwe ali othandiza komanso obala zipatso.
M'dera losangalatsa la majini, makina kuphunzira wakhala akupanga zodabwitsa komanso kukulitsa munda. Tiyeni tifufuze ndi kuphunzira zamakina kuphunzira pakusankha ma genomic.
Kodi Genomic Selection ndi Chiyani Kwenikweni?
Kusankha kwa ma genomic ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poweta nyama ndi zomera kulosera zomwe munthu angachite potengera chibadwa chake.
Zimaphatikizapo kuyang'ana pa DNA ya anthu kuti apeze zolembera zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi makhalidwe abwino.
Ofufuza atha kudziwa kuthekera kwa majini a munthu pazinthu monga kukana matenda, zokolola, kapena mtundu posanthula zolembera zamtundu wonse.
Oweta amatha kulosera za momwe ana angachitire molondola chifukwa cha kusankha kwa ma genomic popanda kufunikira kotenga nthawi komanso kuwunika kokwera mtengo kwa phenotypic.
Mwa kupangitsa oweta kusankha anthu omwe ali ndi kuthekera koyenera kwa majini oti azitha kuswana, njirayi imathandizira kufulumizitsa njira yoweta mwa kupangitsa kupititsa patsogolo bwino komanso kuyang'ana kwambiri za mikhalidwe yomwe ikufunika muzomera ndi nyama.
Kuswana kwa mbewu kudzera mu kusankha kwa ma genomic
Kuswana kwa zomera kwasintha kwambiri chifukwa cha kusankha kwa ma genomic, komwe kwafulumizitsa ntchitoyi ndikuwonjezera zokolola.
Koma kuti tithane ndi mavuto omwe akubwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, chitukuko chowonjezereka ndichofunika.
Kuti athetse izi, ofufuza akugwiritsa ntchito ma pangenomes ndi njira zophunzirira makina opangira ma genomic.
Mitundu yonse ya ma genomic ya zamoyo, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti pangenome, imalola kumvetsetsa bwino za kusintha kwa majini.
Titha kutsegula njira yowongolerera mbewu ndikuchepetsa zotsatira zoyipa zakusintha kwanyengo paulimi poyang'ana zitsanzo kuchokera ku kuswana mbewu, kumvetsetsa zopinga za kuphunzira makina, ndikuwonetsa lonjezo la njirazi.
Pangenomes of Plants: Kuwulula Genomic Diversity
Mwachizoloŵezi, misonkhano yamtundu wamtundu umodzi yakhala ikuyang'ana kwambiri pakusankha ma genomic, koma ma pangenomes tsopano akuchulukirachulukira. Ma genenomes a zomera, m'malo mwa magulu amtundu uliwonse, amawonetsa chibadwa cha mtundu kapena banja.
Ma jini ofunikira, kuphatikiza omwe sanaphatikizidwe mumsonkhano wamawu, amawululidwa ndi iwo. Kwa mbewu zingapo, ma pangenomes adapangidwa, kuwunikira mbiri yakale yoweta ndi kuswana.
Kuphatikizika kwawo ndi kusankha kwa majini sikuthandiza kwenikweni.
Oweta angagwiritse ntchito mitundu yambiri ya zizindikiro za majini, kuwongolera zolosera zolosera komanso kulanda maulumikizi onse omwe angathe, mwa kuphatikiza ma pangenomes mu kusankha ma genomic.
Kusankhidwa kwa Genomic Kutengera Kuphunzira Kwamakina
Njira zachikhalidwe zosankha ma genomic zimakhala ndi zovuta kuthana ndi zotsatira zosawonjezera monga epistasis, genomic imprinting, ndi ma genotype. Potengera izi, njira zophunzirira zamakina zimapereka mayankho ogwira mtima.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa wagwiritsa ntchito njira zophunzirira zamakina posankha ma genomic, zotsatira zake zimakhala pakati pa ma dataset ndi mbewu.
Ma algorithms ophunzirira makina amatha kuthana ndi zovuta zowonetsera deta, monga ma phenotypes osakanikirana ndi kuyanjana pakati pa phenotypes kapena genotypes.
Mwachitsanzo, ma aligorivimu ophunzirira makina akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kulosera zopanga komanso zamtundu wa zipatso mu mbewu za polyploid monga sitiroberi ndi ma blueberries.
Ngakhale machitidwewa ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu, kumvetsetsa kutanthauzira kwawo ndikusintha ma hyperparameter ndikofunikira kuti agwiritse ntchito bwino.
Njira Zosiyanasiyana Zophunzirira Makina
M'maphunziro olosera za genomic, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zophunzirira makina kukukulirakulira. Njirazi zitha kugawidwa m'njira zophunzirira mosayang'aniridwa ndi osayang'aniridwa.
Njira zophunzirira zoyang'aniridwa ndizothandiza kwambiri chifukwa zimatha kuzindikira mawonekedwe deta yolembedwa ndi kuyembekezera zotsatira.
Ngakhale maphunziro osiyanasiyana adawunika momwe makina ophunzirira amagwirira ntchito, kafukufuku woyerekeza njira zosiyanasiyana akusowa.
Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kuti ndi magulu ati a njira omwe amagwira bwino ntchito ndikuwunika ubwino ndi zovuta zawo poyerekeza ndi njira zodziwika bwino.
Kulonjeza Njira Zolosera za Genomic
Linear Mixed Models
Mu kulosera kwa ma genomic, mitundu yosakanikirana yofananira yatsimikizira kukhala yodalirika komanso yothandiza. Kuwerengera za kusiyanasiyana kwa ma genetic mwa anthu, zitsanzozi zimaphatikiza zonse zokhazikika komanso zosasinthika.
