Okuqukethwe[Fihla][Bonisa]
- 1. Usho ukuthini ngenethiwekhi?
- 2. Usho ukuthini ngempela nge-node?
- 3. Siyini ngempela isixhumanisi?
- 4. Chaza izinhlobo ezahlukene zamanethiwekhi.
- 5. I-Network Topology: Uqonde ukuthini ngalokho?
- 6. Isho ukuthini i-DNS kuwe?
- 7. Usho ukuthini nge-VPN?
- 8. Ungakwazi yini ukutshela izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-VPN?
- 9. Yiziphi izinzuzo ongazithola ngokusebenzisa i-VPN?
- 10. Yiziphi izindinganiso ezisetshenziswayo ukuhlola ukwethembeka kwenethiwekhi?
- 11. Iyini ngempela imodeli yereferensi ye-OSI?
- 12. Ungangitshela okuthile mayelana nezingqimba zemodeli yereferensi ye-OSI?
- 13. Ithini incazelo yekheli le-IPv4?
- 14. Asho ukuthini amakheli e-IP "Okuyimfihlo" kanye "Nesikhethekile"?
- 15. Uqonde ukuthini kahle-hle uma ubhakaza?
- 16. Iyini ngempela i-FTP engaziwa?
- 17. Zingaki izinhlobo zezindlela ezisetshenziswayo ukuze kudluliswe idatha ngamanethiwekhi?
- 18. Lisho ukuthini ikheli le-MAC kuwe?
- 19. Yini oyiqondayo ngegama elithi RIP?
- 20. Uzoyihlukanisa kanjani i-broadband kubuchwepheshe be-baseband?
- 21. Ungayilungisa kanjani inkinga yokubhampa kwesignali?
- 22. Asho ukuthini amaphrothokholi e-HTTP ne-HTTPS?
- 23. Isho ukuthini iphrothokholi ye-SMTP?
- 24. Iyini imisebenzi yama-routers futhi ahluka kanjani kumasango?
- 25. Imele ini i-TCP?
- 26. Imeleni i-UDP?
- 27. Isho ukuthini iphrothokholi ye-ICMP?
- 28. Iyini ngempela i-DHCP Protocol?
- 29. Chaza i-firewall.
- 30. Iyini ngempela i-subnet?
- 31. Ungawuthola kanjani umzila wokuxhumana phakathi komsingathi wendawo kanye neseva?
- 32. Sitshele nge-piggybacking.
- 33. Yini eyenza ukuqinisekiswa kube yingxenye ebalulekile yamanethiwekhi amakhompyutha, ngokubona kwakho?
- 34. Usho ukuthini ngesishumeki nedekhoda?
- 35. Yini ehlukile phakathi kwe-Antivirus kanye ne-firewall?
- Isiphetho
Amanethiwekhi kumakhompyutha ayisibusiso!
Ubungeke usebenzise i-inthanethi ukufunda lokhu njengamanje, futhi ngabe angikubhali ukube azange adalwe (usebenzisa inethiwekhi yasekhaya engenantambo ukuxhumanisa okokusebenza kwekhompyutha yami).
Ucwaningo olunzulu lwenethiwekhi yamakhompiyutha ngokungangabazeki luzokuveza ukuthi luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa umqondo oyisisekelo wokuxhuma amakhompyutha ukuze bakwazi ukuxhumana uqondile.
Inethiwekhi yekhompyutha igama elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza ububanzi obubanzi bemishini ye-IoT exhunyiwe, okuhlanganisa amakhamera, izingidi zeminyango, izinsimbi zeminyango, iziqandisi, amasistimu omsindo/okubukwayo, ama-thermostat, nezinzwa ezihlukahlukene, ezikwazi ukuxhumana zodwa.
Lawa madivayisi afaka amakhompyutha aphathekayo, amadeskithophu, amaseva, ama-smartphones, namathebulethi.
I-inthanethi isebenza njengomfanekiso omkhulu wenethiwekhi yekhompiyutha.
Manje kufanele ulungele i-2022 Computer Network Interview Imibuzo uma unethemba lomsebenzi embonini yenethiwekhi yamakhompyutha.
