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Artificial Intelligence (AI) poyamba ankaganiza kuti ndi maloto akutali, teknoloji yamtsogolo, koma sizili choncho.
Zomwe kale zinali mutu wofufuza tsopano zikuphulika m'dziko lenileni. AI tsopano ikupezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kuntchito kwanu, sukulu, mabanki, zipatala, ngakhale foni yanu.
Ndiwo maso a magalimoto odziyendetsa okha, mawu a Siri ndi Alexa, malingaliro kumbuyo kwa nyengo, manja kumbuyo kwa opaleshoni yothandizidwa ndi robotic, ndi zina.
Nzeru zochita kupanga (AI) ikukhala chinthu wamba m'moyo wamakono. M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, AI yakhala ikusewera kwambiri pamitundu yambiri yaukadaulo wa IT.
Pomaliza, neural network imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi AI kuphunzira zinthu zatsopano.
Chifukwa chake lero tiphunzira za Neural Networks, momwe zimagwirira ntchito, mitundu yawo, ntchito, ndi zina zambiri.
Kodi Neural Network ndi chiyani?
In makina kuphunzira, neural network ndi netiweki yopangidwa ndi pulogalamu yamanyuroni opangira. Imayesa kutsanzira ubongo wa munthu pokhala ndi zigawo zambiri za "nyuroni," zomwe zimakhala zofanana ndi minyewa ya muubongo wathu.
Gawo loyamba la ma neuron livomereza zithunzi, makanema, mawu, mawu, ndi zolowetsa zina. Deta iyi imayenda m'magawo onse, ndikutulutsa kwa gawo limodzi kumalowera kwina. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pantchito zovuta kwambiri, monga kukonza zilankhulo zachilengedwe pophunzira makina.
Komabe, nthawi zina, kuyang'ana kukakamiza kwadongosolo kuti muchepetse kukula kwachitsanzo ndikusunga kulondola komanso kuchita bwino ndikwabwino. Kudulira neural network ndi njira yopondereza yomwe imaphatikizapo kuchotsa zolemera kuchokera ku mtundu wophunziridwa. Taganizirani za artificial intelligence neural network yomwe yaphunzitsidwa kusiyanitsa anthu ndi nyama.
Chithunzicho chidzagawidwa mu magawo owala ndi amdima ndi gawo loyamba la neurons. Deta iyi idzaperekedwa mugawo lotsatira, lomwe lidzatsimikizira komwe m'mphepete mwake muli.
Chotsatira chotsatira chidzayesa kuzindikira mafomu omwe m'mphepete mwawo wapanga. Malinga ndi zomwe adaphunzitsidwa, detayo idzadutsa m'magawo angapo mofananamo kuti mudziwe ngati chithunzi chomwe mwapereka ndi cha munthu kapena nyama.
Deta ikaperekedwa mu neural network, imayamba kuikonza. Pambuyo pake, deta imakonzedwa kudzera mumagulu ake kuti mupeze zotsatira zomwe mukufuna. Neural network ndi makina omwe amaphunzira kuchokera kuzinthu zokhazikika ndikuwonetsa zotsatira. Pali mitundu itatu ya maphunziro yomwe imatha kuchitika mu neural network:
- Kuphunzira Kuyang'aniridwa - Zolowetsa ndi zotuluka zimaperekedwa ku ma algorithms pogwiritsa ntchito deta yolembedwa. Ataphunzitsidwa kusanthula deta, amalosera zomwe akufuna.
- Kuphunzira Mopanda Woyang'anira - An ANN imaphunzira popanda kuthandizidwa ndi munthu. Palibe deta yolembedwa, ndipo zotulukazo zimasankhidwa ndi machitidwe omwe amapezeka muzotulutsa.
- Maphunziro Owonjezera ndi pamene netiweki imaphunzira kuchokera ku mayankho omwe amalandira.
Kodi ma Neural network amagwira ntchito bwanji?
Ma neurons opangira amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu neural network, yomwe ndi machitidwe apamwamba. Ma neurons opangira, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ma perceptron, amapangidwa ndi zigawo izi:
- Lowetsani
- Kunenepa
- Nyama
- Ntchito yoyambitsa
- linanena bungwe
Zigawo za neuroni zomwe zimapanga ma neural network. Neural network ili ndi zigawo zitatu:
- Lowetsani wosanjikiza
- Wobisika wosanjikiza
- Linanena bungwe wosanjikiza
Deta mu mawonekedwe a nambala yamtengo wapatali imatumizidwa ku gawo lolowetsamo. Masamba obisika a netiweki ndi omwe amawerengera kwambiri. Chosanjikiza chotuluka, chomaliza koma chocheperako, chimaneneratu zotsatira. Ma neurons amalamulirana mu neural network. Ma neuroni amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga gawo lililonse. Deta imayendetsedwa kumalo obisika pambuyo poti gawo lolowera likulandira.
