Isiqulatho[Fihla][Bonisa]
- 1. Yintoni kanye kanye iqokobhe?
- 2. Yintoni kanye kanye iShell Scripting?
- 3. Cacisa iingenelo zokubhalwa kweqokobhe.
- 4. Chaza inkqubo ye-GUI.
- 5. Kwinkqubo yeqokobhe, yintoni kanye kanye i-superblock?
- 6. Dwelisa iindidi ezininzi zamaqokobhe afikelelekayo.
- 7. Bhala umahluko phakathi kweBourne Shell kunye neC Shell.
- 8. Yintoni kanye kanye iinguqu zeShell?
- 9. Zeziphi iindidi ezininzi zeenguqu kwiShell Script?
- 10. Ngowuphi umyalelo osetyenziswayo ukuqhuba ifayile yeqokobhe?
- 11. Ungandixelela ntoni malunga neSuper Block in Shell scripting?
- 12. Yintoni kanye kanye i-metacharacter?
- 13. Uyintoni umahluko phakathi kwekhonkco elithambileyo neliqinileyo?
- 14. Iyintoni intsingiselo yomgca weShebang kwiShell Scripting?
- 15. Ngawaphi amanyathelo aliqela inkqubo yeLinux ehamba kuwo?
- 16. Chaza iCrontab.
- 17. Yintoni kanye kanye imiyalelo yolawulo?
- 18. Uthini umahluko phakathi kwe $* kunye ne $@?
- 19. Nceda uchaze ukuba uthelekisa njani imitya kwiskripthi seqokobhe.
- 20. Ndingenza njani, ndifunde, kwaye ndisuse iifayile?
- 21. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukwahlula amakhonkco aqinileyo kunye athambileyo kumbhalo weqokobhe?
- 22. Ungazicombulula njani iingxaki kwinkqubo yeqokobhe?
- 23. Zingaphi iibhloko ezikhoyo kwisixokelelwano sefayile?
- 24. Kutheni i-bash elulwimi oluchwetheziweyo olubuthathaka?
- 25. Uguqulo olukwiqokobhe lunexesha elingakanani?
- 26. Xela lo myalelo endaweni ye-echo.
- 27. Chaza i-IFS
- 28. Ngaba kuyenzeka ukuqhuba imibhalo emininzi kwiShell?
- 29. Zeziphi iindlela ezininzi ze vi abahleli?
- 30. Uthini umahluko phakathi kwe-$! kunye $$?
- 31. Ithetha ntoni i-$#?
- 32. Chaza umyalelo osetyenzisiweyo ukwenza ugcino.
- 33. Kunini apho kungafanelekanga ukusebenzisa iShell Scripting?
- 34. Uzakuqhagamshela njani kwiseva yedatha esuka kwiLinux?
- 35. Ziziphi iifayile zomyalelo wecrontab ezimbini?
- 36. Zeziphi ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zokhuseleko lwe-UNIX zokhuseleko lwefayile okanye idatha?
- 37. Cacisa ngokufutshane umyalelo weed usebenzisa umzekelo.
- 38. Kumbhalo weqokobhe, yintoni injongo yezixhobo eziza nomqhubi ovulekileyo womxhasi?
- 49. Xela umyalelo ekufuneka usetyenziswe ukumisela ubude bexesha lesistim.
- 40. Yenza iscript ukongeza amaxabiso amaninzi.
- 41. Yenza umzekelo womsebenzi.
- isiphelo
Umbhalo weqokobhe yinkqubo yekhompyuter okanye itoliki yomgca womyalelo ejonge ukuba iqhutywe liqokobhe le Unix. Owona mba ulungileyo malunga nokwakha umbhalo weqokobhe kukuba imiyalelo kunye nesintaksi ziyafana naleyo ingeniswe ngokuthe ngqo kumgca womyalelo.
I-Linux yinkqubo esebenzayo yomthombo ovulekileyo eyaziwayo ngenxa yokhuseleko oluphezulu kunye nojongano lomgca womyalelo. Kubalulekile ukuba iinjineli zeDevOps ezinqwenelekayo ziqonde ukubhala kweqokobhe okanye i-bash scripting.