Kunembile ukusho ukuthi yonke inhlolokhono ihlukile ngokusekelwe kumaphrofayili emisebenzi ahlukahlukene. Sihlanganise Imibuzo Nezimpendulo Zengxoxo Yenethiwekhi Yekhompyutha ebaluleke kakhulu lapha ukuze siqinisekise impumelelo yakho.
1. Usho ukuthini ngenethiwekhi?
Inethiwekhi ichazwa njengeqoqo lamagajethi axhunywe ndawonye ngendlela yokudlulisela ebonakalayo.
Inethiwekhi yekhompiyutha, isibonelo, iqoqo lamakhompuyutha axhunywe ndawonye ukushintshanisa ulwazi nezisetshenziswa, okuhlanganisa ihadiwe, idatha, nesofthiwe. Amanodi kunethiwekhi asetshenziselwa ukuxhumanisa amanethiwekhi amabili noma ngaphezulu ndawonye.
2. Usho ukuthini ngempela nge-node?
Kunethiwekhi, i-node yindawo lapho izindlela ezimbili zihlangana khona. Ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi, ama-node angadlulisela futhi amukele idatha nolwazi.
Kunamanodi amabili kunethiwekhi, isibonelo, uma amakhompyutha amabili exhunywe ndawonye ukuze ayidale. Ngokufanayo nalokhu, kuzoba namanodi amathathu uma kukhona amakhompyutha, nokunye.
Noma iyiphi idivayisi yokuxhumana, njengephrinta, iseva, imodemu, njll., ingasebenza njengenodi futhi ayidingi ukuba yikhompyutha.
3. Siyini ngempela isixhumanisi?
Ngendlela yayo elula, isixhumanisi siwukuxhumana phakathi kwamakhompyutha amabili noma ngaphezulu noma amadivaysi. Kuya ngokuthi iyintambo noma ukuxhumana okungenantambo, kungaba noma yini.
Izixhumanisi ezingenantambo zisebenzisa izindawo zokufinyelela, amarutha, namanye amadivayisi angenantambo, kuyilapho izixhumanisi ezibonakalayo zisebenzisa izintambo, amahabhu, amaswishi, njll.
4. Chaza izinhlobo ezahlukene zamanethiwekhi.
- I-PAN: Ama-PAN (Personal Area Networks) anika amandla amadivayisi ukuthi axhume futhi axhumane phakathi kwebanga lomuntu.
- I-LAN: Inethiwekhi eyimfihlo esebenza ngaphakathi naseduze kwendawo eyodwa, njengendlu, inkampani, noma imboni.
- INDODA: I-Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), ixhuma futhi igubuzele ngokuphelele idolobha elikhulu. Njengesibonelo, cabangela uxhumano lwekhebula le-TV.
- I-WAN: Inethiwekhi yendawo ebanzi ngokuvamile ihlanganisa isizwe sonke noma izwekazi. I-inthanethi iyi-WAN enkulu kunazo zonke.
- I-GAN: I-inthanethi igama elinikezwe isistimu esebenzisa amasathelayithi ukuxhuma iplanethi yonke. I-inthanethi yaziwa nangokuthi Inethiwekhi Yezinethiwekhi Ezibanzi Zendawo.
5. I-Network Topology: Uqonde ukuthini ngalokho?
Isakhiwo somzimba senethiwekhi, noma i-topology, inquma ukuthi amakhompyutha noma amanodi azoxhunywa kanjani elinye nelinye.
6. Isho ukuthini i-DNS kuwe?
Izinhlelo zeseva/iklayenti ziza ngezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene. Umsebenzisi usebenzisa eyodwa ngokuqondile, kuyilapho omunye esekela izinhlelo zokusebenza zohlelo lokusebenza.
Isigaba sesibili sihlanganisa izinhlelo zamagama esizinda, ezisetshenziswa ezinye izinhlelo ukuthola amakheli e-IP wabamukeli be-imeyili, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
7. Usho ukuthini nge-VPN?
Ikhono lokudala uxhumano lwenethiwekhi oluvikelekile lapho usebenzisa amanethiwekhi omphakathi laziwa njengenethiwekhi yangasese ebonakalayo noma i-VPN.
