Canjin dijital yana canza duniya cikin sauri fiye da kowane lokaci. Koyo game da mahimman ra'ayoyi na zamani na dijital zai zama ma fi mahimmanci tare da zuwan wani sabon yanayin fasaha da ke da ikon canza samfuran da ake da su tare da sauri da ƙarfi mai ban mamaki: ƙididdigar ƙididdiga.
A cikin wannan labarin, mun kwatanta ainihin ra'ayoyin ƙididdiga na gargajiya da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, kuma mun fara bincika aikace-aikacen su a wurare daban-daban.
Menene kaddarorin ƙididdiga?
A cikin tarihi, mutane sun haɓaka fasaha yayin da suka fahimci ayyukan yanayi ta hanyar kimiyya. Tsakanin shekarun 1900 zuwa 1930, nazarin wasu al'amura na zahiri da har yanzu ba a fahimce su ba sun haifar da sabuwar ka'idar jiki: Quantum Mechanics. Wannan ka'idar ta bayyana da kuma bayyana ayyukan da ba a iya gani ba, yanayin muhallin kwayoyin halitta, atom da electrons.
Ba wai kawai ya sami damar bayyana waɗannan abubuwan mamaki ba, amma kuma ya sa ya yiwu a fahimci cewa gaskiyar subatomic tana aiki a cikin gaba ɗaya mai saurin fahimta, kusan hanyar sihiri, kuma abubuwan da suka faru suna faruwa a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ba su faruwa a cikin macroscopic duniya.
Waɗannan kaddarorin ƙididdigewa sun haɗa da juzu'in juzu'i, haɗaɗɗiyar ƙima, da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga.
- Ƙimar girman matsayi ya bayyana yadda barbashi zai iya kasancewa a jihohi daban-daban a lokaci guda.
- Matsakaicin adadin ya bayyana yadda za'a iya kawo barbashi biyu zuwa yanayin "makudi" kuma, bayan haka, suna amsa kusan lokaci guda a hanya ɗaya, duk da nisansu na zahiri. A wasu kalmomi, ana iya sanya su nesa da abin da ake so, kuma, lokacin da ake hulɗa da ɗaya, ɗayan yana mayar da martani ga wannan hulɗar.
- Quantum teleportation yana amfani da quantum entanglement don aika bayanai daga wuri guda a sararin samaniya zuwa wani ba tare da buƙatar tafiya ta sararin samaniya ba.
Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta dogara ne akan waɗannan kaddarorin ƙididdiga na yanayin subatomic.
A wannan yanayin, fahimtar yau game da ƙananan ƙananan duniya ta hanyar Quantum Mechanics yana ba mu damar ƙirƙira da tsara fasahohin da za su iya inganta rayuwar mutane. Akwai fasahohi iri-iri da yawa da ke amfani da abubuwan ban mamaki, kuma wasu daga cikinsu, kamar lasers ko Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), sun shafe fiye da rabin karni.
Menene lissafin ƙididdiga?
Don fahimtar yadda kwamfutoci masu yawa ke aiki, yana da kyau mu fara bayyana yadda kwamfutocin da muke amfani da su a kowace rana, waɗanda ake magana a kai a cikin wannan labarin a matsayin kwamfutoci na dijital ko na gargajiya, suna aiki. Waɗannan, kamar duk sauran na'urori na lantarki kamar allunan ko wayoyin hannu, suna amfani da bits azaman ainihin raka'a na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Wannan yana nufin cewa shirye-shirye da aikace-aikacen suna ɓoye su a cikin bits, watau a cikin yaren binary na sifili da waɗanda.
Duk lokacin da muka yi hulɗa tare da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan na'urori, misali ta danna maɓalli akan madannai, igiyoyin sifilai, da waɗanda aka ƙirƙira, lalata da/ko gyara su a cikin kwamfutar.
Tambaya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, menene waɗannan sifilai da na zahiri a cikin kwamfutar? Sifili da jihohi ɗaya na bits sun yi daidai da halin yanzu na wutar lantarki, ko a'a, ta ƙananan sassa da ake kira transistor, waɗanda ke aiki azaman masu sauyawa. Lokacin da babu halin yanzu da ke gudana, transistor yana “kashe” kuma yayi daidai da ɗan 0, kuma lokacin da yake gudana, yana “kunne” kuma yayi daidai da ɗan 1.
A cikin mafi sauƙaƙan nau'i, kamar dai bits 0 da 1 sun dace da ramuka, ta yadda ramin da babu komai ya zama ɗan 0 kuma ramin da electron ya mamaye ya zama ɗan 1. Yanzu da muke da ra'ayin yadda kwamfutocin yau suke aiki. , bari mu yi ƙoƙarin fahimtar yadda kwamfutoci masu yawa ke aiki.
Daga rago zuwa qubits
Mahimmin naúrar bayanai a cikin ƙididdiga na ƙididdigewa shine quantum bit ko qubit. Qubits su ne, ta ma'anar, tsarin ƙididdiga masu matakai biyu waɗanda, kamar bits, na iya zama a ƙananan matakin, wanda ya dace da yanayin ƙananan tashin hankali ko makamashi da aka bayyana a matsayin 0; ko kuma a babban matakin, wanda yayi daidai da yanayin tashin hankali ko kuma aka ayyana shi azaman 1.
