Okuqukethwe[Fihla][Bonisa]
U-Elon Musk waziwa kakhulu ngamaphupho akhe okwethula amarokhethi ku-Mars, izimoto zamarobhothi ezisebenza ngogesi zimba indlela yazo ngaphansi komhlaba, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokusebenza ngezingqondo zethu. Kudingeka ukuhlela okuningi ukuze umhlaba awucabange ekhanda lakhe ube ngokoqobo.
Cabangela ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukwazi ukulawula imishini ngobuchopho bethu. Asicabangi ukuthi lo mbono mubi njengoba sicabanga ukuthi unjalo.
UMusk wasungula i-Neuralink, inkampani ye-neural tech, ngo-2016 ngenhloso yokuqala yokuthola i-symbiosis nge ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela kanye nokwakha isistimu evumela ukuhlangana ne-AI.
U-Alim Louis Benabid, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ube nomthelela emhlabeni wonke ekuthuthukiseni i-Deep Brain Stimulation yesifo sikaParkinson kanye nezinye iziyaluyalu zokunyakaza.
Cishe uyazibuza ukuthi kungani ngikhuluma nge-Neuralink kanye ne-Deep Brain Stimulation. Umqondo ongemuva kwabo uyafana ngokuthi bafaka ama-chips emakhanda ethu futhi basinike ukulawula nge-AI.
Sizobheka i-Neuralink kanye ne-Deep Brain Stimulation kulokhu okuthunyelwe, okuhlanganisa ukuthi basebenza kanjani, ukuthi basetshenziselwa ini, umehluko omkhulu, ubungozi, kanye nobuhle nobubi bento ngayinye.
Ngakho-ke bopha futhi ulungele uhambo oluyingozi, olufundisayo.
Iyini i-Neuralink?
I-Neuralink ubuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi i-Brain-Machine Interface, ezofakwa ngokuhlinzwa ebuchosheni bakho, okukuvumela ukuthi uxhumane nokulawula imishini.
Izosiza futhi ocwaningweni lwama-impulses kagesi ebuchosheni kanye nokuthuthukisa amakhambi ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene zezokwelapha.
I-chipset ye-Neuralink, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-chipset ye-N1, izofakwa ogebheni, oluwububanzi obungu-8mm futhi ihlanganisa izintambo eziningana eziqukethe ama-electrode kanye nokufakwa kwezintambo zezintambo.
Lezi zintambo zizofakwa ngokuhlinzwa ngaphakathi kobuchopho bakho ngerobhothi.
Ngokusho kwebhizinisi, izintambo ziwugqinsi lwama-micrometer angu-100 futhi ziwugqinsi njengama-neurons asebuchosheni. Imishini eminingi ingafakwa ngaphakathi kogebhezi ukuze iqondise ezindaweni ezihlukene zobuchopho.
Isebenza kanjani?
Khumbula ifilimu yesenzo i-Matrix yango-1990? Uyakhumbula ukuthi uNeo (Keanu Reeves) ufunda kanjani ubuciko bokulwa ngokuvele afake uhlelo lwekhompyutha ebuchosheni bakhe?
Nakuba i-Neuralink ingeke ikwazi ukusifundisa ubuciko bokulwa, izokwazi ukudlulisa nokuthola ama-impulses kagesi ngobuchopho ukuze isebenzise imishini.
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi i-Neuralink isebenza kanjani, kufanele siqale siqonde ukuthi ubuchopho bethu buhambisa ulwazi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomzimba wakho ngama-neurons; lawa ma-neuron asebuchosheni bakho ayasebenzisana ukuze akhe inethiwekhi enkulu futhi axhumane ngamasignali amakhemikhali aziwa ngokuthi ama-neurotransmitters.
Lokhu kusebenzisana kukhiqiza inkambu kagesi, esingarekhoda ngokubeka ama-electrode eduze.
Lawa ma-electrode angabese ehlaziya amasignali kagesi ebuchosheni bethu futhi awadlulisele ku-algorithm umshini ongawachaza. I-Neuralink izokwazi ukufunda izingqondo zethu futhi isenze indlela yokuxhumana nemishini ngaphandle kokuvula imilomo yethu.
Inhloso ye-N1 chip ukuthwebula nokucupha ama-spikes kagesi ngaphakathi kobuchopho bethu. Sizokwazi futhi ukwazi amathalente amasha ngosizo lwesicelo esikhethekile.
Kuyini Ukukhuthazwa Kwengqondo Ejulile?
