Isiqulatho[Fihla][Bonisa]
Singqongwe yidatha, eya isibaluleka ngakumbi yonke imihla. Okungakumbi konxibelelwano lwethu kunye nokusingqongileyo kubunjwa ziindlela ezahlukeneyo zedatha, kubandakanya ukusebenzisa kwethu i-intanethi, ukuthenga iimoto, ukutya kweendaba esizijongayo, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi.
Siza kuchaza idatha yobungakanani kwesi sithuba, sinike imizekelo yedatha yobungakanani, sixoxe ngendlela yokwahluka kwedatha yomgangatho kunye nobungakanani, kunye nokunye okuninzi.
Kodwa masiqale sithathe umva.
Yonke imihla, i-2.5 quintillion bytes yedatha-kubandakanywa neziphumo zovavanyo, amanqaku okwaneliseka kwabathengi, kunye neetweets-ziveliswa. Kodwa ayizizo zonke iinkcukacha ezenziwe ngokulinganayo.
I-poll ecela ukuba ulinganise inkonzo, imenyu, indawo, kunye namaxabiso kwisikali se-1 ukuya kwi-10 ivelisa idatha eyahlukileyo kunodliwano-ndlebe olucela ukuba uchaze amava akho okutya.
Kubalulekile ukuba abahlalutyi abasebenza ngeeseti zedatha rhoqo ukwahlula phakathi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zedatha kwaye baqonde ukuba nganye inokuchaphazela njani isifundo sakho.
Inkqubo yokujonga idatha ihlala iqala ngombuzo othile ozama ukuwuphendula, onje:
- Ingaba inani labantu linayo nayiphi impembelelo kwindlela yokuziphatha yabathengi?
- Ngaba abaphulaphuli abathile baya kusabela ngokuncomekayo kuhlengahlengiso lwemveliso okanye inkonzo?
- Ingasuswa njani imiqobo yokusebenza ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kakuhle?
Kuya kufuneka uqokelele kwaye uvavanye idatha yobungakanani, ngokuxhomekeke kubume besifundo, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwakho, ixesha, kunye nezixhobo ezifikelelekayo. Ndicinga ukuba uyaqonda, akunjalo?
Masiqalise ngoku.
Yintoni i-Quantitative Data?
Nakuphi na ukuqokelelwa kwedatha enokuthi ichongwe kwaye ivavanywe ngokobungakanani ithathwa njengedatha yobuninzi.
Uhlobo lwedatha kuphela olunokuthi lulinganiswe ngokufanelekileyo yidatha yobuninzi, okwenza kube yeyona nto ifanelekileyo uhlobo lwedatha ukuze zisetyenziswe kuzo zombini izibalo kunye nezibalo.
Kubhekiselwa kuyo njengexabiso ledatha xa ichazwa njengezibalo okanye amanani, kunye nesethi nganye yedatha enexabiso elithile lamanani elinikezelweyo.
Naluphi na ulwazi olunokumetwa olunokuthi lusetyenziswe kubalo lwamanani kunye nokubalo olusekwe kwi-arithmetic luthathwa njengolu hlobo lwedatha kuba lunokusetyenziswa ukuxhasa izigwebo kwilizwe lokwenyani.
Mingaphi, kangaphi, kwaye mingaphi eminye imizekelo yemibuzo enokuyiphendula. Iindlela zemathematika zingasetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa nokuvavanya le datha ngokulula.
Idatha yobungakanani njengexesha, ubude, ubunzima, ixabiso, ixabiso, inzuzo, ubushushu, kunye nomgama yinto umhlalutyi wedatha asebenza ngayo.
Inokubonakaliswa njengepesenti, inani, ixesha lokulayisha iphepha, okanye ezinye iimetrics kwiinkalo zolawulo lwemveliso, ukuyila kwamava omsebenzisi, okanye ubunjineli besoftware.
Bangaphi abantu abathenge into ethile ngumzekelo wedatha yobungakanani kumxholo wokuthenga. Idatha esemgangathweni kwiimoto inokubandakanya umthamo wamandla ehashe enawo.
Zeziphi iintlobo zeDatha yoMnani?
