Isiqulatho[Fihla][Bonisa]
Ngoku singakwazi ukubala i-space kunye ne-intricacies yemizuzu ye-subatomic particles enkosi kwiikhompyutha.
Iikhomputha zibetha abantu xa kufikwa ekubaleni nasekubaleni, kunye nokulandela iinkqubo ezinengqondo zika-ewe/hayi, enkosi kwii-electron ezihamba ngesantya sokukhanya ngokujikeleza kwayo.
Nangona kunjalo, asidli ngokubabona "njengabakrelekrele" kuba, ngaphambili, iikhomputha zazingenakwenza nantoni na ngaphandle kokufundiswa (kucwangciswe) ngabantu.
Ukufunda ngoomatshini, kubandakanywa ukufunda okunzulu kunye kukubhadla okungeyonyani, iye yaba ngundaba-mlonyeni kwizihloko zezenzululwazi nezobugcisa.
Ukufunda ngomatshini kubonakala kukho yonke indawo, kodwa abantu abaninzi abasebenzisa eli gama baya kusokola ukucacisa ngokwaneleyo ukuba yintoni na, yenza ntoni, kwaye isetyenziselwa ntoni na.
Eli nqaku lijonge ukucacisa ukufundwa koomatshini ngelixa likwabonelela ngekhonkrithi, imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenyani yendlela itekhnoloji esebenza ngayo ukubonisa ukuba kutheni iluncedo kangaka.
Emva koko, siza kujonga iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufunda koomatshini kwaye sibone ukuba zisetyenziswa njani ukujongana nemingeni yeshishini.
Okokugqibela, siza kudibana nebhola yethu yekristale malunga noqikelelo olukhawulezayo malunga nekamva lokufunda koomatshini.
Yintoni ukuFunda koMatshini?
Ukufunda ngoomatshini luqeqesho lwesayensi yekhompyuter eyenza ukuba iikhompyuter zikwazi ukuxela iipatheni ezisuka kwidatha ngaphandle kokufundiswa ngokucacileyo ukuba zithini na ezo pateni.
Ezi zigqibo zihlala zisekwe ekusebenziseni i-algorithms ukuvavanya ngokuzenzekelayo iimpawu zeenkcukacha-manani zedatha kunye nokuphuhlisa iimodeli zemathematika ukubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwamaxabiso ahlukeneyo.
Thelekisa oku kunye ne-classical computing, esekelwe kwiinkqubo zokumisela, apho sinika ngokucacileyo ikhomputha isethi yemithetho yokuyilandela ukuba yenze umsebenzi othile.
Le ndlela yokucwangcisa iikhompyuter yaziwa ngokuba yinkqubo esekwe kumgaqo. Ukufunda ngoomatshini kuyahluka kwaye kugqwesa inkqubo esekwe kwimithetho kuba inokuthi ithathele le migaqo ngokwayo.
Thatha ukuba ungumphathi webhanki ofuna ukumisela ukuba isicelo semali mboleko siza kusilela na kwimali mboleko yakhe.
Kwindlela esekelwe kwimigaqo, umphathi webhanki (okanye ezinye iingcali) uya kwazisa ngokucacileyo ikhomputha ukuba ukuba umfaki-sicelo amanqaku ekhredithi angaphantsi kwinqanaba elithile, isicelo kufuneka sikhatywe.
Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokufunda koomatshini iya kuhlalutya idatha yangaphambili kukalikelo lwetyala lomxhasi kunye neziphumo zemboleko kwaye igqibe ukuba lo mda wokuqala kufuneka ube yintoni ngokwawo.
Umatshini ufunda kwidatha yangaphambili kwaye udala imithetho yayo ngale ndlela. Ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kukuphela kwe-primer yokufunda koomatshini; Iimodeli zokufunda koomatshini bokwenyani zintsonkothe kakhulu kunomda osisiseko.
Nangona kunjalo, luphawu olubalaseleyo lwamandla okufunda koomatshini.