Ma aligorivimuwa amatha kulosera molondola za kuswana kwa ma genomic potengera ubale wapayekha.
Chifukwa cha mpikisano wolosera zam'tsogolo, luso lowerengera, komanso kuphweka, mitundu yosakanikirana yamitundu yosiyanasiyana imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuweta zomera ndi nyama. Amafunikira magawo ocheperako kuposa njira zina, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera kusankha ma genomic.
Regularized Regression
Pakulosera kwa ma genome, njira zosinthira nthawi zonse monga LASSO (Shrinkage Wocheperako ndi Selection Operator) ndi kuwongolera mtunda ndi zida zothandiza.
Njirazi zimathandizira kusankha kosinthika ndi kukhazikika powonjezera nthawi yachilango ku mtundu wamba wobwerera.
Njirazi zimagwira bwino ntchito zamtundu wapamwamba ndikuwongolera zolosera pochepetsa zolembera zocheperako mpaka ziro.
Njira zosinthira nthawi zonse ndizosankha zabwino pakusankha ma genomic m'maphunziro onse a zomera ndi zinyama chifukwa zimagwirizanitsa pakati pa kuphweka ndi kuchita bwino.
Nkhalango Zachisawawa
Njira yophunzirira pamodzi yotchedwa nkhalango zosasinthika imaneneratu pogwiritsa ntchito mitengo yosankha. Nkhalango zachisawawa zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa deta yamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri potengera kuneneratu kwamtundu.
Ndi njirayi, mitengo yambiri yosankha imamangidwa, iliyonse imaphunzitsidwa pazidziwitso zachisawawa, ndipo zolosera zawo zimaphatikizidwa kuti zipange chiwonetsero chimodzi.
Nkhalango zachisawawa ndi chida chothandiza pakusankha ma genomic chifukwa zimatha kuzindikira kulumikizana movutikira komanso kulumikizana kosagwirizana pakati pa mawonekedwe ndi zolembera.
Nkhalango zachisawawa zimakhalanso zolimba kuzinthu zakunja ndipo zimatha kutengera zomwe zikusowa, zomwe zimawonjezera mtengo wake pakulosera kwamtundu wamtundu.
Ma ANN (ma neural neural network)
Amapanga mawindo a neural, omwe nthawi zina amatchedwa ma ANN kapena ma neural network, ndi zitsanzo zamakompyuta zomwe zimakopa chidwi ndi kapangidwe ka ubongo wamunthu.
Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kuzindikira machitidwe ovuta komanso maubwenzi mu data, ma ANN achulukirachulukira pakulosera kwa majini.
Ma ANN amatha kujambula kuyanjana kosagwirizana pakati pa zolembera ndi mawonekedwe chifukwa cha kapangidwe kawo kamitundu yambiri komanso ma neurons olumikizana. Maukondewa amafunikira kuphunzitsidwa mokwanira pogwiritsa ntchito ma dataset ambiri komanso kusintha kwakukulu kwa hyperparameter.
Mwa kuwulula maulalo ovuta a majini ndikuzindikiritsa machitidwe obisika mu data ya genomic, ma ANN ali ndi kuthekera kowonjezera kulondola kwa kuneneratu kwa genomic.
Makhalidwe Ofuna Ndi Kufunika Kwa Deta
Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti deta yomwe ikuwunikidwa ndi zomwe zikuwunikiridwa zimakhudza momwe zimakhalira zolosera komanso mtengo wowerengera wa njira zophunzirira makina.
Monga momwe tikuwonera, kuwonjezera zovuta kunjira zachikhalidwe zokhazikika kumatha kubweretsa ndalama zambiri zamakompyuta popanda kukulitsa kulondola kwaneneratu.
Computational Efficiency Investments
Potengera kudalira ma dataset ndi zomwe mukufuna kuchita pakulosera zam'tsogolo komanso kuchuluka kwa ma computa, ndikofunikira kuyika ndalama kuti zithandizire kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a makina ophunzirira makina ndi zida zamakompyuta.
Izi zitha kuthandiza kuwongolera bwino komanso kuchita bwino pakusankha ma genomic.
Pomaliza - Kodi Tsogolo Lili Lotani?
Kuphunzira kwa makina pakusankha ma genomic kumawoneka kuti kuli ndi tsogolo lowala. Njira zophunzirira makina zimatha kusinthiratu kuneneratu kwa majini pomwe ukadaulo ukukula ndipo zida zamakompyuta zimapezeka kwambiri.
Njirazi zimalola kugwiritsa ntchito deta yamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri, kutulukira kwa machitidwe ovuta, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa maulosi olondola.
Potsogolera kusankha kwachangu komanso kolondola kwa anthu omwe ali ndi zomwe mukufuna, kuphatikiza makina ophunzirira makina ndi kusankha kwa ma genomic kumakhala ndi kuthekera kokweza mapulogalamu oweta.
Kuti muwongolere njirazi, kuthana ndi zovuta zamawerengedwe, ndikufufuza momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera ndi zinyama, kuphunzira zambiri kumafunika.
Tikuyembekeza kuphunzira pamakina kukhala kofunika kwambiri pakusankha ma genomic pomwe ukadaulo ukukula, kufulumizitsa kuchuluka kwa momwe majini akuyendera komanso kuthandiza agriculsectorture.
Siyani Mumakonda