Ukuba uqhelene nokubhalwa kweqokobhe kwaye ulungiselela udliwano-ndlebe lomsebenzi, eli qokobhe lokubhalela udliwano-ndlebe imibuzo kunye nenqaku leempendulo liya kukubonelela ngeyona mibuzo ilungileyo yodliwano-ndlebe yokubhalwa kweqokobhe eya kwenza amalungiselelo akho lula.
1. Yintoni kanye kanye iqokobhe?
Iqokobhe lisebenza njengebhulorho phakathi komsebenzisi kunye nekernel. Nangona kunokubakho i-kernel enye kuphela, inkqubo inokuba namaqokobhe amaninzi asebenza ngexesha elinye.
Ngenxa yoko, nanini na umsebenzisi echwetheza umyalelo kwibhodi yezitshixo, iqokobhe lithetha ne kernel ukuze liphumeze kwaye libonise iziphumo kumsebenzisi.
2. Yintoni kanye kanye iShell Scripting?
IShell Scripting sisimahla kwaye sivula umthombo wesoftware yekhompyuter esebenza kwiqokobhe le-Unix/Linux. Isoftware yeShell Scripting ikuvumela ukuba ubhale uluhlu lwemiyalelo eya kwenziwa iqokobhe.
Inokudibanisa ulandelelwano lomyalelo olude noluphindaphindayo kwiskripthi esisodwa kunye nesilula esinokugcinwa kwaye senziwe nangaliphi na ixesha, ukunciphisa iinzame zokucwangcisa.
3. Cacisa iingenelo zokubhalwa kweqokobhe.
- Phantse zonke iinkqubo zokusebenza zangoku, ukuquka iUNIX, iLinux, iBSD, kunye neMac OS X, zinokuqhuba izikripthi zeqokobhe njengoko zenziwe ngolwimi olutolikiwe.
- Isixhobo sokulungisa isixhobo esisebenzisanayo, kunye nesiqalo esikhawulezayo.
- Igcina ixesha ngokunceda ukuzenzela imisebenzi yolawulo.
- Abadwelisi benkqubo abafuni kulungelelanisa i-syntax yabo kuba umyalelo kunye ne-syntax ziyafana nezo zibekwe ngqo kumgca womyalelo.
- Izikripthi zeShell kulula ukuzisebenzisa nokubhala.
- Ngesi sixhobo, izicelo zesoftware zinokuveliswa ngokuhambelana namaqonga azo.
- Endaweni yemiyalelo enye, ingasetyenziselwa ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi.
- Ungayisebenzisa ukwenza eyakho inkqubo yokusebenza yesiko enomsebenzi oyimfuneko.
4. Chaza inkqubo ye-GUI.
Umzobo Indawo yomsebenzisi (GUI) inkqubo efunekayo ukusebenzisa ikhompyutha kunye nee-apps zibizwa ngokuba yi-GUI scripting. Isebenza kunye neenkqubo ezininzi zokusebenza kwaye isetyenziselwa ukulawula iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo.
5. Kwinkqubo yeqokobhe, yintoni kanye kanye i-superblock?
Isoftware ebizwa ngokuba yi-superblock igcina iirekhodi zeenkqubo ezithile zefayile. Ubungakanani, ukubalwa kweebhloko ezizaliswe kwaye ezingenanto, ukusebenzisa idatha, ubungakanani beqela lebhlokhi, kunye nendawo kunye nobukhulu beetafile ze-inode ziphakathi kweepropati ezinokufumaneka kwibhloko.
6. Dwelisa iindidi ezininzi zamaqokobhe afikelelekayo.
- Iqokobhe le-Bourne: Xa usebenzisa iqokobhe lohlobo lwe-Bourne, ukwaziswa okungagqibekanga luphawu lwe-$.
- Iqokobhe le-C: Xa usebenzisa iqokobhe lodidi lwe-C, ukwaziswa okungagqibekanga ngunobumba %.
- Iqokobhe le-Korn: I-Korn siskripthi se-Unix esekwe kwi-Shell esasisekwe ekuqaleni kwi-Bash Shell Scripting. Eli qokobhe lintsonkothile kakhulu kwaye lisebenzisa umgangatho ophezulu ulwimi lwenkqubo.