Ithrafikhi yakho ye-inthanethi ibethelwe ama-VPN, aphinde afihle ukuthi ungubani ku-inthanethi.
Abantu besithathu bazokuthola kuyinselele kakhulu ukuqapha umsebenzi wakho we-inthanethi futhi bantshontshe idatha ngenxa yalokho. Ukubethela kwesikhathi sangempela kuyenziwa.
8. Ungakwazi yini ukutshela izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-VPN?
- I-VPN yokufinyelela: Kuyinethiwekhi yangasese ebonakalayo esetshenziselwa ukuxhumanisa abashayeli bezingcingo nabasebenzisi beselula abakude. Ingasetshenziselwa ukufaka esikhundleni sokudayela kanye noxhumo lwe-ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network). Kuyisixazululo esingabizi kakhulu esinezinketho eziningi zokuxhuma.
- I-site-to-Site VPN: Amafemu amakhulu anamagatsha ezindaweni eziningana angasebenzisa i-site-to-site noma i-router-to-router VPN ukuxhuma amanethiwekhi ehhovisi elilodwa kwelinye ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.
- I-Intranet VPN: Ingqalasizinda eyabiwe (njengamaseva noxhumano lwe-inthanethi) ingasetshenziswa ukuxhuma amahhovisi akude ezindaweni eziningi ngamazinga okufinyeleleka afanayo njenge-WAN yangasese (inethiwekhi yendawo ebanzi).
- I-Extranet VPN: Ukusebenzisa i-intranet architecture evamile, abahlinzeki, amakhasimende, ozakwethu, nezinye izinhlangano zixhunywe nge-extranet VPN.
9. Yiziphi izinzuzo ongazithola ngokusebenzisa i-VPN?
- I-VPN imaski ubunikazi be-inthanethi futhi ibethela idatha ye-inthanethi.
- Uma iqhathaniswa noxhumo lwe-WAN, i-VPN ithengeka kakhulu futhi isetshenziselwa ukuxhuma amahhovisi ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ukude.
- Ukuze uthumele ngokuphephile idatha ebucayi phakathi kwamahhovisi amaningana asabalale ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene, i-VPN iyasetshenziswa.
- Ngokusebenzisa i-virtualization, i-VPN ivikela imininingwane yenkampani kunoma yiziphi izingozi ezingaba khona noma ukuhlasela.
10. Yiziphi izindinganiso ezisetshenziswayo ukuhlola ukwethembeka kwenethiwekhi?
Ukuthembeka kwenethiwekhi ukwenza umsebenzi odingekayo ngenethiwekhi, njengokuxhumana kuyo yonke inethiwekhi, kubizwa ngokuthi ukwethembeka kwenethiwekhi.
Ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi kuthonywa kakhulu ukwethembeka kwenethiwekhi.
Amasu kanye nezinto zokusebenza zokuqapha inethiwekhi ziyimfuneko kunethiwekhi ethembekile.
Amadivayisi enethiwekhi aqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ifika endaweni efanele ngenkathi isistimu yokuqapha inethiwekhi ikhomba izinkinga zenethiwekhi.
11. Iyini ngempela imodeli yereferensi ye-OSI?
Igama elithi “Open System Interconnection” lichaza imodeli yereferensi ecacisa ukuthi izinhlelo zingaxhumana kanjani nezingqalasizinda zenethiwekhi.
Ukwengeza, icacisa inqubo yokuxhumana kunethiwekhi futhi isiza ekuqondeni ukuxhumana phakathi kwamanethiwekhi.
Izinto ezilandelayo zingasetshenziswa ukukala ukwethembeka kwenethiwekhi:
- Isikhathi sokuphumula: Isikhathi esidingekayo sokululama sibizwa ngokuthi yisikhathi sokuphumula.
- Amathuba Okwehluleka: Imvamisa ehluleka ngayo ukusebenza njengoba bekulindelekile yinkinga.
- Inhlekelele iphakamisa ukuthi inhlekelele ebingalindelekile, njengomlilo noma ukuzamazama komhlaba, ihlasele inethiwekhi.