Idatha enokuthi ilinganiswe ibhekiswa njengedatha yobungakanani, nangona kunjalo, indlela idatha elinganiswa ngayo iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lokuqokelelwa kwedatha olukhoyo. Idatha ye-quantitative inokwahlulwa ibe ngamaqela amabini asisiseko: ahlukeneyo kwaye aqhubekayo. Iiyantlukwano eziphambili phakathi kwezi zimbini zezi zilandelayo:
Idata eKhethekileyo
Ulwazi lobungakanani obucacileyo lunokuba noluhlu oluthile lwamanani amanani. La maxabiso akanakuboliswa njengoko elungisiwe.
Nanini na xa kubalwa nantoni na, kufunyanwa idatha ecacileyo. Abantwana abathathu bomntu, umzekelo, baya kuba ngumzekelo wedatha ecacileyo.
Inani labantwana libekiwe; abanako, umzekelo, ukuba nabantwana abayi-3.2.
Isixa seendwendwe kwiwebhusayithi yakho ngomnye umzekelo wedatha yamanani adityanisiweyo; unokufumana ukutyelelwa kwe-150 ngosuku, kodwa hayi i-150.6. Ezona tshathi zixhaphakileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukubonisa idatha engacacanga ziitshathi zephayi, iitshathi zebha, kunye neetshathi zokubala.
Idatha eqhubekayo
Ngokuchaseneyo, idatha eqhubekayo inokwahlulwa ngokungenasiphelo ibe ngamacandelo amancinci. Ubude besiqwenga somtya kwiisentimitha okanye iqondo lobushushu kwiidigri zeCelsius yimizekelo emibini yolu hlobo lwedatha yobungakanani obunokuboniswa kwisikali sokulinganisa.
Ngokwenyani, idatha eqhubekayo ayinyanzelwanga kumaxabiso amiselweyo; inokuthatha naliphi na ixabiso. Idatha eqhubekayo nayo inokutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha; umzekelo, ubushushu begumbi buya kutshintsha emini.
Igrafu yomgca idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubonisa idatha eqhubekayo.
Idatha yobungakanani Vs iDatha esemgangathweni
Siyabona ukuba idatha yobuninzi inokulinganiswa. Ijongana nezixa, amaxabiso kunye namanani. Olu hlobo lolwazi lunokuchazwa ngokwamanani (okt, isixa, ubude bexesha, ubude, ixabiso, okanye ubukhulu).
Idatha yobungakanani inokuthenjwa kwaye ibonwa njengengakhethi cala kwaye ithembekile kuba iveliswa ngezibalo. Nangona kunjalo, kusekho olunye uhlobo olubalulekileyo lwedatha. Ngokukodwa, idatha esemgangathweni.
Olu lwazi luchaza ngokwendalo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ayinakulinganiswa ngokuthe ngqo kodwa inokufundwa ngokuqwalasela. Izichazi kunye namanye amagama achazayo asetyenziselwa ukuchaza inkangeleko, umbala, ukuthungwa, kunye nezinye iimpawu kwidatha esemgangathweni.
Umzekelo, unokuphikisa ukuba igumbi elinye liqaqambile kunelinye.
Olo lwazi lusemgangathweni. Ukulinganisa ngokwenene ukuqaqamba kwegumbi kwaye unike inani lenani, unokuqesha izixhobo zenzululwazi kunye nezixhobo (ezifana nemitha yokukhanya). Ufumana idatha enokulinganiswa ngokuyenza.
Iindlela ezi-5 ezilungileyo zokuqokelela iiNkcukacha eziBanzi
1. ISampulu enokwenzeka
Ubuchule bokusampula obuchanekileyo obusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lokukhetha okungakhethiyo kwaye kwenza ukuba abaphandi benze ibango elinokwenzeka ngokusekelwe kulwazi oluqokelelwe ngokungenamkhethe kubaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo.
Isampulu enokwenzeka inika abaphandi ithuba lokuqokelela idatha kubantu abaqhelekileyo beqela abanomdla ekuphandeni, nto leyo yenye yezona mpawu zibalaseleyo.
Ukongeza, idatha izotywe ngokungenamkhethe kwisampulu ekhethiweyo, esusa ithuba lokuthathwa kwesampulu.
Kwisampulu enokwenzeka, kukho iindidi ezintathu eziphambili.
- Iisampulu ezilula ezingakhethiyo: Abantu ekujoliswe kubo bakhethwa rhoqo ukuba bamelwe kwisampulu.