Zolemera zimayikidwa pazolowera zilizonse. Mkati mwa zigawo zobisika za neural network, kulemera kwake ndi mtengo womwe umamasulira deta yomwe ikubwera. Zolemera zimagwira ntchito pochulukitsa zomwe zalowetsedwa potengera kulemera kwa gawo lolowetsa.
Kenako imayamba mtengo wobisika woyamba. Deta yolowetsa imasinthidwa ndikupititsidwa kumalo ena kudzera pazobisika zobisika. Chosanjikiza chotuluka chimakhala ndi udindo wopanga zotsatira zomaliza. Zolowetsa ndi zolemera zimachulukitsidwa, ndipo zotsatira zake zimaperekedwa ku ma neurons obisika monga kuchuluka. Neuron iliyonse imapatsidwa kukondera. Kuti muwerengere kuchuluka, neuroni iliyonse imawonjezera zomwe imalandira.
Pambuyo pake, mtengowo umadutsa poyambitsa ntchito. Zotsatira za ntchito yotsegula zimatsimikizira ngati neuron yatsegulidwa kapena ayi. Neuron ikagwira ntchito, imatumiza chidziwitso ku zigawo zina. Deta imapangidwa mu netiweki mpaka neuron ifika pagawo lotulutsa pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi. Kufalitsa kwapatsogolo ndi liwu lina la izi.
Njira yodyetsera zidziwitso m'malo olowera ndikupeza zotuluka kudzera mu node yotulutsa imadziwika kuti feed-forward propagation. Pamene deta yolowera ikuvomerezedwa ndi wosanjikiza wobisika, kufalitsa kwa feed-forward kumachitika. Imakonzedwa molingana ndi ntchito yotsegulira kenako ndikudutsa pazotulutsa.
Zotsatira zake zimayesedwa ndi neuron yomwe ili mu gawo lotulutsa ndikuthekera kwakukulu. Backpropagation kumachitika pamene linanena bungwe si zolakwika. Zolemera zimayambika pazowonjezera zilizonse pomwe zikupanga neural network. Backpropagation ndi ndondomeko yokonzanso zolemera za cholowa chilichonse kuti muchepetse zolakwika ndikupereka zotsatira zolondola.
Mitundu ya Neural Network
1. Perceptron
Mtundu wa Minsky-Papert perceptron ndi imodzi mwazosavuta komanso zakale kwambiri zama neuron. Ndilo gawo laling'ono kwambiri la neural network lomwe limawerengetsera zina kuti lipeze mawonekedwe kapena luntha labizinesi muzolowera. Zimatengera zolowera zolemetsa ndikuyika ntchito yoyambitsa kuti mupeze zotsatira zomaliza. TLU (threshold logic unit) ndi dzina lina la perceptron.
Perceptron ndi gulu la binary lomwe ndi njira yophunzirira yoyang'aniridwa yomwe imagawaniza deta m'magulu awiri. Zipata Zomveka monga AND, OR, ndi NAND zitha kukhazikitsidwa ndi ma perceptron.
2. Feed-Forward Neural Network
Mtundu wofunikira kwambiri wamanetiweki a neural, momwe zolowetsamo zimayenda molunjika mbali imodzi, zimadutsa m'malo opangira ma neural nodi ndikutuluka kudzera muzotulutsa. Zolowetsa ndi zotulutsa zimapezeka m'malo omwe zigawo zobisika zingakhalepo kapena kulibe. Atha kudziwika ngati ma neural network osanjikiza amodzi kapena angapo amitundu yambiri kutengera izi.
Kuchuluka kwa zigawo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zovuta za ntchitoyi. Zimangofalikira kutsogolo kunjira imodzi ndipo sizimafalikira chammbuyo. Apa, zolemera zimakhalabe zosasintha. Zolowetsa zimachulukitsidwa ndi zolemera kuti zidyetse ntchito yotsegula. Ntchito yoyambitsa magulu kapena ntchito yoyambitsa masitepe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchita izi.
3. Mipikisano wosanjikiza perceptron
Chiyambi cha zovuta neural network, momwe deta yolowera imayendetsedwa kudzera mumagulu ambiri a neuroni ochita kupanga. Ndi neural network yolumikizidwa kwathunthu, popeza node iliyonse imalumikizidwa ndi ma neuroni onse pamzere wotsatira. Zigawo zingapo zobisika, mwachitsanzo, zosachepera zitatu kapena kuposerapo, zilipo muzolowera ndi zotuluka.