12. Ungangitshela okuthile mayelana nezingqimba zemodeli yereferensi ye-OSI?
- Isendlalelo Esibonakalayo (Usendlalelo 1): ibhithi yedatha ekuguquleni komfutho kagesi.
- Isendlalelo Sesixhumanisi Sedatha (Usendlalelo 2): Amabhithi asuka kuphakethe ledatha azobhalwa ngekhodi futhi akhishwe ikhodi.
- Isendlalelo Senethiwekhi (Usendlalelo 3): Ukushintshaniswa kwamadathagramu phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili.
- Isendlalelo Sezokuthutha (Usendlalelo 4): Iphethe ukudluliswa kwedatha phakathi kwezinhlangothi.
- Isendlalelo Sesikhathi (Isendlalelo sesi-5): Hlela futhi ulawule ithrafikhi yesignali yekhompyutha.
- Isendlalelo Sephrezentheshini (Isendlalelo sesi-6): Fometha idatha yesendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza.
- Isendlalelo Sohlelo (Isendlalelo sesi-7): Isendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza nomsebenzisi wokugcina bazoxhumana.
13. Ithini incazelo yekheli le-IPv4?
Ikheli lenethiwekhi lenodi engu-32-bit yilokho okwaziwa njengekheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi. Ikheli le-IPv4 liqukethe ama-octet angu-4 ezinombolo ezingu-8-bit, ngayinye ingaba nenani elifika ku-255.
14. Asho ukuthini amakheli e-IP "Okuyimfihlo" kanye "Nesikhethekile"?
Ikheli Eliyimfihlo: Ekilasini ngalinye, kunamakheli athile e-IP okufanele asetshenziswe ngasese kuphela. Njengoba lawa madivayisi engakwazi ukusebenziseka, awakwazi ukusebenzisa leli kheli le-IP.
Ikheli Elikhethekile: Ibanga lekheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi, elivame ukubizwa ngokuthi amakheli e-loopback, liphakathi kuka-127.0.0.1 no-127.255.255.255.
15. Uqonde ukuthini kahle-hle uma ubhakaza?
Ukukhanyisa kwenzeka uma inethiwekhi izama ukuzilungisa ngemuva kokuhlangabezana nezinkinga. Isetshenziswa kakhulu kwiringi yethokheni kanye namanethiwekhi e-Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI).
Amadivayisi angatholi noma iyiphi isignali ayaziswa uma idivayisi ekunethiwekhi ihlangabezana nanoma yiziphi izinkinga. Ngale ndlela, inkinga yenethiwekhi iyalungiswa.
16. Iyini ngempela i-FTP engaziwa?
Abasebenzisi bangafinyelela idatha yomphakathi besebenzisa i-FTP engaziwa. Ukungena ngemvume akwaziwa futhi umsebenzisi akudingekile ukuthi aziveze kuseva.
Ukuze usebenzise i-FTP engaziwa, kufanele esikhundleni se-id yomsebenzisi ufake “okungaziwa.”
Ama-FTP angaziwa abelana ngamafayela amakhulu ngempumelelo nenani elikhulu labamukeli ngaphandle kokuveza inani elikhulu lezinhlanganisela zegama lomsebenzisi nephasiwedi.
17. Zingaki izinhlobo zezindlela ezisetshenziswayo ukuze kudluliswe idatha ngamanethiwekhi?
I-Simplex: I-Simplex ibhekisela ekuthuthweni kwedatha okwenzeka ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela. Idatha ithunyelwa ngemodi ye-simplex kusuka kumthumeli kuye kumamukeli noma ukusuka kumamukeli kuye kumthumeli. Njengomfanekiso, cabangela ukudluliswa komsakazo noma isignali yokuphrinta ethunyelwa isuka kukhompyutha iye kwiphrinta.
I-Half Duplex: Zombili izikhombisi-ndlela zokuthutha idatha zingenzeka, kodwa hhayi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Njengenye indlela, idatha idluliselwa futhi yamukelwe. Isibonelo, uma umsebenzisi ehambisa isicelo kuseva lapho ephequlula ku-inthanethi, iseva iphendula ngekhasi lewebhu ngemva kokucubungula isicelo.