- Iisampulu ecwangcisiweyo engacwangciswanga: Naliphi na ilungu labantu abafunwayo liya kumelwa kwisampulu, kodwa yiyunithi yokuqala kuphela ekhethwa ngokungakhethiyo; ezinye iiyunithi zikhethwa ngokungathi ngumntu omnye kwabalishumi kuluhlu.
- I-Stratified random sampling: Ngelixa usenza isampulu, ivumela ukukhetha iyunithi nganye kwiseti ethile yabaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo. Kuyanceda xa abaphandi bekhetha ukubandakanya iqela elithile labantu kwisampulu, njengabaphathi okanye abaphathi, abantu abasebenza kushishino olunikiweyo, okanye amadoda okanye abafazi.
2. Udliwano-ndlebe
Abantu badla ngodliwano-ndlebe njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokuqokelela idatha. Udliwano-ndlebe, nangona kunjalo, olwenziwayo ukuqokelela idatha yobungakanani bucwangciswe ngakumbi, kunye nabaphandi babuza kuphela iseti emiselweyo yemibuzo kwaye akukho nto yimbi.
Kukho iindidi ezintathu eziphambili zodliwano-ndlebe ezisetyenziselwa ukuqokelela idatha.
- Udliwano-ndlebe ngomnxeba: Udliwano-ndlebe ngomnxeba lwalawula iitshathi zeendlela zokuqokelela idatha iminyaka emininzi. Kodwa usebenzisa i-intanethi, i-Skype, okanye enye i-intanethi ingqungquthela yevidiyo iinkonzo zokuqhuba udliwano-ndlebe ngevidiyo zande kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
- Udliwano-ndlebe nomntu: Ukuqokelela idatha yomthathi-nxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo yindlela ezamayo kwaye eyinyani yokuqokelela ulwazi. Inceda ekuqokeleleni idatha ekumgangatho ophezulu kuba inika ithuba lemibuzo enzulu kunye novavanyo olongezelelweyo lokufumana ulwazi olubanzi kunye nokufundisa. Inqanaba lolwazi lokufunda nokubhala lomthathi-nxaxheba alibalulekanga njengoko uphando lobuso ngobuso (F2F) lubonelela ngamathuba amaninzi okuqwalasela nokuqokelela iinkcukacha ezingezizo ezomlomo okanye ukuphanda ngezihloko ezintsonkothileyo nezingekasonjululwa. Nangona inokuba yindlela ebiza imali eninzi kwaye ithatha ixesha, udliwano-ndlebe lobuso ngobuso luhlala lunamazinga aphezulu okuphendula.
- I-Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI): Akukho nto ingaphezulu kwelungiselelo elifaniswa nodliwano-ndlebe ubuso nobuso apho udliwano-ndlebe enedesktop okanye i-laptop kunye naye ukulayisha idatha eqokelelwe ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe ngqo kwi-database. Ngenxa yokuba udliwano-ndlebe akufuneki ukuba aphathe itoni yamaphepha kunye nemibuzo, i-CAPI inciphisa kakhulu ixesha elifunekayo ukuhlaziya nokuhlalutya idatha.
3. Ukuqwalaselwa
Njengoko negama lisitsho, bubuchule obulula kwaye obungantsonkothanga bokuqokelela idatha yobungakanani.
Ngale ndlela, abaphandi baqokelela idatha yobungakanani ngokuqwalaselo lwemethodical besebenzisa iindlela ezinje ngokubala inani labantu abakhoyo kumsitho othile ngexesha elithile kunye nendawo ethile okanye inani labantu abazimase umsitho kwindawo echaziweyo.
Abaphandi bahlala besebenzisa isicwangciso soqwalaselo sendalo ukuze bafumane idatha yobungakanani, obufuna izakhono ezibalaseleyo zokujonga kunye neemvakalelo ukuze bafumane idatha enobungakanani malunga nokuba "yintoni" kwaye hayi malunga nokuba "kutheni" kunye "njani."
Ukuqokelelwa kwedatha esemgangathweni kunye neyobungakanani kwenziwa ngokujongwa kwendalo. Uqwalaselo olucwangcisiweyo lusetyenziswa ikakhulu ukuqokelela ulwazi lobungakanani kunolwazi olusemgangathweni, nangona kunjalo.