Uyenza njani i machine ukufunda?
Ukugcina izinto zilula, oomatshini "bafunda" ngokufumana iipateni kwidatha ethelekisekayo. Qwalasela idatha njengolwazi oluqokelela kwilizwe langaphandle. Idatha eninzi umatshini etyiswa, "ihlakaniphile" iba.
Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke iinkcukacha ezifanayo. Cinga ukuba uyipirate enenjongo yobomi yokutyhila ubutyebi obungcwatywe kwesi siqithi. Uya kufuna isixa esikhulu solwazi ukuze ufumane ibhaso.
Olu lwazi, njengedatha, lunokukuthatha ngendlela echanekileyo okanye engalunganga.
Okukhona ulwazi/idatha efunyenweyo, kokukhona kuncipha ukungacaci kakuhle, kwaye ngokuphambanayo. Ngenxa yoko, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela uhlobo lwedatha owondla ngayo umatshini wakho ukuze ufunde kuwo.
Nangona kunjalo, xa inani elikhulu ledatha linikezelwe, ikhompyuter inokwenza uqikelelo. Oomatshini banokuqikelela ikamva ukuba nje bengaphambuki kangako kwixesha elidlulileyo.
Oomatshini “bafunda” ngokuhlalutya idatha yembali ukumisela oko kunokwenzeka.
Ukuba idatha endala ifana nedatha entsha, ngoko ke izinto onokuzithetha malunga nedatha yangaphambili zinokuthi zisebenze kwidatha entsha. Kuba ngathi ujonge ngasemva ukuze ubone phambili.
Zeziphi iintlobo zokufunda koomatshini?
Ii-algorithms zokufunda koomatshini zihlala zihlelwa ngokweendidi ezintathu ezibanzi (nangona ezinye izikimu zokuhlela zikwasetyenziswa):
- Ukufunda okubekwe esweni
- Ukufunda okungalawulwa
- Ukuqinisa ukufunda
Ukufunda okubekwe esweni
Ukufundwa koomatshini obunganyelweyo kubhekiselele kubuchule apho imodeli yokufunda yomatshini inikwa ingqokelela yedatha eneelebhile ezicacileyo zobungakanani bomdla (obu bubuninzi buhlala bubhekiselwa kubo njengempendulo okanye ekujoliswe kuko).
Ukuqeqesha imifuziselo ye-AI, ukufunda okuphantsi kweliso eliphakathi kusebenzisa umxube wedatha eelebhile nengabhalwanga.
Ukuba usebenza ngedatha engabhalwanga, kuya kufuneka ubhale enye yedatha.
Ukuleyibhile yinkqubo yokuleyibhela iisampuli ukunceda ukuqeqesha umatshini wokufunda imodeli. Ukubhala iilebhile kwenziwa ikakhulu ngabantu, nto leyo enokubiza imali eninzi kwaye itye ixesha. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iindlela zokwenza inkqubo yokuleyibhela ngokuzenzekelayo.
Imeko yesicelo semali-mboleko ebesixoxile ngayo ngaphambili ngumzekeliso obalaseleyo wokufunda okugadwayo. Sinedatha yembali malunga namanqaku angaphambili alowo ebefake izicelo zemboleko (kwaye mhlawumbi namanqanaba omvuzo, ubudala, njalo njalo) kunye neeleyibhile ezisixelele ukuba, okanye hayi umntu ekuthethwa ngaye kwimali-mboleko yakhe.
Ukuhlehla kunye nokuhlelwa zizintlu ezimbini zeendlela zokufunda ezibekwe esweni.
- uhlelo -Isebenzisa i-algorithm ukuhlela idatha ngokuchanekileyo. Izihluzi ze-spam ngumzekelo omnye. "I-spam" ingaba luhlobo oluzimeleyo-umgca phakathi koqhagamshelwano lwe-spam kunye ne-non-spam lumfiliba-kwaye i-algorithm yokucoca i-spam ihlala izisulungekisa ngokuxhomekeke kwimpendulo yakho (i-imeyile ethetha ukuba abantu baphawula njengogaxekile).
