Isiqulatho[Fihla][Bonisa]
- 1. Yintoni kanye kanye i-Object Oriented Programming?
- 2. Kutheni ii-OOP ziyimfuneko?
- 3. Loluphi uncedo olunikezwa yimigaqo ye-OOPS?
- 4. Ziziphi iintsika zengqikelelo yee-OOPs?
- 5. Yintoni kanye kanye iklasi?
- 6. Yintoni kanye kanye into?
- 7. Yintoni imida yeeOOPs?
- 8. Liyintoni ilifa?
- 9. Yintoni kanye kanye i-encapsulation?
- 10. Yintoni i-polymorphism?
- 11. Yintoni Kanye Kanye Ukuthabatha?
- 12. Yintoni kanye kanye indlela yokulayisha ngaphezulu?
- 13. Yintoni kanye kanye indlela yokugqithisa?
- 14. Yintoni kanye kanye i-superclass?
- 15. Yintoni kanye kanye i-subclass?
- 16. Yintoni kanye kanye i-static polymorphism?
- 17. Yintoni kanye kanye i-dynamic polymorphism?
- 18. Chaza ingcamango yoMakhi.
- 19. Zithini kanye izilungisi zofikelelo?
- 20. Yintoni kanye kanye umtshabalalisi?
- 21. Yintoni kanye kanye ilifa elingumxube?
- 22. Liyintoni kanye kanye ilifa lolawulo?
- 23. Ziziphi izinto ezisilelayo kwilifa?
- 24. Yintoni kanye kanye eyenye?
- 25. Yintoni kanye kanye eyiyo ukuphatha ngaphandle, yaye ziziphi iingenelo zako?
- 26. Yintoni kanye kanye imisebenzi ebonakalayo?
- 27. Yintoni kanye kanye umsebenzi womhlobo?
- 28. Yintoni kanye kanye ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma?
- 29. Yintoni kanye kanye ukudibanisa?
- 30. Yintoni kanye kanye umanyano?
- 31. Chaza itrayi/ibhloko yokubambisa.
- 32. Chaza ibhloko yokugqibela.
- 33. Yintoni kanye kanye ujongano?
- 34. Yintoni kanye kanye ukubunjwa?
- 35. Yintoni kanye kanye ikhonkco lomakhi?
- isiphelo
Enye yeeparadigms zenkqubo ezinempembelelo kakhulu ibizwa ngokuba zii-OOPs, okanye inkqubo ejolise kwinto. Esikhundleni semisebenzi kunye neenkqubo, igxininisa iiklasi kunye nezinto.
Injongo yayo ephambili kukudibanisa idatha kunye nezinto ukuze kube lula ukusebenzisana nabo. Into nganye kwii-OOPs yenziwe ngekhowudi ngendlela yeenkqubo okanye iindlela kunye neenkcukacha ngendlela yemimandla.
Iilwimi ezinje ngeC++, iNjongo C, iPython, iPerl, kunye neJava zezinye zezona zinto zithandwa kakhulu Iilwimi zenkqubo.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ngakumbi malunga noku kuba imibuzo yodliwano-ndlebe iqhelekile kakhulu. Uninzi lweefemu zikhangela iinjineli eziqhelene neendlela ezijolise kwinto kunye neepateni. Ke, ukuba ujonge ukuya kudliwano-ndlebe, kufuneka wazi kakuhle izimvo ze-OOP.
Iintlobo ngeentlobo zemibuzo yodliwano-ndlebe yenkqubo ejoliswe kwinto ukusuka kwabaqalayo ukuya kumanqanaba eengcali ziya kuboniswa kwesi sithuba. Unako ke ukuphumelela naliphi na inqanaba lodliwano-ndlebe kwaye ukhusele isikhundla sakho sephupha.
1. Yintoni kanye kanye i-Object Oriented Programming?
Udweliso lwenkqubo olujolise kwizinto (OOPs) lusekwe kwizinto zokwenyani kunemisebenzi kunye neenkqubo nje. Iiklasi zenzelwe iimveliso zomntu ngamnye.