- Uqwalaselo olucwangcisiweyo: Ngokuchaseneyo nendalo okanye uqwalaselo lomthathi-nxaxheba, olu hlobo lwendlela yokujonga ifuna ukuba umphandi enze uqwalaselo olucokisekileyo lwendlela enye okanye ngaphezulu yokuziphatha okuchaziweyo kumxholo obanzi okanye olawulwayo. Kwimbono ecwangcisiweyo, abaphandi banciphisa ingqalelo yabo kwizinto ezimbalwa zokuziphatha eziphambili ezinomdla kunokubukela yonke into. Ibenza bakwazi ukubeka iindlela zokuziphatha abazibonayo kumanani. Ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba "yikhowudi" xa uqwalaselo lufuna abakhi-mkhanyo ukuba benze isigwebo. Ukwenza oku, uluhlu lweendlela zokuziphatha ezijoliswe kuzo kufuneka zichazwe ngokuchanekileyo.
4. Uvavanyo
Uphando olukwi-Intanethi olwenziwe ngesoftware yophando lubalulekile ekuqokeleleni idatha kwi-intanethi kuphando lobungakanani kunye nomgangatho. Uphando lwenziwa ngendlela eqinisekisa izenzo kunye nokuzithemba kwabaphenduli.
Uninzi lwesaveyi zobungakanani zihlala zibandakanya uluhlu lokutshekisha kunye nezinto zesikali sokukala kuba zenza umlinganiselo wezimo zengqondo zabaphenduli kunye nokuziphatha kube lula.
Izitayile ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zophando zisetyenziselwa ukuqokelela ulwazi kwi-intanethi kuphando lobungakanani bemarike.
- I-Web-based: Kuphando olusekwe kwi-intanethi okanye kwi-intanethi, le yenye yezona ndlela zidumileyo nezithembekileyo. Xa uphendula uphando olusekelwe kwiwebhu, umphenduli uya kufumana i-imeyile enekhonkco kwisaveyi, eya kuthi xa icofa iya kubakhokelela kwindawo ekhuselekileyo yophando lwe-intanethi apho banokugqiba uphando. Abaphandi bathanda uphando olusekwe kwiwebhu kuba banexesha elininzi kunye nemali esebenzayo, ekhawulezayo, kwaye inabaphulaphuli abaninzi. Ukusebenzisa i-desktop, i-laptop, ithebhulethi, okanye isixhobo esiphathwayo, abaphenduli bakhululekile ukugqiba uphando nanini na xa lubalungele kwaye le yeyona nto ilungileyo yemibuzo esekwe kwiwebhu.
- Imeyile esekwe: Uphando luthunyelwa ngeposi kwinxalenye enkulu yesampulu yabemi ngeposi, ivumela umphandi ukuba afikelele kubaphulaphuli abahlukeneyo. I-questionnaire yeposi idla ngokuza kwipakethi enephepha lekhava elazisa abaphulaphuli malunga nohlobo lophononongo olwenziwayo kwaye kutheni, kunye nembuyekezo ehlawulwa kwangaphambili, ukuqokelela idatha kwi-intanethi. Nokuba imeyile inereyithi yokuqhawuka kakhulu kunezinye iindlela zokuqokelela idatha, kuquka inkuthazo kunye nezikhumbuzo zokugqibezela uphando kunceda ukuthoba ngokuphawulekayo ireyithi ye-churn.
5. Uphononongo lwamaxwebhu
Emva kokuhlalutya amaphepha akhoyo, ukuphononongwa koxwebhu yindlela esetyenziswa ukuqokelela idatha. Ngenxa yokuba amaxwebhu ayalawuleka kunye nesixhobo esisebenzayo sokufumana idatha echanekileyo ukusuka kwixesha elidlulileyo, yindlela esebenzayo nenempumelelo yokuqokelelwa kwedatha.
Uphononongo lwamaxwebhu lube yenye yeendlela eziluncedo zokuqokelela idatha yophando lobungakanani, ukongeza ekuxhaseni nasekuxhaseni uphononongo ngokunikezela ngedatha yophando olongezelelweyo.
Ngenjongo yokuqokelela idatha eyongezelelweyo yophando lobungakanani, iindidi ezintathu zamaxwebhu aphambili ziyavavanywa.