Imakhala ndi kufalikira kwapawiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti imatha kufalitsa kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo. Zolowetsa zimachulukitsidwa ndi zolemera ndikutumizidwa ku ntchito yoyambitsa, komwe zimasinthidwa kudzera ku backpropagation kuti muchepetse kutayika.
Zolemera ndi mfundo zophunziridwa ndi makina kuchokera ku Neural Networks, kunena mophweka. Kutengera ndi kusiyana pakati pa zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa ndi zomwe amaphunzitsidwa, amadzisintha okha. Softmax imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ntchito yotsegulira yosanjikiza pambuyo pa ntchito zopanda mzere.
4. Convolutional Neural Network
Mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe amitundu iwiri, convolution neural network ili ndi mawonekedwe atatu a ma neuron. Gawo loyamba limadziwika kuti convolutional layer. Neuroni iliyonse yomwe ili mu gawo la convolutional imangopanga chidziwitso kuchokera kugawo lochepa la gawo lowonera. Monga fyuluta, zolowetsa zimatengedwa mu batch mode.
Netiweki imamvetsetsa zithunzi m'magawo ndipo imatha kuchita izi kangapo kuti amalize kukonza zithunzi zonse.
Chithunzicho chimasinthidwa kuchoka ku RGB kapena HSI kukhala greyscale panthawi yokonza. Kusiyanasiyana kwina kwa mtengo wa pixel kumathandizira kuzindikira m'mphepete, ndipo zithunzi zitha kusanjidwa m'magulu angapo. Kufalitsa kwa unidirectional kumachitika pamene CNN ili ndi gawo limodzi kapena zingapo zotsatiridwa ndikutsatiridwa, ndipo kufalitsa kwa bidirectional kumachitika pamene kutulutsa kwa convolution layer kumatumizidwa ku neural network yolumikizidwa bwino kuti ipange chithunzi.
Kuchotsa zinthu zina za chithunzi, zosefera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mu MLP, zolowetsazo zimalemedwa ndikupatsidwa ntchito yoyambitsa. RELU imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu convolution, pamene MLP imagwiritsa ntchito ntchito yosasinthika yotsatiridwa ndi softmax. Pakuzindikiritsa zithunzi ndi makanema, kuyika kwa semantic, ndi kuzindikira mawu ofotokozera, ma convolutional neural network amatulutsa zotsatira zabwino kwambiri.
5. Radial Bias Network
Vector yolowetsa imatsatiridwa ndi wosanjikiza wa RBF neurons ndi wosanjikiza wotulutsa wokhala ndi nodi imodzi pagulu lililonse mu Radial Basis Function Network. Zomwe zimalowetsedwa zimagawidwa poziyerekeza ndi ma data kuchokera ku seti yophunzitsira, pomwe neuroni iliyonse imakhala ndi mawonekedwe. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zitsanzo za seti ya maphunziro.
Neuroni iliyonse imawerengera mtunda wa Euclidean pakati pa cholowetsa ndi chofananira chake pomwe vekitala yatsopano [ya n-dimensional vector yomwe mukuyesera kuika m'magulu] iyenera kuikidwa m'magulu. Ngati tili ndi makalasi awiri, Kalasi A ndi Kalasi B, zolowetsa zatsopano zomwe ziyenera kugawidwa ndizofanana kwambiri ndi ma prototypes a kalasi A kuposa ma prototype a kalasi B.
Zotsatira zake, zitha kulembedwa kapena kugawidwa ngati gulu A.
6. Neural Network Yokhazikika
Recurrent Neural Networks adapangidwa kuti asunge zomwe zimatuluka ndikuzibwezeretsanso kuti zithandizire kuneneratu zotsatira zake. A feed-forward neural network nthawi zambiri ndi gawo loyambirira, lotsatiridwa ndi neural network wosanjikiza, pomwe ntchito yokumbukira imakumbukira gawo lazambiri zomwe zidali nazo munthawi yapitayo.
Chochitika ichi chimagwiritsa ntchito kufalitsa kwamtsogolo. Imapulumutsa deta yomwe idzafunike m'tsogolomu. Kukachitika kuti kuneneratu sikulakwa, mlingo wa maphunziro umagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zosintha zazing'ono. Chotsatira chake, pamene kubwerezabwereza kukupita patsogolo, kumakhala kolondola kwambiri.
Mapulogalamu
Ma Neural network amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthana ndi mavuto a data m'machitidwe osiyanasiyana; zitsanzo zina zikuwonetsedwa pansipa.
- Kuzindikiritsa Nkhope - Mayankho Ozindikiritsa Nkhope amagwira ntchito ngati njira zowunikira bwino. Machitidwe ozindikiritsa amagwirizanitsa zithunzi za digito ndi nkhope za anthu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maofesi polowera mosankha. Chifukwa chake, makinawa amatsimikizira nkhope ya munthu ndikuiyerekeza ndi mndandanda wa ma ID omwe amasungidwa m'nkhokwe yake.