Ilifa, i-polymorphism, kunye nokufihla yimizekelo yeengqikelelo zehlabathi lokwenyani ezithi ii-OOP zibandakanywe kwinkqubo. Kwakhona kwenza kube lula ukudibanisa idatha kunye nekhowudi.
2. Kutheni ii-OOP ziyimfuneko?
Kukho izizathu ezininzi zokuba kutheni ii-OOP zikhethwa, nangona kunjalo, ezi zilandelayo zezona zibalulekileyo:
- OOPs, vumela abantu ukuba baqonde isoftware nokuba abaqhelananga nokuphunyezwa.
- Yho, phucula ukufundeka kwekhowudi, ukuqondakala, kunye nokugcinwa kwezinto ngomlinganiselo weshumi.
- Ukusebenzisa ii-OOPs, nezicelo ezinkulu kakhulu zinokukhiwa kwaye zilawulwe ngokulula.
3. Loluphi uncedo olunikezwa yimigaqo ye-OOPS?
- I-OOPS, izinto zokucwangcisa zilinganisa izinto zehlabathi, ukunciphisa ubunzima kunye nokuphucula ukucaca kwenkqubo.
- Izinto zinokusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi.
- Into nganye idala iqumrhu elahlukileyo elisebenza ngaphakathi lizimeleyo kwamanye amacandelo enkqubo.
- Ngokuzisa izinto ezimbalwa ezintsha kunye nokuhlaziya ezimbalwa esele zikhona, kunokwenzeka ukongeza umsebenzi omtsha okanye ukulungelelanisa ukutshintsha iimeko zokusebenza.
- Iinkqubo zenkqubo ye-OOPs okanye ukumelwa kwedatha kungangena lula uhlengahlengiso oluncinci.
4. Ziziphi iintsika zengqikelelo yee-OOPs?
Ezi zilandelayo ziintsika eziphambili ze-OOP:
Ilifa: Yenza ukuba iiklasi zifumane iimpawu zolunye udidi.
Ukucaphulwa: Oku kuchazwa njengempahla efihla ulwazi olubalulekileyo. Oku kugcina idatha ifihliwe kumalungu eklasi. Abacacisi bachaza indlela uphawu lwento olufikelelwa ngayo kwikhowudi.
I-Polymorphism: Oku kukuvumela ukuba wenze umsebenzi omnye ngeendlela ezininzi. Ifezekiswa ngojongano, apho sibhengeza ujongano olunye oluphunyezwa amatyeli aliqela emva koko.
Ukuthintela: Ungasebenzisa lo msebenzi ukufihla ulwazi olubalulekileyo kwihlabathi langaphandle kwaye ubonise kuphela iinyani ezibalulekileyo.
5. Yintoni kanye kanye iklasi?
Iklasi yiprototype eyenziwe zizinto kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ezahlukeneyo. Ineqela leendlela ezabelwana ngazo zizinto ezikuloo klasi.
6. Yintoni kanye kanye into?
Into liqumrhu lehlabathi lokwenyani elisebenza njengeyunithi esisiseko yee-OOP, ezifana nesitulo, ikati, okanye inja. Izinto ezahlukeneyo zineemeko ezahlukeneyo, iimpawu kunye nezenzo.
7. Yintoni imida yeeOOPs?
- Ubungakanani bukhulu kunobo bezinye izicelo.
- Ifuna ukuqhelana noko.
- Iindidi ezithile zeengxaki azifuni oko.
- Kwakunzima kakhulu ukuyila, kwaye xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izicelo, isebenza ngokucothayo.
8. Liyintoni ilifa?
Ingcinga ebizwa ngokuba lilifa ibhekisa ekwabelwaneni kolwakhiwo olusekiweyo lweklasi kunye nokuziphatha kolunye udidi. Xa ilifa lisetyenziswa kudidi olunye, kubhekiselwa kulo njengelifa elinye; xa kuxhomekeke kwiindidi ezininzi, kubhekiswa kuwo njengamafa amaninzi.