- I-TCSH: Akukho nanye ifom epheleleyo ye-TCSH. Kunjalo ke. I-TCSH yinguqulelo ephucukileyo yeqokobhe leBerkeley Unix C. Ngoku ixhasa i-syntax ye-C.
7. Bhala umahluko phakathi kweBourne Shell kunye neC Shell.
Iqokobhe leBourne: Ukubumba kwayo kunye nesantya sayo kuyayahlula kwamanye amaqokobhe. Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezisebenzisanayo ezifana nokukwazi ukukhumbula izicelo zangaphambili azikho. Ngapha koko, izibalo kunye iintetho ezinengqiqo azixhaswanga liqokobhe leBourne.
I-C Shell: Luphuculo lwe-UNIX olubandakanya iimpawu ezisebenzisanayo ezifana neziteketiso kunye nembali yomyalelo. Iqulethe ubuchule obulula bokucwangcisa ukongeza kwi-arithmetic eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi kunye negrama yokubonakalisa.
8. Yintoni kanye kanye iinguqu zeShell?
Izinto eziguquguqukayo zeShell zisisiseko senkqubo nganye yeShell okanye iskripthi. Izinto eziguquguqukayo zenza ukuba uShell agcine kwaye aguqule idatha ngaphakathi kwesicelo seShell. Izinto eziguquguqukayo zeentambo ziqhele ukusetyenziswa ukubamba iqokobhe eliguquguqukayo.
9. Zeziphi iindidi ezininzi zeenguqu kwiShell Script?
Inkqubo yokusebenza (Linux) idala kwaye ichaze izinto eziguquguqukayo ezichazwe kwinkqubo. Ezi ziguquguqukayo zihlala zichazwa ngoonobumba abakhulu kwaye zinokujongwa ngomyalelo "wesethi".
Izinto eziguquguqukayo ezichazwe ngumsebenzisi ziveliswa okanye zicaciswe ngabasebenzisi benkqubo, kwaye amaxabiso abo anokuhlolwa ngokwenza umyalelo othi "echo."
10. Ngowuphi umyalelo osetyenziswayo ukuqhuba ifayile yeqokobhe?
11. Ungandixelela ntoni malunga neSuper Block in Shell scripting?
I-Super Block yisoftware elula egcina ulwazi malunga neenkqubo ezithile zefayile.
I-superblock iqulethe ulwazi olufana nobungakanani bebhloko, inani leebhloko ezingenanto kunye nezipheleleyo kunye namanani azo ahambelanayo, ubungakanani kunye nokubekwa kweetafile ze-inode, imephu yebhloko yediski, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibalo kunye nobukhulu bamaqela ebhloko.
12. Yintoni kanye kanye i-metacharacter?
I-metacharacter luphawu olulodwa oludityaniswe kwinkqubo yeqokobhe okanye indawo yedatha. Inika ulwazi kwabanye abalinganiswa. Ukudwelisa zonke iifayile eziqala ngonobumba 's', umzekelo, sebenzisa 'ls s*' umyalelo.
13. Uyintoni umahluko phakathi kwekhonkco elithambileyo neliqinileyo?
Amakhonkco athambileyo adityaniswe negama lefayile kwaye angaphila kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zefayile; kanti, amakhonkco aqinileyo adityaniswe kwi-inode yefayile kwaye kufuneka abe kwisixokelelwano sefayile esifanayo nefayile.
Ukucima ifayile yoqobo kwenza ikhonkco elithambileyo lingasebenzi (ikhonkco eliqhekeziweyo), kodwa alinasiphumo kuqhagamshelo oluqinileyo kwaye ikhonkco eliqinileyo liya kufikelela kwikopi yefayile.
14. Iyintoni intsingiselo yomgca weShebang kwiShell Scripting?
Umgca we-Shebang uqhele ukubekwa kwintloko yescript, umzekelo, #!/bin/sh. Lo mgca uxela indawo ekuyo injini. Le njini ngokubanzi yeyona iqhuba iscript.