Ukukhushulwa kobuchopho obujulile (i-DBS) iwukwelashwa kwemizwa esebenzisa ukukhuthazwa kukagesi ukwelapha izifo ezifana nesifo sika-Parkinson (PD), ukuthuthumela okubalulekile, kanye ne-multiple sclerosis. I-DBS isetshenziselwa ukubhekana nezinkinga zokunyakaza njengokundindizela, ukuqina, ubunzima bokuhamba, nokuhamba okuvilaphayo.
Nakuba i-DBS ingakwazi ukwelapha izifo eziningi, ingadambisa izimpawu futhi yehlise nenani lemithi edingekayo.
Amathonya kagesi angalungile ezingxenyeni zobuchopho ezilawula ukunyakaza akhiqiza izimpawu ezihlobene nokunyakaza ku-Parkinson's disease nezinye izifo zemizwa.
I-DBS ayinayo imiphumela emibi kuzicubu zobuchopho. Kunalokho, icindezela imizwa eyiphutha edala ukundindizela nezinye izinkomba zokunyakaza.
Isebenza kanjani?
Ama-electrode afakwa endaweni ethile yobuchopho kuye ngezimpawu eziphathwa nge-Deep Brain Stimulation. Ukufakwa kwenziwa ngezimbobo ezincane phezulu kogebhezi kuzo zombili izinhlangothi kwesokunxele nakwesokudla zobuchopho.
Ama-electrode axhunywe kusikhuthazi esisebenza ngebhethri ngaphansi kwesikhumba sesifuba ngezintambo ezinde ezihamba ngaphansi kwesikhumba zehle entanyeni. Uma sicushiwe, isikhuthazi sikhipha ama-pulses kagesi aphazamisa izimpawu zemizwa ezingalungile ezibangela ukundindizela, ukuqina, nezinye izimpawu.
Uhlelo lwe-DBS lwakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu ezifakwe ngaphakathi komzimba:
- I-neurostimulator iyisisetshenziswa senhliziyo esisebenza ngamandla ebhethri esikhiqiza ama-pulses kagesi. Ifakwa esikhumbeni sesifuba, ngezansi nje kwe-collarbone, noma esiswini.
- Umthofu - intambo eboshwe enama-electrode amaningi ekugcineni ethumela ama-pulses kagesi ezicutshini zobuchopho. Ifakwa ebuchosheni futhi ixhunywe kukhebuli enwetshiwe ngembobo encane kugebhezi.
- Isandiso intambo exhumanisa umthofu nesikhuthazi semizwa. Ifakwa ngaphansi kwesikhumba bese isuka ekhanda iye endlebeni, yehle entanyeni, iye esifubeni.
Uhlelo lwe-DBS luvulwa futhi luvalwe isiguli sisebenzisa idivayisi ephathekayo. Udokotela uhlela izilungiselelo zesikhuthazi esebenzisa idivayisi engenantambo.
Njengoba isimo sesiguli sishintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imingcele yokuvuselela ingashintshwa. I-DBS ayilimazi izicubu zobuchopho njengezinye izinqubo ezifana ne-pallidotomy noma i-thalamotomy.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-Neuralink ne-Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)?
Uma ubhekisa kumehluko phakathi kwe-Neuralink ne-Deep Brain Stimulation, cabanga ngalokhu okulandelayo:
- I-Neuralink iyisisetshenziswa esisebenzisa ama-electrode amancanyana ambalwa ukwenza indawo yobuchopho isebenze. Ifakwe ngqo esicutshini esingaphansi kwesikhumba sogebhezi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-DBS namuhla iqukethe ama-electrode amabili afakwe ezindaweni ezijulile zobuchopho, izintambo zokunweba ezixhumanisa lawa ma-electrode kudivayisi yebhethri eyinhloko, namagajethi e-electronic enziwe umzimba webhethri.
- Ingxenye ye-electrode ifakwa ebuchosheni futhi ixhunywe nebhethri, etholakala kungqimba olungaphansi kwesikhumba ngaphezu kwekheji yezimbambo, ngamakhebuli anwetshiwe. Yonke inqubo yenziwa ngaphansi kwezinzwa zendawo, futhi iziguli zihlala ziphapheme, njengobuchwepheshe be-Neuralink.
- Omunye umehluko ukuthi igajethi yobuchwepheshe be-Neuralink idinga ukushajwa njalo emahoreni angama-24. I-DBS idinga ukushajwa njalo emavikini angu-1-2, futhi impilo yebhethri icishe ibe yiminyaka engama-20-25.