- Stock Prediction - Ndalama zimakumana ndi zoopsa za msika. Ndizovuta kuwoneratu zomwe zikuchitika m'tsogolomu msika wamasheya womwe ukuvuta kwambiri. Pamaso pa ma neural network, magawo osinthika a bullish ndi bearish anali osadziwikiratu. Koma, nchiyani chinasintha zonse? Inde, tikukamba za neural network… Multilayer Perceptron MLP (mtundu wa feedforward artificial intelligence system) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zolosera zopambana za masheya munthawi yeniyeni.
- Media Social - Mosasamala kanthu kuti corny zingamveke bwanji, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti asintha njira yamoyo. Makhalidwe a ogwiritsa ntchito ochezera amawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Artificial Neural Networks. Kuti tiwunikenso mpikisano, zomwe zimaperekedwa tsiku lililonse kudzera muzochita zenizeni zimawunjika ndikuwunikidwa. Zochita za ogwiritsa ntchito pazama TV zimatsatiridwa ndi neural network. Zochita za anthu zimatha kulumikizidwa ndi momwe anthu amawonongera deta ikawunikidwa kudzera pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti. Zambiri kuchokera pama media ochezera amakumbidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Multilayer Perceptron ANN.
- Zaumoyo - Anthu amasiku ano akugwiritsa ntchito zopindulitsa zaukadaulo pantchito yazaumoyo. Mubizinesi yazaumoyo, Convolutional Neural Networks imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira ma X-ray, ma CT scan, ndi ma ultrasound. Deta yoyerekeza zamankhwala yomwe yalandilidwa kuchokera ku mayeso omwe tawatchulawa amawunikidwa ndikuwunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya neural network, monga CNN imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zithunzi. Popanga machitidwe ozindikira mawu, recurrent neural network (RNN) imagwiritsidwanso ntchito.
- Lipoti la Nyengo - Asanakhazikitsidwe nzeru zopangapanga, zomwe dipatimenti yowona zanyengo isanachitike sizinali zolondola. Kulosera kwanyengo kumachitidwa makamaka pofuna kulosera zanyengo zimene zidzachitike m’tsogolo. Zolosera zanyengo zikugwiritsidwa ntchito poyembekezera ngozi zachilengedwe zomwe zingachitike masiku ano. Kulosera kwanyengo kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ma multilayer perceptron (MLP), convolutional neural networks (CNN), ndi recurrent neural networks (RNN).
- Chitetezo - Kachitidwe, kusanthula zida, ndi malo azinthu zonse zimagwiritsa ntchito ma neural network. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito poyendetsa ndege ndi nyanja, komanso kuyang'anira ma drones odziyimira pawokha. Luntha lochita kupanga likupatsa makampani achitetezo chilimbikitso chomwe chikufunika kuti chiwonjezere ukadaulo wake. Pozindikira kukhalapo kwa migodi ya pansi pamadzi, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
ubwino
- Ngakhale ma neurons ochepa mu neural network sakugwira ntchito bwino, ma neural network amatulutsabe zotuluka.
- Ma Neural network ali ndi kuthekera kophunzira munthawi yeniyeni ndikusinthira kusintha kwawo.
- Neural network imatha kuphunzira kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Kupereka zotsatira zolondola potengera zomwe zaperekedwa.
- Ma Neural network ali ndi mphamvu komanso kuthekera kogwira ntchito zingapo nthawi imodzi.
kuipa
- Ma Neural network amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa mavuto. Simawulula kufotokozera chifukwa cha "chifukwa chiyani komanso momwe" idapangira zigamulo zomwe idachita chifukwa chazovuta zamaukonde. Zotsatira zake, kukhulupirirana kwa netiweki kumatha kuthetsedwa.
- Magawo a neural network amadalirana. Ndiko kunena kuti, ma neural network amafuna (kapena amadalira kwambiri) makompyuta okhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira zamakompyuta.
- Njira ya neural network ilibe lamulo lapadera (kapena lamulo la chala chachikulu). Mu njira yoyesera ndi zolakwika, dongosolo lolondola la intaneti limakhazikitsidwa poyesa maukonde abwino. Ndi ndondomeko yomwe imafuna kukonzedwa bwino kwambiri.
Kutsiliza
Munda wa mawindo a neural ikukula mofulumira. Ndikofunikira kuphunzira ndikumvetsetsa malingaliro omwe ali mugawoli kuti athe kuthana nawo.
Mitundu yambiri yama neural network yafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito ma neural network kuthana ndi zovuta za data m'magawo ena ngati muphunzira zambiri za mwambowu.
Siyani Mumakonda