9. Yintoni kanye kanye i-encapsulation?
Uluvo lwe-OOPs lubandakanya i-encapsulation ngokunjalo. Ichaza ukuxubana kwedatha kunye nobuchule bokukhohlisa idatha. Ukongeza, inceda ekuthinteleni ukufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kwezinye iindawo zento.
10. Yintoni i-polymorphism?
Kwiilwimi ze-OOP, i-polymorphism yinto esisiseko. Ibonisa indlela iiklasi ezahlukeneyo ezinokwabelana ngayo ngojongano. Ezi klasi zonke ziyakwazi ukuba nokuphunyezwa kojongano olulodwa.
11. Yintoni Kanye Kanye Ukuthabatha?
I-Abstraction yi-object-oriented programming (OOPs) ingqikelelo esetyenziselwa ukuyila ubume bezinto zelizwe lokwenyani. "Ibonisa" ezona mpawu zibalulekileyo kwaye "ifihla" ulwazi oluvela kwihlabathi langaphandle. Olona sukelo lubalulekileyo lokuthatha amanyathelo kukukhusela abantu kulwazi olungeyomfuneko.
12. Yintoni kanye kanye indlela yokulayisha ngaphezulu?
Kuyenzeka ukuba iinkqubo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zibe negama elifanayo. Kufuneka, nangona kunjalo, zibe neeparamitha ezahlukileyo, amanani ahlukeneyo eeparamitha, iindidi ezahlukileyo, okanye zombini. Ezi zaziwa njengeendlela zokulayisha ngaphezulu, kwaye uphawu lwaziwa njengendlela yokulayisha ngaphezulu.
13. Yintoni kanye kanye indlela yokugqithisa?
Udweliso lwenkqubo olujolise kwinjongo lubandakanya imbono yendlela yokubeka ngaphezulu. Luphawu lolwimi oluvumela udidi olusezantsi okanye udidi lomntwana lunikeze uphumezo olulungiselelweyo lwendlela enye yeeklasi zayo eziphambili okanye iiklasi zabazali esele zibonelela.
14. Yintoni kanye kanye i-superclass?
I-superclass, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiklasi yesiseko, luhlobo lweklasi esebenza njengomzali wenye iklasi okanye iiklasi. Iklasi yeMoto, umzekelo, inodidi olusezantsi olubizwa ngokuba yiVehicle.
15. Yintoni kanye kanye i-subclass?
Udidi olusezantsi lolunye udidi. Iveni, umzekelo, yiVehicle subclass okanye iklasi ephumayo.
16. Yintoni kanye kanye i-static polymorphism?
Ngexesha lokudibanisa, uhlobo lwepolymorphism eyaziwa ngokuba yi-static polymorphism (i-static binding) iyenzeka. Indlela yokulayisha ngaphezulu luhlobo lwepolymorphism yexesha lokudibanisa.
17. Yintoni kanye kanye i-dynamic polymorphism?
Uhlobo lwepolymorphism esonjululwe ngexesha lokubaleka ibizwa ngokuba yi-runtime polymorphism, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-dynamic polymorphism (dynamic binding). Ukongamela kweendlela ngumzekeliso wepolymorphism yexesha lokubaleka.
18. Chaza ingcamango yoMakhi.
Umakhi yindlela ethile yeklasi ebizwa ngokuzenzekelayo xa kusenziwa umzekelo weklasi. Xa ufikelela eklasini, yakhiwe ngegama elifanayo neklasi kwaye iqalisa onke amalungu ayo. Iimpawu eziphambili zomakhi zezi zilandelayo:
Alukho uhlobo lokubuya lwabakhi.
Ukulayisha ngaphezulu abakhi kunokwenzeka.
Akufuneki ukuba ucacise umakhi; i.NET Framework iyakuyenza ngokuzenzekelayo.
19. Zithini kanye izilungisi zofikelelo?
Kwiilwimi ezijoliswe kwinto, amagama angundoqo zizilungisi zofikelelo okanye izicacisi zofikelelo. Inceda kuqwalaselo lweeklasi, iindlela, kunye nokufikeleleka kwamanye amalungu.