I-Duplex Egcwele: Ukuthuthwa kwedatha kwenzeka kanyekanye ngazo zombili izindlela. Isibonelo, imigwaqo enemizila emibili enemizila emibili yethrafikhi, ukuxhumana ngocingo, njll.
18. Lisho ukuthini ikheli le-MAC kuwe?
I-Media Access Control ibizwa nge-MAC. Kuyikheli ledivayisi leMedia Access Control Layer ku- ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi.
Njengoba ihlukile, idivayisi eyodwa kuphela engaba nekheli le-MAC elifanayo.
19. Yini oyiqondayo ngegama elithi RIP?
I-Routing Information Protocol ibizwa ngokuthi i-RIP. Amarutha axhumeka kuyo ukuze adlulise idatha phakathi kwamanethiwekhi.
I-RIP iphrothokholi eguqukayo esebenzisa indlela yokubala ye-hop ukuze inqume indlela elungile yonkana kunethiwekhi ukusuka emthonjeni ukuya endaweni okuyiwa kuyo.
Le phrothokholi isetshenziswa amarutha ukuxhumana i-netology topology idatha.
Amanethiwekhi amancane naphakathi nendawo angasebenzisa le phrothokholi.
20. Uzoyihlukanisa kanjani i-broadband kubuchwepheshe be-baseband?
Zombili lezi zindlela zisetshenziselwa ukuthutha amasignali ngezintambo. Ubuchwepheshe be-Baseband budlulisa idatha kusetshenziswa amasignali edijithali aqondiswa kabili, okusho ukuthi idatha ithunyelwa futhi yamukelwe ngesiteshi esifanayo.
I-Broadband iletha idatha kusetshenziswa amasiginali e-analog angaqondile, okusho ukuthi idatha ithunyelwa futhi yamukelwe ngeziteshi ezimbili ezizimele.
21. Ungayilungisa kanjani inkinga yokubhampa kwesignali?
Indaba yokugxuma kwesignali ikhona ku-topology yamabhasi. Amakhompyutha ku-topology yebhasi axhunywe nge-coaxial wire. Kulesi sakhiwo, isignali yekhompiyutha isakaza kusukela kukhompyutha yokudlulisa ngazo zombili izindlela.
Le signali ihlehla iphinde ibuyele emuva ngendlela esuke ngayo lapho ifika ekugcineni kwentambo.
Inkinga ngokubhampa kwesignali yile. Izinqamuli zingasetshenziswa emaphethelweni ekhebula ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga.
I-terminator idonsa amasignali lapho ifika lapho. Inkinga ngokubhampa kwesignali isilungisiwe.
22. Asho ukuthini amaphrothokholi e-HTTP ne-HTTPS?
I-HyperText Transfer Protocol, noma i-HTTP, iqoqo lemithetho nemithethonqubo elawula ukuthi idatha ingashintshwa kanjani nge-World Wide Web (WWW).
Isiza ukuxhumana okuhle phakathi kwamaseva ewebhu neziphequluli. Njengoba iphrothokholi engenambuso, isicelo ngasinye sizimele kwesaphambi kwaso.
Ngokusekelwe ku-TCP, i-HTTP iyiphrothokholi yesendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza. Imbobo elisebenzisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ingama-80.
I-HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure, noma i-Secure HTTP, kubhekiselwa kuyo ngesifushaniso esithi HTTPS. Iwukuhluka okuthuthukisiwe nokuphephile kwe-HTTP.
Ukuphepha kwengezwa ku-HTTP ngephrothokholi ye-SSL/TLS.
Ukuxhumana ngokubhala ngekhodi kunika amandla ukuthengiselana okuvikelekile futhi kusekela ukuhlonza okuphephile kwabasingathi benethiwekhi. Ngokuvamile, i-port 443 isetshenziswa.
23. Isho ukuthini iphrothokholi ye-SMTP?
I-Simple Mail Transfer Protocol yaziwa ngokuthi yi-SMTP. Imithetho yokuxhumana phakathi kweseva neseva icaciswa yi-SMTP. Uhlelo lungathumela ama-imeyili nge-inthanethi ngosizo lwale sethi yezinkombandlela.