Ingabe i-Neuralink inikeza ukwelashwa okungcono kune-Deep Brain Stimulation?
Ngokusho komunye wonjiniyela be-Neuralink eqenjini le-visual neuroscience, lobu buchwepheshe bunamandla okuletha i-prosthesis ebonakalayo kulabo abahlushwa ukulimala kwe-retina noma ukungaboni ngenxa yokulimala kwamehlo.
Umqondo uwukufaka ikhamera ngqo ku-visual cortex futhi wenze kusebenze uchungechunge olukhulu lwezinkulungwane, uma kungezona amashumi ezinkulungwane, zama-electrode ukuze kuphindaphinde isithombe esibukwayo.
Ngokuzayo, ubuchwepheshe obufanayo bungasetshenziswa ukudala uhlobo oluthile lwesibonisi samakhanda. Imbulunga ingabonakala kumaza amaningi anjenge-ultraviolet, infrared, ne-radar. Ukuze ube namehlo angaphezu kwawomuntu, okumele akwenze nje ukukhomba ukuvama kwawo futhi aguqule inzwa ngamandla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-DBS ivamise ukuzuzisa amaqembu amathathu we Isifo sikaParkinson iziguli:
- Abanezimpawu ezisabela ngokuphumelelayo ekwenziweni kwemithi kodwa babekezelele ukushintshashintsha kwezimoto okuphawulekayo kanye ne-dyskinesias ngemva kokuphela kwemithi, naphezu kokuguqulwa kwemithi.
- Ngokundindizela okungalawuleki abangazange baphendule emithini.
- Ngezimpawu zokunyakaza, ubani ongazuza kumithamo yokwelapha emikhulu noma eminingi kodwa abakwazi ukwenza kanjalo ngenxa yemiphumela emibi.
Ama-Oscilloscopes nikeza ulwazi olubonakalayo mayelana namabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe (ama-PCB). Ngokufanayo, igajethi ye-Neuralink inganikeza ukukhanya emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yobuchopho. “Ngenxa yokusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe, uzogcina ufunda okuningi ngendlela ubuchopho obusebenza ngayo,” kusho umcwaningi.
I-Dystonia kuyisifo sokunyakaza esingandile, kodwa izimpawu zaso - ukuma okuhlanekezelwe kanye nokunyakaza okusontayo - kungelashwa nge-DBS lapho izidakamizwa zehluleka ukunikeza ukukhululeka okukhulu. Ukusabela komuntu ku-DBS kunqunywa i-etiology eyisisekelo ye-dystonia, engase ibe ufuzo, ngenxa yezidakamizwa, noma esinye isimo.
Uma isizathu singaziwa, udokotela cishe uzo-oda ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe njengengxenye yokusebenza kwe-DBS.
Manje cabangela a ikusasa elingenazifo lapho wazi khona ukuthi kuzokwenzekani kuwena ngaphambi kokuthi kwenzeke, okukuvumela ukuthi ukugweme ngalobu buchwepheshe. Sizokwazi ukubona izimpawu zamakhemikhali ebuchosheni kanye namandla kagesi, okusivumela ukuthi sigweme ukugula ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkinga yokunyakaza evamile kakhulu ukuzamazama okubalulekile, kanye ne-DBS ingaba yindlela yokwelapha ewusizo, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezinzima lapho ukuzamazama kungase kuthene amandla, kuthinte imisebenzi yansuku zonke njengokugqoka, ukuzilungisa, ukudla, noma ukuphuza.
I-DBS ingathuthukisa izimpilo zabantu futhi ibenze basebenze kahle ngoba ukuzamazama kuwukuphela kophawu lokundindizela okubalulekile.
Singabantu futhi izinkumbulo ziyashabalala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Zishintshwa, futhi izindaba zazo zishintshwe. Njengoba iminyaka idlula, uhlelo lokuqala alusatholakali. Umqondo wezinkumbulo ezisebenza njengenqolobane njengomculo, umuntu angabuyela emuva futhi ashintshe isimo somuntu lapho ehamba.
Okokugcina, ucwaningo lwakamuva luphakamisa ukuthi abantu abatholakale benaso ukucindezeleka, i-obsessive-activive disorder (OCD), noma I-Tourette syndrome bangazuza ekuhlinzweni kwe-DBS.
Bobabili babonakala bethembisa, kodwa i-Neuralink ngeke iqale ukuhlolwa komuntu kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-2021, kuyilapho DBS inezinga lempumelelo elikhulu futhi ihlolwa nakubantu.