Koyaya, kuma anan ya ta'allaka ne da babban bambanci tare da lissafin gargajiya, qubits kuma na iya kasancewa a cikin kowane adadin matsakaicin matsakaici tsakanin 0 da 1, kamar jihar da ke da rabin 0 da rabi 1, ko kashi uku na 0 da kwata ɗaya. na 1. Wannan sabon abu da aka sani da quantum superposition kuma shi ne na halitta a cikin adadi tsarin.
Algorithms na Quantum: Ƙarfafa mafi ƙarfi da ingantaccen kwamfuta
Manufar kwamfutoci masu yawa shine a yi amfani da waɗannan kaddarorin ƙididdiga na qubits, a matsayin tsarin ƙididdigewa, don samun damar gudanar da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga waɗanda ke amfani da babban matsayi da haɗin gwiwa don ba da ikon sarrafawa fiye da na gargajiya.
Yana da mahimmanci a nuna cewa ainihin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin ba ya ƙunshi yin abu ɗaya da kwamfutoci na dijital ko na gargajiya -na yanzu- suke yi, amma da sauri, kamar yadda labarai da yawa suka yi iƙirari cikin kuskure, sai dai ƙididdige algorithms suna ba da damar wasu ayyuka su kasance. an yi shi ta wata hanya dabam dabam; wanda sau da yawa ya fi dacewa - wato, a cikin ƙasan lokaci mai yawa ko yin amfani da albarkatun ƙididdiga kaɗan-.
Bari mu dubi takamaiman misalin abin da wannan ke nufi. Bari mu yi tunanin cewa muna San Francisco kuma muna son sanin wace hanya ce mafi kyau zuwa New York daga cikin zaɓin miliyan don isa wurin (N=1,000,000). Don samun damar yin amfani da kwamfutoci don nemo hanya mafi kyau, muna buƙatar ƙididdige zaɓuka 1,000,000, wanda ke nufin fassara su zuwa yaren bit don kwamfuta ta gargajiya da kuma cikin qubits don kwamfutar ƙididdiga.
Yayin da kwamfuta ta gargajiya za ta bukaci ta bi ta dukkan hanyoyin daya bayan daya har sai ta sami wanda ake so, kwamfutar kwamfyuta tana amfani da tsarin da aka sani da quantum parallelism wanda ke ba ta damar, a zahiri, la'akari da dukkan hanyoyin a lokaci daya. Wannan yana nuna cewa kwamfutar kwamfyuta za ta sami ingantacciyar hanya da sauri fiye da kwamfutar gargajiya, saboda inganta kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su.
Don fahimtar bambance-bambance a cikin iyawar lissafi, tare da n qubits za mu iya yin daidai da abin da zai yiwu tare da 2.n ragowa. Yawancin lokaci ana cewa da kusan 270 qubits za ku iya samun ƙarin jahohin tushe a cikin kwamfuta mai ƙididdigewa - sun fi daban-daban kuma igiyoyin haruffa lokaci guda - fiye da adadin ƙwayoyin zarra a sararin samaniya, wanda aka kiyasta ya kai kusan 2.80. Wani misali kuma shi ne cewa ana kiyasin cewa tare da kwamfutar ƙididdiga ta tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2500 qubits za ku iya karya kusan duk bayanan da ake amfani da su a yau (wanda aka sani da cryptography na jama'a).
Dangane da cryptography, akwai fa'idodi da yawa don amfani kimanin lissafi. Idan tsarin guda biyu sun manne kawai, wannan yana nufin suna da alaƙa da juna (watau lokacin da ɗayan ya canza, ɗayan kuma ya canza) kuma babu wani ɓangare na uku da ya raba wannan alaƙa.
Takeaway
Muna cikin lokacin canji na dijital wanda fasaha daban-daban masu tasowa kamar blockchain, hankali na wucin gadi, drones, Intanet na Abubuwa, gaskiyar kama-da-wane, 5G, firintocin 3D, robots ko m motoci suna ƙara kasancewa a fagage da sassa da yawa.
Wadannan fasahohin, wadanda aka tsara don inganta rayuwar dan Adam ta hanyar hanzarta ci gaba da haifar da tasirin zamantakewa, a halin yanzu suna ci gaba a cikin layi daya. Da kyar ne muke ganin kamfanoni suna haɓaka samfuran da ke amfani da haɗin gwiwar biyu ko fiye na waɗannan fasahohin, kamar blockchain da IoT ko drones da wucin gadi hankali.
Yayin da aka ƙaddara su haɗuwa kuma ta haka ne ke haifar da tasiri mai girma, farkon matakin ci gaban da suke ciki da ƙarancin masu haɓakawa da mutanen da ke da fasaha na fasaha yana nufin cewa haɗuwa har yanzu aiki ne mai jiran gado.
Saboda iyawarsu ta rushewa, ana tsammanin fasahar ƙididdiga ba kawai za ta haɗu da duk waɗannan sabbin fasahohin ba, har ma su sami babban tasiri akan kusan dukkansu. Umididdigar ƙididdiga zai yi barazanar tabbatarwa, musanya da amintaccen adana bayanai, yana samun babban tasiri akan waɗancan fasahohin da cryptography ke taka rawar da ta dace, kamar cybersecurity ko blockchain.
Leave a Reply