Ukuguqulwa kwedijithali kushintsha umhlaba ngokushesha kunangaphambili. Ukufunda mayelana nemiqondo eyinhloko yenkathi yedijithali kuzoba okubaluleke nakakhulu njengoba sekuseduze ukufika kwelinye igagasi elisha lobuchwepheshe elikwazi ukuguqula amamodeli akhona ngesivinini namandla amangalisayo: i-quantum computing.
Kulesi sihloko, siqhathanisa imiqondo eyisisekelo ye-computing yendabuko kanye ne-quantum computing, futhi siqala ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Yiziphi izakhiwo ze-quantum?
Kuwo wonke umlando, abantu baye bathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe njengoba beye baqonda ukusebenza kwemvelo ngesayensi. Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1900 no-1930, ukucwaninga kwezinye izinto ezibonakalayo ezazingakaqondwa kahle kwaveza ithiyori entsha yezinto ezibonakalayo: I-Quantum Mechanics. Lo mbono uchaza futhi uchaze ukusebenza kwezwe elincanyana, indawo yokuhlala yemvelo yama-molecule, ama-athomu nama-electron.
Akukona nje kuphela ukuthi ikwazile ukuchaza lezi zigigaba, kodwa iphinde yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuqonda ukuthi iqiniso le-subatomic lisebenza ngendlela ephikisayo ngokuphelele, ecishe ibe imilingo, nokuthi izenzakalo zenzeka emhlabeni omncane ongabonakali emhlabeni. umhlaba we-macroscopic.
Lezi zakhiwo ze-quantum zifaka i-quantum superposition, i-quantum entanglement, kanye ne-quantum teleportation.
- I-Quantum superposition ichaza ukuthi inhlayiya ingaba kanjani ezifundeni ezahlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa.
- I-Quantum entanglement ichaza ukuthi izinhlayiya ezimbili zingalethwa kanjani esimweni "sokubambeneka" futhi, ngemva kwalokho, ziphendule cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo ngendlela efanayo, naphezu kwebanga labo lomzimba. Ngamanye amazwi, zingabekwa kude ngendlela efunwa ngayo, futhi, lapho zihlangana nenye, enye isabela kulokho kuxhumana okufanayo.
- I-Quantum teleportation isebenzisa i-quantum entanglement ukuthumela ulwazi ukusuka endaweni eyodwa emkhathini ukuya kwenye ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhamba emkhathini.
I-Quantum computing isuselwe kulezi zakhiwo ze-quantum zemvelo ye-subatomic.
Kulokhu, ukuqonda kwanamuhla umhlaba omncane nge-Quantum Mechanics kusivumela ukuba sisungule futhi siklame ubuchwepheshe obukwazi ukuthuthukisa izimpilo zabantu. Kunobuchwepheshe obuningi obuhlukene obusebenzisa i-quantum phenomena, futhi obunye babo, njengamalaser noma imaging resonance magnetic (MRI), sebukhona isikhathi esingaphezu kwesigamu sekhulunyaka.
Iyini i-quantum computing?
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi amakhompyutha e-quantum asebenza kanjani, kuyasiza kuqala ukuchaza ukuthi asebenza kanjani amakhompyutha esiwasebenzisa nsuku zonke, okubhekiselwa kuwo kulesi sihloko njengamakhompyutha edijithali noma e-classical. Lezi, njengazo zonke ezinye izinto zikagesi ezifana namathebulethi noma omakhalekhukhwini, zisebenzisa izingcezu njengamayunithi azo ayisisekelo enkumbulo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinhlelo nezinhlelo zokusebenza zifakwe ikhodi ngamabhithi, okungukuthi ngolimi olubili likaziro kanye noyedwa.
Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho sisebenzisana nanoma iyiphi yalezi zisetshenziswa, isibonelo ngokucindezela ukhiye kukhibhodi, izintambo zikaziro, nalezo ziyadalwa, zicekelwe phansi futhi/noma zilungiswe ngaphakathi kwekhompyutha.
Umbuzo othakazelisayo uwukuthi, ayini lawa ma-zero nalawo ngokomzimba ngaphakathi kwekhompyutha? Izifunda eziziro kanye nesisodwa sezibhithi zihambisana nokugeleza kwamandla kagesi, noma cha, ngezingxenye ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-transistors, asebenza njengamaswishi. Uma i-current ingagelezi, i-transistor "ivaliwe" futhi ihambelana ne-bit 0, futhi uma igeleza, "ivuliwe" futhi ihambisana ne-1 kancane.
Ngendlela eyenziwe lula, kunjengokungathi izingcezu ezi-0 no-1 zihambisana nezimbobo, ukuze imbobo engenalutho ibe ngu-0 futhi imbobo ethathwe i-electron incane 1. Manje njengoba sesinombono wokuthi amakhompyutha anamuhla asebenza kanjani. , ake sizame ukuqonda ukuthi amakhompyutha e-quantum asebenza kanjani.
Kusukela kumabhithi kuya kuma-qubits
Iyunithi eyisisekelo yolwazi ku-quantum computing yi-quantum bit noma i-qubit. Ama-Qubits, ngokwencazelo, amasistimu we-quantum enamazinga amabili, afana namabhithi, angaba sezingeni eliphansi, elihambisana nesimo sokuthakazelisa okuphansi noma amandla achazwa ngokuthi 0; noma ezingeni eliphezulu, elihambisana nesimo sokuthakasela okuphezulu noma esichazwa ngokuthi 1.