20. Yintoni kanye kanye umtshabalalisi?
Umtshabalalisi yindlela yokukhulula izibonelelo ezinikezelwe kwinto. Xa into itshatyalalisiwe, le ndlela ibizwa ngokuzenzekelayo.
21. Yintoni kanye kanye ilifa elingumxube?
Ilifa leHybrid luhlobo lwelifa eliveliswa ngokuxutywa kweendlela ezininzi zelifa ezifana nenye, ezininzi, njalo njalo.
22. Liyintoni kanye kanye ilifa lolawulo?
Ii-subclasses ezininzi njengelifa kwiklasi yomzali kwimeko yelifa le-hierarchical. Uhlobo lwelifa apho iiklasi ezininzi ziphuma kumzali omnye okanye udidi olusisiseko lwaziwa njengelifa le-hierarchical. Umzekelo, udidi lweziqhamo lunokuqulatha ii-subclasses ezifana 'ne-apile, “mango,' 'ibhanana,' 'icherry,' njalo njalo.
23. Ziziphi izinto ezisilelayo kwilifa?
Yandisa kwaye yenza nzima inkqubo yophumezo. Kukwafuna utshintsho phakathi kweeklasi ezahlukeneyo. Iiklasi zomzali nomntwana zihlala ziqhagamshelwe ngokungenakwahlulwa.
Ukuguqulwa kwekharityhulam kuya kufuna ukuba kuhlaziywe umzali kunye neklasi yomntwana. Ilifa maliphunyezwe ngocoselelo okanye iziphumo ziya kuba zingalunganga.
24. Yintoni kanye kanye eyenye?
Imeko eyahlukileyo sisiganeko esiphazamisana nokusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwekhowudi. Ukuqhubeka nokwenza, ungaphatha ezi ngaphandle kwiJava. KwiJava, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezinto ezingaphandle ezichazwe kwangaphambili, kunye nokuphathwa okungaphandle kunikezelwe ukulawula imiqobo ephakanyisiweyo kusetyenziswa iibhloko zokuzama ukubamba.
25. Yintoni kanye kanye eyiyo ukuphatha ngaphandle, yaye ziziphi iingenelo zako?
Eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo kwiJava yokujongana nokungaphumeleli kwexesha lokubaleka okungalindelekanga kukuphatha ngaphandle. Ikuvumela ukuba ulawule iimpazamo zexesha lokubaleka ezivela ngexesha lokwenziwa kwenkqubo.
Iinzuzo zokuphatha ngaphandle zibandakanya ukukwazi ukugcina ukuhamba kwenkqubo rhoqo ngelixa ulawula ngaphandle. Umzekelo, ukuba impazamo yenzekile kwicandelo elinye lenkqubo, ayisayi kuba nasiphumo kwintsalela yenkqubo ukuba sijongana nomkhethe ngeebhloko zokuzama ukubambisa.
26. Yintoni kanye kanye imisebenzi ebonakalayo?
Imisebenzi ebonakalayo nayo ibandakanyiwe kwimisebenzi yodidi lwabazali kwaye ibekwe ngaphezulu yi-subclass. Ezi nkqubo zinceda ekufezekiseni i-runtime polymorphism.
27. Yintoni kanye kanye umsebenzi womhlobo?
Umsebenzi womhlobo ngumsebenzi oyeyeklasi kwaye uvunyelwe ukufikelela kuluntu, lwabucala, okanye idatha ekhuselweyo. Ukuba umsebenzi uchazwe ngaphandle kweklasi, akunakwenzeka ukufumana le datha. Amagama angundoqo olawulo lokufikelela abucala, kawonke-wonke, kwaye akhuselweyo awananxaxheba kwisibhengezo somhlobo, esinokwenziwa naphi na kwisibhengezo seklasi.
28. Yintoni kanye kanye ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma?
Ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma (GC) sisiqalelo solwimi lwenkqubo olufana neC# kunye neJava esebenza njengenkqubo yokubuyisela inkumbulo. I-injini yokuqokelela inkunkuma (GC) yinxalenye yolwimi lwenkqubo oluvumela ukukhululwa kwesithuba sememori ezenzekelayo kwizinto isicelo esingasasebenzisiyo.