15. Ngawaphi amanyathelo aliqela inkqubo yeLinux ehamba kuwo?
Ngokwesiqhelo, inkqubo yeLinux ihamba kwezi zigaba zine zilandelayo:
- Ukulinda: Uvimba ulindelwe yinkqubo yeLinux.
- Ukubaleka: Okwangoku, inkqubo yeLinux iyasebenza.
- Imisiwe: Ukulandela ukuphunyezwa okuyimpumelelo, inkqubo yeLinux iyekisiwe.
- I-ZombieeInkqubo imisiwe, kodwa itheyibhile yenkqubo isabonisa ukuba iyasebenza.
16. Chaza iCrontab.
I-Crontab imele itafile yecron ukusukela oko umcwangcisi wemisebenzi 'cron' esetyenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi. Yingqokelela yemiyalelo eyenziwa rhoqo, kwaye igama lomyalelo likwalawula uluhlu.
Ishedyuli kunye nesixhobo esisetyenziselwa ukutshintsha ishedyuli zombini zibizwa ngokuba yiCrontab.
17. Yintoni kanye kanye imiyalelo yolawulo?
Imiyalelo yolawulo ibonisa indlela imiyalelo eyahlukeneyo yesikripthi eya kwenziwa ngayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo zisetyenziswa kwizicelo zeShell ukuvavanya ukuhamba kolawulo.
Ngaphandle kwale miyalelo, ukuphunyezwa kweskripthi seqokobhe kuqhubeka ngokulandelelana. Imiyalelo yolawulo inefuthe kwindlela uphumezo oluqhubeka ngayo kwiinkqubo zeqokobhe.
18. Uthini umahluko phakathi kwe $* kunye ne $@?
$@ ithatha ingxabano nganye ecatshulweyo njengengxoxo eyahlukileyo, ngelixa i-$* ithatha ingqokelela epheleleyo yeeparamitha ezikwisithuba njengomtya omnye.
19. Nceda uchaze ukuba uthelekisa njani imitya kwiskripthi seqokobhe.
Umyalelo 'wovavanyo' usetyenziselwa ukuthelekisa imitya yokubhaliweyo. Lo myalelo uthelekisa imitya yokubhaliweyo ngokuthelekisa abasebenzi bomtya ngamnye.
20. Ndingenza njani, ndifunde, kwaye ndisuse iifayile?
21. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukwahlula amakhonkco aqinileyo kunye athambileyo kumbhalo weqokobhe?
Ukubhalwa kweShell sisisombululo esomeleleyo esithi, njengeWindows, sisebenzise amakhonkco okwakha iindlela ezimfutshane. Iikhonkco ezithambileyo azinayo indawo esisigxina kwaye zifumaneka kuyo yonke indawo kwindlela yefayile efanayo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo zibotshelelwa kwigama lefayile. Amakhonkco anzima, kwelinye icala, ahlala kwindlela yefayile efanayo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, unxibelelwano olunzima ludityaniswa neenodi kwaye zinendawo ethile esisigxina.
22. Ungazicombulula njani iingxaki kwinkqubo yeqokobhe?
Ezinye iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokusombulula iingxaki zeskripthi zezi:
- I-Set-x isetyenziselwa ukuvumela ukulungisa ingxaki.
- Faka ingxelo yolungiso kwiskripthi seqokobhe ukubonisa ulwazi olunceda ekufumaneni ingxaki.
23. Zingaphi iibhloko ezikhoyo kwisixokelelwano sefayile?
- I-Superblock: Le block inikeza iinkcukacha kwimeko yenkqubo yefayile, kubandakanywa ubungakanani bebhloko, ubungakanani beqela lebhlokhi, idatha yokusetyenziswa, inani leebhloko ezingenanto kunye nezizaliswe, ubungakanani kunye nokubekwa kweetafile ze-inode, njl.
- I-Bootblock: I-software yokulayishwa kwe-bootstrap, esebenza xa umsebenzisi eqala inkqubo yokusingatha, igcinwa kule bhloko.
- Ibhloko yedatha: Le block yedatha iqulethe imixholo yefayile yenkqubo yefayile.