Bangaphezu kuka-150,000 abantu emhlabeni jikelele abathole i-DBS ye-Parkinson's noma ukundindizela, 95% ukuphumelela rate.
Yiziphi izici zobungozi ezihlobene ne-Neuralink vs DBS?
kubaduni, okungabantu ngabanye noma amaqembu asebenzela uhla lwezinhlangano, anikeza usongo olusobala kakhulu ku-Neuralink.
Ukopha ebuchosheni, ukutheleleka kobuchopho, ukubekwa okungalungile (ukubekwa kabi) kwemikhondo ye-DBS, futhi ukubekwa okungaphansi kokufanelekile (ukubekwa endaweni engaphansi) kwemikhondo yizinkinga zokuhlinzwa.
Nakuba amakhompyutha angenwe yileli gciwane angaba yingozi kakhulu, sivame ukuba nenketho yokuwacisha noma ukuvala iwindi uma konke kwehluleka. Uma idivayisi ye-neuralink efakiwe itheleleka nge adware noma igciwane, kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukuyivala.
Izinkinga ze-Hardware zihlanganisa ukunyakaza komthofu, ukwehluleka komthofu, ukwehluleka kwanoma iyiphi ingxenye yesistimu ye-DBS, nokungakhululeki eduze kwedivayisi ye-pulse generator. Kungase futhi kube nokuhluleka kwebhethri, ukutheleleka eduze kwedivayisi, futhi idivayisi igqekeze esikhumbeni njengoba ukushuba kwesikhumba nongqimba lwamafutha kuhluka ngokuya ngeminyaka.
Olunye udaba oluphakanyiswe ngu ukusetshenziswa kabi noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kobuchwepheshe be-Neuralink (kanye nanoma yikuphi ukuncintisana okucatshangelwayo ubuchopho-computer interface) kungenzeka kube khona abantu abanezinhloso ezinhle kodwa abangaqondi kahle.
Esigabeni sokuhlela se-DBS, izinkinga ezihlobene nokukhuthazwa zenzeka kuzo zonke iziguli.
Ukunyakaza okungahlosiwe (dyskinesia), ukubanda (izinyawo zibonakala ziqandiswe phansi), ukuncipha kokuhamba nokuhamba, ubunzima bokukhuluma, ukufinyela kwemisipha okuzenzakalelayo, ukuba ndikindiki nokuluma (paresthesia), nokubona kabili yonke imiphumela emibi evamile (i-diplopia).
Uma idivayisi ilungiswa, le miphumela engemihle iyabuyiseleka emuva.
Nokho, kokubili i-Neuralink ne-DBS zinezingozi ezihlukahlukene. Singabonakala nge-DBS ngoba abantu abaningi emhlabeni wonke baye bayisebenzisa ukwelapha izifo zabo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uvivinyo lwabantu lwe-Neuralink alukakaqali, kodwa ukukhathazeka esixoxile ngakho kufanele kubhekwe.
Izinzuzo ze-Neuralink
- Ezinye zezinzuzo ze-neuralink ezilindelwe kakhulu zihlanganisa amandla okuphulukisa ukukhubazeka, ukwelapha ukugula kwengqondo, ukusakaza umculo ngqo ekhanda lakho, nokuthuthukisa ububanzi bokubona nokuzwa kwakho.
- Nge-chip ye-Neuralink, ungakwazi kalula ukulanda amakhono nolunye ulwazi ebuchosheni bakho.
- I-Neuralink ifakazele umsebenzi wayo ezingulubeni ezintathu ngokusebenzisa 'uxhumano.' Lokhu kuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ngemva kokufaka i-chip ebuchosheni bomuntu ophilayo, isidalwa sisebenza ngendlela evamile. Kungenzeka futhi ukususa into ngaphandle kokwenza umonakalo.
- Ayikakulungeli ngokugcwele ukuphatha izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kangaka. Kodwa-ke, uma sibheka ukukhula nenqubekelaphambili phakathi nesikhathi, siyabona ukuthi ngeke kube isikhathi eside size sikwazi ukuphatha omakhalekhukhwini bethu namakhompyutha ngokucabanga ngakho.
- Izinjongo zesikhathi eside zingenza umehluko omkhulu ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke. Ingasetshenziswa emisebenzini eyahlukene ngaphandle nje kokusebenzisa izisetshenziswa zethu. Ungaxhumeka kukhompuyutha noma wakhe indawo ebonakalayo, ulande ulwazi ebuchosheni bakho, futhi uzuze amakhono okwenza izinto eziningi.