Kokubili amasu okuphela-kuya-Ekupheleni kanye ne-Store-and-Forward asekelwe. Ku-port 25, isethelwe kumodi yokulalela njalo.
24. Iyini imisebenzi yama-routers futhi ahluka kanjani kumasango?
Ithuluzi lokuxhumana elibizwa ngokuthi irutha lisetshenziswa ukuxhuma izingxenye zenethiwekhi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Ilawula ukuthi ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi ithunyelwa kanjani. Ithumela amaphakethe olwazi nedatha, njengamakhasi ewebhu, ama-imeyili, izithombe, namavidiyo, ukusuka emthonjeni kuye endaweni okuyiwa kuyo.
Kusendlalelo senethiwekhi, iyasebenza.
Nokho, ngokungafani nerutha, engaletha kuphela idatha kumanethiwekhi afanayo, amasango nawo asetshenziselwa umzila nokulawula ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi.
25. Imele ini i-TCP?
I-Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ngezinye izikhathi yaziwa ngokuthi i-TCP noma i-TCP/IP. Isethi yemithetho inquma ukuthi ikhompuyutha ixhuma kanjani ku-inthanethi futhi idlulise idatha ngenethiwekhi.
Uma amakhompuyutha amaningi exhunywe kunethiwekhi, isungula inethiwekhi ebonakalayo futhi isebenzisa indlela yokuxhawulana yezindlela ezintathu ukuze isungule uxhumano, ilwenze luthembeke kakhulu.
26. Imeleni i-UDP?
I-User Datagram Protocol (UDP) isekelwe kudathagram. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ukusakaza kanye nokusakaza okuningi.
Ngaphandle kwezindlela ezintathu zokuxhawula kanye nokuhlola amaphutha, ukusebenza kwayo kucishe kufane nalokho kwe-TCP/IP Protocol.
Isebenzisa ukudluliselwa okuqondile ngaphandle kokuxhawula, okunciphisa ukwethembeka kwayo.
27. Isho ukuthini iphrothokholi ye-ICMP?
I-Internet Control Message Protocol yaziwa nge-ICMP. Kuyiphrothokholi yokuphatha isendlalelo senethiwekhi.
Kubalulekile ekubikweni kwephutha, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ifinyelela endaweni oyifunayo ngesikhathi esifanele, futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu imishini yenethiwekhi njengamarutha ukuxazulula izinkinga zokuxhumanisa inethiwekhi. I-Port 7 isetshenziswa ngokuzenzakalelayo.
28. Iyini ngempela i-DHCP Protocol?
I-Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol yaziwa ngokuthi i-DHCP. Kuyiphrothokholi yesendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza esetha ngokuzenzakalelayo amadivayisi enethiwekhi ye-IP ukuze akwazi ukusebenzisa i-TCP ne-UDP-based protocols.
Amadivayisi angaxhumana kunethiwekhi yonkana ye-IP ngoba amaseva e-DHCP akhipha ngokuzenzakalelayo amakheli e-IP namanye amapharamitha enethiwekhi.
Isiza ekutholeni ikheli le-IP, imaski ye-subnet, kanye nokulungiswa kwe-DNS. Ngokuzenzakalelayo, i-port 67 isetshenziswa.
29. Chaza i-firewall.
Isistimu yokuphepha yenethiwekhi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-firewall isetshenziselwa ukuqapha ithrafikhi engenayo nephumayo kanye nokuyivimbela ngokuhambisana nemithetho yokuphepha yohlelo lokuvikela.
Isebenza njengesithiyo phakathi kwemishini yokuxhumana ne-inthanethi (inethiwekhi yomphakathi) (inethiwekhi yangasese).
Kungaba ucezu lwehadiwe, ucezu lwesofthiwe, noma kokubili kuhilelekile. Inikeza inethiwekhi isendlalelo esengeziwe sokuvikela.
30. Iyini ngempela i-subnet?
I-subnet iyinethiwekhi engaphakathi kwenye inethiwekhi edalwe ngenqubo ye-subnetting, esiza ukuhlukanisa inethiwekhi ibe ama-subnet. Isetshenziselwa ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle komzila nokuqinisa ukuphepha kwenethiwekhi.