- Itheyibhile ye-Inode: I-UNIX iphatha onke amacandelo njengeefayile, kwaye itafile ye-inode yindawo yokugcina idatha enxulumene nefayile.
24. Kutheni i-bash elulwimi oluchwetheziweyo olubuthathaka?
Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemfuneko yohlobo lwedatha yokubhengeza xa kubhengezwa izinto eziguquguqukayo, iBash lulwimi oluchwetheziweyo olubuthathaka. Uhlobo lwenguqu luchongwa ngexabiso langoku kwaye liphathwa njengentambo kwi-Bash.
Umyalelo wokubhengeza ungasetyenziselwa ukuchaza iinguqu zeBash.
Nangona kunjalo, amathuba okuchaza iindidi zedatha athintelwe kwaye awaquki zonke iintlobo zedatha. Umzekelo, umyalelo wokubhengeza awunakusetyenziswa nohlobo lwedatha edadayo.
25. Uguqulo olukwiqokobhe lunexesha elingakanani?
Uguqulo kwiskripthi seqokobhe lunobomi bexesha kude kube sekugqibeleni kokuphunyezwa.
26. Xela lo myalelo endaweni ye-echo.
Umyalelo we-tput yenye indlela yokwenza i-echo. Sinokusebenzisa lo myalelo ukulawula indlela imveliso eboniswa ngayo. Ngaphaya koko, nokuba kungakanani na ubungakanani besikrini, izikripthi zeqokobhe zingenza izinto ezinje ngokrwelela umgca ngaphantsi kunye nokubhaliweyo okuphakathi.
27. Chaza i-IFS
IFS imele Umahluli woMmandla waNgaphakathi. Yinkqubo eguquguqukayo enexabiso elingagqibekanga lesithuba, ithebhu, ilandelwa ngumgca omtsha. I-IFS ibonisa apho ibala elinye okanye igama liphela emgceni lize elinye liqale.
28. Ngaba kuyenzeka ukuqhuba imibhalo emininzi kwiShell?
Ewe, imibhalo emininzi inokuphunyezwa kwiShell. Ungafowunela iskripthi esinye kwesinye ngokusebenzisa izikripthi ezininzi. Ukwenza njalo, kufuneka uchaze igama leskripthi ofuna ukusibizela.
29. Zeziphi iindlela ezininzi ze vi abahleli?
- Imo yomyalelo: le yindlela oqala ngayo.
- Imo yokuhlela: Olu khetho lukuvumela ukuba wenze uhlengo olulandelayo.
- Kule ndlela, usebenzisana ne-vi kwaye uyinike imiyalelo ukuba iqhubeke.
30. Uthini umahluko phakathi kwe-$! kunye $$?
$! Ibonisa inkqubo id yenkqubo esandula ukuya ngasemva.
$$ ibuyisela id yenkqubo yenkqubo yangoku ephunyezwayo.
31. Ithetha ntoni i-$#?
$# ngokwesiqhelo ibamba inani leempikiswano, nangona oku kunokwahluka kwimisebenzi. Ichazwe ngokulula, isetyenziselwe ukurekhoda inani leparamitha zomgca womyalelo onikezelweyo kwiskripthi seqokobhe.
32. Chaza umyalelo osetyenzisiweyo ukwenza ugcino.
Umyalelo wetar usetyenziselwa ukwenza ugcino. Itar sisishunqulelo sovimba we tape, kwaye isetyenziselwa ukwakha ugcino olusebenzisa itar, gzip, ne bzip. Lo myalelo unokugcina kwaye ubuyisele iifayile ukusuka nakwi tape.
Ngokubanzi, iifayile kunye nezalathisi zicinezelwe zibe tarballs, ezizifayile zogcino. Ngomnye weyona miyalelo isetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yesi sizathu. Ukongeza, i-tarball igqithiselwa ngokulula ukusuka kwenye iseva ukuya kwenye.
33. Kunini apho kungafanelekanga ukusebenzisa iShell Scripting?
Akufunekanga sisebenzise iShell Scripting ukuba umsebenzi untsokothile ngokwenene, njengokwakha inkqubo epheleleyo yokuhlawula umvuzo.