- Amaxwebhu oluntu: Igosa, iirekhodi eziqhubekayo zombutho zivavanyelwa uphando olongezelelweyo njengenxalenye yolu phononongo loxwebhu. Umzekelo, iingxelo zonyaka, izikhokelo zomgaqo-nkqubo, imisitho yabafundi, imisebenzi yemidlalo yaseyunivesithi, njl.
- IiRekhodi zoBuqu: Olu hlobo lohlalutyo loxwebhu luhlola iingxelo zabucala zokuziphatha kwabantu, ukuziphatha, impilo, umzimba, njl njl ngokuchasene neerekhodi zoluntu. Umzekelo, ubungakanani kunye nobunzima babafundi, ixesha lokuhamba elithathwa ngabafundi ukuya esikolweni, njl.
- Ubungqina obubonakalayo: Ubungqina obuphathekayo okanye iirekhodi zithetha nempumelelo yomntu okanye umbutho wangaphambili ngokwemali kunye nokukhula okunyukayo.
Imizekelo yobungakanani
Nantsi imizekelo embalwa yobungakanani bedatha ukukunceda uqonde ngokupheleleyo ukuba oku kubhekisa kuko:
- Esona sicelo sitsha seselfowuni sikhutshelwe ngabantu abangama-83.
- Kulo nyaka uphelileyo, umakazi waphalaza iiponti ezili-18.
- Ixabiso lento X yi $1,000.
- Lo msitho ubuzinyaswe ngabathathi-nxaxheba abangama-500.
- Kulo nyaka, uneeholide ezilishumi.
- Kwikota, ndiphucule ifowuni yam amaxesha amathandathu.
- Kunyaka ophelileyo, umntwana wam omncinci ukhule ngee-intshi ezi-3.
- Ukongezwa kwemveliso entsha kuya kubangela ukunyuka kwe-30% kwingeniso.
- I-54% yabantu baseMelika bathi bangathanda ukuthenga kwi-intanethi kunasevenkileni.
- Abaphenduli be-150 bathi abacingi ukuba imveliso entsha iya kuba yinto enomdla.
eziluncedo
- Qhuba uphononongo olunzulu: Kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba uphando luya kuba lucokisekileyo, kuba idatha yobuninzi inokuhlolwa ngokwezibalo.
- Ubuncinci becala: Kukho amaxesha apho i-bias yobuqu inegalelo kuphando kwaye ibangele iziphumo ezingachanekanga. I-bias yomntu iyancipha kakhulu yinkalo yamanani yedatha yobuninzi.
- Iziphumo ezichanekileyo: Kuba iziphumo bezinenjongo ngokwendalo, bezichanekile.
nezingeloncedo
- Ulwazi oluthintelweyo: Ekubeni idatha yobungakanani ayichazi, kulucelomngeni kubaphandi ukuba benze izigqibo kuphela kwidatha abayiqokelele.
- Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lombuzo: Uhlobo lombuzo olusetyenziselwa ukuqokelela idatha yobungakanani buchaphazela i-bias kwiziphumo. Ngelixa uqokelela idatha yobungakanani, ukuqonda komphandi kwiinjongo zophando kunye neenjongo kubalulekile.
isiphelo
Idatha yobungakanani imalunga nokucinga okwahlukileyo, hayi ukuqiqa okuguquguqukayo. Ijongana nembono yamanani, ingqiqo, kunye neenjongo ngokugxininisa kwiinyaniso zamanani neziqhubekayo.
Uhlobo lwedatha kuphela olunokukwazi ukubonisa izigqibo zohlalutyo kwiitshathi kunye neegrafu, uphando lwedatha yobuninzi lucokisekileyo.
Uhlalutyo lwedatha ngokuqinisekileyo linyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuba, ukuba alikho, alinako ukuthomalalisa nje injongo kunye nokunyaniseka kofundo lwakho kodwa nokwenza izigqibo zingazinzi. Idatha efanelekileyo iya kukunceda uvelise iziphumo ezichanekileyo.
Ke ngoko, nokuba bubuphi na ubuchule, oyisebenzisayo ukuqokelela idatha yobungakanani, qiniseka ukuba ulwazi luphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba luvelise ulwazi oluxabisekileyo noluluncedo.
Shiya iMpendulo