Neuralink Ububi
- Ukukhathazeka okubaluleke kakhulu kwe-Neuralink kuzoba ubumfihlo nokuvikeleka.
- Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-chip iqine noma inamandla kangakanani, isewucezu lwe-electronics/technology. Kuhlale kungenzeka ukuthi izongasebenzi kahle.
- Uma i-Neuralink itholakala ukuze isetshenziswe abantu, izigameko zokugebenga okuthuthukile zinganda, zidale izingozi ezintsha ezifana nokugetshengwa kwengqondo kanye nokudunwa kweNgqondo. Ngokwemibandela yomuntu ojwayelekile, abantu abangenamagama bangafunda ukucabanga kwakho futhi bakushintshe ngendlela abathanda ngayo.
Izinzuzo ze-DBS
- I-DBS ivamise ukwehlisa izimpawu ezinjengokuqina, ukuthuthumela, ukunensa, kanye ne-dyskinesia. I-DBS iphinde yaboniswa ukusiza ngokushintshashintsha kokuvula/ukuvala, ukuma kwenhliziyo kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila, kanye namazinga wamandla ajwayelekile.
- Ukuhlinzwa kwe-DBS kusiza ukunciphisa imithi kanye nemiphumela emibi ye-Levodopa, kanye nezindleko zemithi.
- Awekho amaseli ezinzwa okufanele akhishwe ukwenza ukuhlinzwa kwe-DBS. I-DBS ayinayo imiphumela emibi ebuchosheni.
- Odokotela nabantu abane-DBS bangalawula ama-electrode kanye nemvamisa yokuvuselela kanye nokuqina, futhi bangashintshwa ngokuzimele njengoba kudingeka.
- Iziguli ezinesifo sikaParkinson, ukuthuthumela, noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka kokunyakaza, noma i-dyskinesia zincike kwabanye ngemisebenzi yansuku zonke. Ukuhlinzwa kwe-DBS kusiza iziguli ukuthi zilawule izimpawu zazo futhi zibavumele ukuthi baqedele imisebenzi bebodwa.
Izinkinga ze-DBS
- Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinkampani eziningi zomshwalense zingakhava enye noma yonke i-DBS. Ukuhlinzwa kungabiza phakathi kuka-$15,000 no-$20,000 sekukonke.
- Uma kuxoxwa ngethuba lokuhlinzwa, kunengozi yokopha, unhlangothi, ukutheleleka, nokunqwabelana koketshezi ebuchosheni. Siyazi futhi ukuthi ubuchopho buyisitho esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi esibucayi.
- I-DBS izothatha izinyanga ukuthola inhlanganisela engcono kakhulu yokuvuselela i-DBS nezidakamizwa zokulawula izimpawu. Nakuba ezinye izimpawu zingahamba ngokushesha, ukuthola inhlanganisela efanele yemiphumela yesikhathi eside kungathatha isikhathi esibalulekile.
Imicabango Final
U-Elon Musk wembula idivayisi yakhe ye-Neuralink elindelwe kakhulu, ehlose ukwakha ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwabantu namakhompyutha.
Ngokwesethulo sikaMusk, igajethi esekelwe ku-microchip esekelwe ekulawuleni ubuchopho ihloselwe ukusetshenziswa ekwelapheni izimo ezihlukahlukene zemizwa.
Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, iphrojekthi ye-Musk's Neuralink iqoqa ulwazi ngokufaka ama-electrode anobukhulu obuhlukahlukene kanye nezimfanelo ezivela kokubili ebusweni nasezinxenyeni ezijulile zobuchopho. Ezimweni ezithile; ingesinye sezibonelo zamanje zemizamo nezinqubo zethu zokufaka ugesi kobuchopho.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ochwepheshe bathi bangakwazi futhi ukuvuselela izifunda ezijulile zobuchopho ngokubeka ama-electrode ngaphakathi kobuchopho futhi belaphe izinkinga eziningi zemizwa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, sebenesikhathi eside besebenzisa amasu e-DBS futhi babe nempumelelo enkulu ngawo.
Kokubili i-Neuralink kanye ne-Deep Brain Stimulation ibukeka njengezinyathelo ezithembisayo ezibheke kwikusasa elingenazifo.
Kodwa-ke, kusesikhathini esizayo ukubona ukuthi zombili zenzeka kanjani.
shiya impendulo