Akufunekanga sisebenzise iShell Scripting ukuba umsebenzi udinga inqanaba eliphezulu lemveliso.
Akufunekanga sisebenzise iShell Scripting ukuba iprojekthi ifuna izisombululo ezininzi zesoftware.
34. Uzakuqhagamshela njani kwiseva yedatha esuka kwiLinux?
Singasebenzisa i-isql eluncedo ebandakanyiweyo kunye nomqhubi weklayenti ovulekileyo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
35. Ziziphi iifayile zomyalelo wecrontab ezimbini?
cron.allow imisela ukuba ngabaphi abasebenzisi ekufuneka bavunyelwe ukusebenzisa umyalelo wecrontab.
cron.deny, emisela ukuba abasebenzisi kufuneka bathintelwe ekusebenziseni umyalelo wecrontab.
36. Zeziphi ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zokhuseleko lwe-UNIX zokhuseleko lwefayile okanye idatha?
- Inika ukhuseleko lwenqanaba lefayile ngokunika ukufunda, ukubhala, kunye nokufezekisa amalungelo kwiifayile.
- Inika abasebenzisi id yomsebenzisi eyodwa kunye negama lokugqitha ukuze ungqinisiso ukuze abantu abangaqhelekanga okanye abangagunyaziswanga bangakwazi ukufikelela kuyo.
- Inika ukhuseleko nge uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo iifayile. Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba wenze ikhowudi kwifayile ngendlela engafundekiyo. Nokuba ifayile ivuliwe, imixholo yayo ayinakufundwa de ikhutshelwe.
37. Cacisa ngokufutshane umyalelo weed usebenzisa umzekelo.
sed sisishunqulelo somhleli womsinga. Isetyenziselwa ukuhlela ifayile ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa komhleli. Isetyenziselwa ukuguqula umsinga onikiweyo, njengefayile okanye igalelo lombhobho.
38. Kumbhalo weqokobhe, yintoni injongo yezixhobo eziza nomqhubi ovulekileyo womxhasi?
Inkqubo iqhagamshelwe kuphela kwiseva yedatha ngokusebenzisa izixhobo. Abasebenzisi kufuneka bagqibe inani lemisebenzi ebalulekileyo neyimfuneko yokucwangcisa.
Ukubhalwa kweskripthi, idatha eninzi kunye nolwazi luyafuneka, kwaye akusoloko kusebenza ukuzigcina kwindawo enye. Abasebenzisi abasebenzisa le ndlela kufuneka baqinisekise imveliso engenazimpazamo.
49. Xela umyalelo ekufuneka usetyenziswe ukumisela ubude bexesha lesistim.
Ukusebenzisa umyalelo we-Uptime, unokugqiba ukuba ixesha elide kangakanani inkqubo yakho isebenza. Inani labasebenzisi abaneeseshoni ezisebenzayo kunye nomthwalo wenkqubo eqhelekileyo ngaphezu kwe-1, i-5, kunye ne-15 imizuzu nazo ziyafumaneka.
Unako kwakhona ukuhluza ulwazi olunikwe lonke ngexesha elinye ngokokhetho olwenzayo.
40. Yenza iscript ukongeza amaxabiso amaninzi.
41. Yenza umzekelo womsebenzi.
isiphelo
Ungaliqonda eloqokobhe ikakhulu lujongano phakathi kwenkqubo esebenzayo kunye nomsebenzisi oguqulela imiyalelo engeniswe ngumsebenzisi kwinkqubo yokusebenza okanye ikernel ngoncedo lwemibuzo yodliwano-ndlebe lweqokobhe.
Le ngcamango isoloko ibalulekile kwinkqubo yokulungiselela udliwano-ndlebe Iinjineli ze-DevOps kunye nabavavanyi be-automation. Ukubhalwa kweShell kwenza ukuba kwenziwe izikripthi zamanqanaba ahlukeneyo obunzima. Ukubhalwa kweShell kungasetyenziselwa ukuzenzekelayo iindidi zeenkqubo eziphindaphindiweyo.
khangela Uthotho lodliwano-ndlebe lweHashdork ngoncedo lokulungiselela udliwano-ndlebe.
Shiya iMpendulo