Kodwa-ke, futhi lapha kukhona umehluko oyisisekelo ngekhompyutha yakudala, ama-qubits angaba kunoma iyiphi inombolo engapheli yezifunda ezimaphakathi phakathi kuka-0 no-1, njengesimo esiwuhhafu 0 kanye nohhafu 1, noma izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zika-0 kanye nekota eyodwa. koku-1. Lesi simo saziwa ngokuthi yi-quantum superposition futhi siyimvelo ezinhlelweni ze-quantum.
I-Quantum algorithms: Ikhompyutha enamandla kakhulu futhi esebenza kahle kakhulu
Inhloso yamakhompuyutha e-quantum ukusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo lezi zakhiwo ze-quantum zama-qubits, njengamasistimu we-quantum, ukuze akwazi ukusebenzisa ama-algorithms e-quantum asebenzisa i-superposition kanye nokubambeka ukuze anikeze amandla amakhulu kakhulu okucubungula kunawakudala.
Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi ukushintsha kwe-paradigm kwangempela akuhlanganisi ukwenza into efanayo naleyo eyenziwa amakhompyutha edijithali noma akudala -amanje, kodwa ngokushesha, njengoba ama-athikili amaningi esho ngephutha, kodwa kunalokho ama-algorithms e-quantum avumela ukuthi imisebenzi ethile yenziwe. kwenziwa ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele; lokho ngokuvamile kusebenza kahle kakhulu -okungukuthi, ngesikhathi esincane kakhulu noma ukusebenzisa izinsiza zokubala ezimbalwa-.
Ake sibheke isibonelo esiphathekayo sokuthi lokhu kusho ukuthini. Ake sicabange ukuthi sise-San Francisco futhi sifuna ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi indlela engcono kakhulu eya eNew York ezinkethweni eziyisigidi zokufika lapho (N=1,000,000). Ukuze sikwazi ukusebenzisa amakhompuyutha ukuthola umzila ophelele, sidinga ukwenza kudijithali izinketho ezingu-1,000,000, okusho ukuzihumushela olimini oluncane lwekhompuyutha yakudala kanye nama-qubits ekhompuyutha ye-quantum.
Ngenkathi ikhompuyutha yakudala izodinga ukudlula kuzo zonke izindlela ngayinye ngayinye ize ithole efiselekayo, ikhompuyutha ye-quantum isebenzisa inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-quantum parallelism eyivumela ukuthi, empeleni, icabangele zonke izindlela ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ikhompuyutha ye-quantum izothola umzila ofanele ngokushesha kakhulu kunekhompiyutha yakudala, ngenxa yokwenziwa kahle kwezinsiza ezisetshenzisiwe.
Ukuqonda umehluko kumthamo wokubala, ngama-n qubits singenza okulingana nalokho okungenzeka nge-2n izingcezu. Kuvame ukushiwo ukuthi cishe 270 qubits ungase ube nezimo eziningi eziyisisekelo kukhompuyutha ye-quantum - iyunithi yezinhlamvu ehluke kakhulu futhi ngesikhathi esisodwa - kunenani lama-athomu endaweni yonke, okulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe ku-280. Esinye isibonelo ukuthi kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngekhompyutha ye-quantum ephakathi kuka-2000 no-2500 qubits ungaphula cishe yonke i-cryptography esetshenziswa namuhla (eyaziwa ngokuthi i-cryptography yokhiye womphakathi).
Ngokuqondene ne-cryptography, kunezinzuzo eziningi zokusebenzisa i-compum computing. Uma amasistimu amabili ebambene ngokuphelele, lokho kusho ukuthi ahlobene (okungukuthi, lapho eyodwa ishintsha, enye nayo iyashintsha) futhi akekho umuntu wesithathu owabelana ngalokhu kuhlobana.
Ukudla okudlela endlini
Sisesikhathini soshintsho lwedijithali lapho ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene obusafufusa obufana ne-blockchain, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, ama-drones, i-inthanethi Yezinto, into engekho ngokoqobo, i-5G, amaphrinta e-3D, amarobhothi noma izimoto ezizimele ziya ngokuya ziba khona emikhakheni nasemikhakheni eminingi.
Lobu buchwepheshe, obuhlelelwe ukuthuthukisa izinga lempilo yomuntu ngokusheshisa intuthuko kanye nokukhiqiza umthelela emphakathini, okwamanje buthuthuka ngokuhambisanayo. Kuyaqabukela lapho sibona izinkampani zenza imikhiqizo exhaphaza izinhlanganisela ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zalezi zobuchwepheshe, njenge-blockchain ne-IoT noma ama-drones kanye ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela.
Nakuba zimiselwe ukuthi zihlangane futhi ngaleyo ndlela zikhiqize umthelela omkhulu kakhulu, isigaba sokuqala sokuthuthuka ezikuso kanye nokushoda konjiniyela kanye nabantu abanesizinda sobuchwepheshe kusho ukuthi ukuhlangana kusewumsebenzi osalindile.
Ngenxa yamandla azo okuphazamisayo, ubuchwepheshe be-quantum akulindelekile ukuthi buhlangane nabo bonke lobu buchwepheshe obusha, kodwa futhi bube nomthelela obanzi cishe kubo bonke. I-computing ye-Quantum izosongela ukuqinisekiswa, ukushintshaniswa nokugcinwa okuvikelekile kwedatha, okunomthelela omkhulu kulobo buchwepheshe lapho i-cryptography idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu, njenge-cybersecurity noma i-blockchain.
shiya impendulo