29. Yintoni kanye kanye ukudibanisa?
Ibhekisela kwiimeko apho iiklasi ezahlukahlukeneyo zithembele enye kwenye zize zabelane ngolwazi. Uqhagamshelo oluluqilima lwenzeka xa iklasi enye inolwazi oluthe kratya lwenye iklasi. Ungacacisa ukubonakala kweeklasi, iindlela, okanye iinguqu usebenzisa izilungisi zofikelelo. Unxibelelwano lusetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngonxibelelwano olubuthathaka.
30. Yintoni kanye kanye umanyano?
Indlela ilungu eliwufeza ngayo umsebenzi othile libizwa ngokuba lumanyano lwalo. Indlela eyomeleleyo, edibeneyo iya kwenza ngokulula umsebenzi ochaziweyo, ngelixa indlela ebuthathaka, edibeneyo inokwahlula umsebenzi omnye ube yimisebenzi emincinci emininzi kwaye igqibezele.
Iphakheji yeJava.io iyahambelana, kodwa iphakheji ye-java.util ayikho.
31. Chaza itrayi/ibhloko yokubambisa.
Xa inkqubo idibana nempazamo ngenxa yekhowudi okanye idatha engalunganga, "zama" kunye "nokubamba" kubonisa indlela yokulawula. Ibhloko yokuzama ligama lenxalenye yekhowudi xa okungaqhelekanga kusenzeka. Ibhloko yokubambisa isetyenziselwa ukubamba kunye nokujongana nezithintelo kwiibhloko zetry.
32. Chaza ibhloko yokugqibela.
Inxalenye esebenzayo yegama elingundoqo elisetyenziswayo liboniswe okokugqibela. Ichaza ikhowudi ehlala iqhutywa ngokukhawuleza emva kovavanyo kunye naziphi na iibhloko zokubamba ngaphambi kokuba indlela igqitywe. Ibhloko yokugqibela isoloko iqhutywa nokuba kuphoswe ngaphandle okanye kubanjwe.
33. Yintoni kanye kanye ujongano?
I-interface yindibaniselwano yeendlela ezingabonakaliyo kunye nohlobo lwedatha oluchazwe ngumsebenzisi. Iklasi iphumeza ujongano, ilifa ujongano lwemisebenzi abstract.
Iklasi imele iimpawu kunye nokuziphatha kwento, ngelixa ujongano lubandakanya iindlela zokuziphatha eziphunyezwa ludidi. I-interface imele "yintoni," ngelixa iKlasi ihambisa "njani."
34. Yintoni kanye kanye ukubunjwa?
Ukuqulunqwa kungasetyenziselwa ukufezekisa uxhulumaniso. Ibonisa ikhonkco eliqinileyo phakathi kwezinto ezixhomekeke kunye nezizimeleyo, ngokuchasene nokudibanisa. Into exhomekeke kuyo ayikho kule meko kwaye iya kususwa ukuba into yomzali icinyiwe.
35. Yintoni kanye kanye ikhonkco lomakhi?
Ikhonkco lomakhi bubuchule bokubiza umakhi omnye komnye ngokunxulumene nereferensi yento yangoku. Kukho iinketho ezimbini:
- Umakhi kwiklasi yangoku unokubhekiswa ngokusebenzisa igama elithi "le" elingundoqo.
- Igama elingundoqo elithi "super" liya kusetyenziswa ukubiza umakhi kwiklasi yesiseko.
isiphelo
Inkqubo eJoliswe kwiObject ifuna ukucinga malunga nolwakhiwo lweprogram kunye nokulungiselela kwangaphambili. Ukuphonononga indlela yokwahlula iimfuno kwiiklasi ezisisiseko, ezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukudala iimeko zezinto.
Lilonke, ukwamkela i-OOP ibonelela ngokuphuculwa izakhiwo zedatha kunye nokusebenziseka kwakhona, okugcina ixesha ekuhambeni kwexesha. 'Yabona Uthotho lodliwano-ndlebe lweHashdork ngoncedo lokulungiselela udliwano-ndlebe.
Shiya iMpendulo