Inqubo yokuthola ikheli lomsingathi kusuka kuthebula lomzila ithatha isikhathi esincane.
31. Ungawuthola kanjani umzila wokuxhumana phakathi komsingathi wendawo kanye neseva?
Sebenzisa umyalo we-Traceroute ukuze uthole umzila othathwe ukuxhumana phakathi kwemishini yakho neseva eqondiwe.
Kuyithuluzi lenethiwekhi lokuxilonga elisetshenziselwa ukunquma imbangela yezinkinga zomzila wenethiwekhi.
Igcina umkhondo wawo wonke amarutha iphakethe ledatha eliwasebenzisayo ukuze lifike lapho liya khona kanye nanoma yikuphi ukubambezeleka kwenqubo yezokuthutha.
32. Sitshele nge-piggybacking.
Ekuxhumaneni okubili, umamukeli uphendula umthumeli ngemva kokuthola amaphakethe wedatha. Cabangela isimo lapho umamukeli abambezeleka ukuthumela ukuvuma kuze kube yilapho ungqimba lwenethiwekhi seludlule kuphakethe ledatha elilandelayo.
Kuleso simo, uhlaka lwedatha engenayo luhlanganisa ukuvuma. I-Piggybacking igama lalesi senzo.
33. Yini eyenza ukuqinisekiswa kube yingxenye ebalulekile yamanethiwekhi amakhompyutha, ngokubona kwakho?
Ukufakazela ubuqiniso inqubo esetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa izifakazelo zomsebenzisi ngaphambi kokumnika amandla okufinyelela inethiwekhi. Igama lomsebenzisi nephasiwedi kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukukwenza.
Lokhu kunikeza indlela ephephile yokuvimbela abantu abangagunyaziwe ukuthi bathole ukufinyelela kunethiwekhi.
34. Usho ukuthini ngesishumeki nedekhoda?
Isifaki khodi isofthiwe, isekethe, noma idivayisi ehumusha idatha isuka kufomethi eyodwa iye kwenye.
Kumakhodi, ama-analog impulses aguqulwa abe edijithali.
Idekhoda isofthiwe, ihadiwe, noma enye ingxenye eguqula idatha efakwe ikhodi ibe yifomethi yayo yoqobo.
Ama-decoder aguqula ama-analog impulses asuka kweyedijithali.
35. Yini ehlukile phakathi kwe-Antivirus kanye ne-firewall?
Izinhlelo ezimbili ezihlukene zesofthiwe yezokuphepha ezisetshenziswa ekuxhumekeni kwenethiwekhi yi-firewall kanye ne-antivirus.
Amanethiwekhi ayimfihlo e-intranethi avikelwe i-firewall, esebenza njengesango ukuze kugcinwe abasebenzisi abangagunyaziwe.
I-firewall icubungula umlayezo ngamunye futhi inqabe leyo engavikelekile.
Isofthiwe ebizwa ngokuthi i-antivirus igada ikhompuyutha ngokumelene nama-virus, ama-spyware, i-adware, nezinye izinhlelo eziyingozi.
Uhlelo alukwazi ukuvikeleka kuhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha, inhloli, nezinye izinsongo ngohlelo lokuvikela.
Isiphetho
Inethiwekhi ingesinye sezihloko zezingxoxo ezibalulekile kakhulu njengoba kunzima kakhulu ukugwema i-inthanethi endaweni yanamuhla. Amakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-1.3 ezintambo ze-undersea optical fiber zihlelelwe ukufakwa emhlabeni wonke ukuze kuxhunywe umhlaba ku-inthanethi ngo-2022.
Izintambo ezingaphezu kokwanele zikhona ukuqedela ukuzungezisa okugcwele kweplanethi okuyikhulu.
Noma ubani othamela inhlolokhono yenethiwekhi uzothola lolu lwazi luwusizo.
Engxoxweni, umuntu kufanele aqaphele ngenkathi ephendula imibuzo ngoba ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi kuyindaba enzima. Ngemibuzo eshiwo ngenhla, ngeke ube nenkinga yokusula inhlolokhono.
shiya impendulo