- Ukunyanzeliswa -Kuluncedo ekuqondeni unxibelelwano phakathi kwezinto ezixhomekeke kunye nezizimeleyo. Iimodeli zokuhlehla zinokuqikelela amaxabiso amanani ngokusekwe kwimithombo yedatha emininzi, efana noqikelelo lwengeniso yentengiso yenkampani ethile. Ukuhlehla komgca, ukuhlehla kolungiselelo, kunye nokuhlehla kwepolynomial zezinye iindlela ezibalaseleyo zokuhlehla.
Ukufunda okungalawulwa
Kufundo olungajongwanga, sinikwa idatha engabhalwanga kwaye sijonge nje iipatheni. Masenze ngathi uyiAmazon. Ngaba singafumana nawaphi na amaqela (amaqela abathengi abafanayo) asekelwe kwimbali yokuthenga umxhasi?
Nangona singenazo iinkcukacha ezicacileyo, eziqinisekileyo malunga nezinto azikhethayo umntu, kulo mzekelo, ukwazi nje ukuba iseti ethile yabathengi bathenga izinto ezinokuthelekiswa kusivumela ukuba senze iingcebiso zokuthenga ngokusekelwe koko kuthengwe ngabanye abantu kwiqela.
I-Amazon "unokuba nomdla" kwi-carousel inikwa amandla buchwephesha obufanayo.
Ukufunda okungajongwanga kunokuqokelela idatha ngokudibanisa okanye ngokudibanisa, kuxhomekeke kwinto ofuna ukuyidibanisa.
- Clustering -Iinzame zokufunda ezingajongwanga ukoyisa lo mngeni ngokukhangela iipateni kwidatha. Ukuba kukho iqela elifanayo okanye iqela, i-algorithm iya kubahlela ngendlela ethile. Ukuzama ukuhlula abathengi ngokusekelwe kwimbali yokuthenga kwangaphambili ngumzekelo woku.
- association -Iinzame zokufunda ezingajongwanga ukulwa nalo mngeni ngokuzama ukuqonda imigaqo kunye neentsingiselo eziphantsi kwamaqela ngamaqela. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo wengxaki yombutho kukumisela ikhonkco phakathi kokuthengwa kwabathengi. Iivenkile zinokuba nomdla wokwazi ukuba zeziphi iimpahla ezithengiweyo kunye kwaye zinokusebenzisa olu lwazi ukulungiselela ukubekwa kwezi mveliso ukuze zifikeleleke lula.
Ukomeleza ukuFunda
Ukufunda okomeleza yindlela yokufundisa iimodeli zokufunda zoomatshini ukwenza uluhlu lwezigqibo ezijolise kwiinjongo kwisimo sokusebenzisana. Iimeko zokusetyenziswa kwemidlalo ezikhankanywe ngasentla ziyimifanekiso ebalaseleyo yoku.
Awunyanzelekanga ukuba ufake iAlphaZero ngamawaka emidlalo yechess edlulileyo, nganye inentshukumo "elungileyo" okanye "engalunganga" ebhalwe. Yifundise ngokulula imithetho yomdlalo kunye nenjongo, kwaye emva koko uyivumele izame izenzo ezingalindelekanga.
Ukomelezwa okulungileyo kunikezelwa kwimisebenzi esondeza inkqubo kufutshane nenjongo (efana nokuphuhlisa indawo eqinileyo ye-pawn). Xa izenzo zineempembelelo ezichaseneyo (ezifana nokutshintsha ukumkani kwangaphambi kwexesha), bafumana ukomelezwa okungalunganga.
Isoftware inokugqiba kakuhle umdlalo usebenzisa le ndlela.
Ukuqinisa ukufunda isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiirobhothi ukufundisa iirobhothi kwizenzo ezintsonkothileyo nezinzima kwinjineli. Ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziswa ngokubambisana neziseko zendlela, njengemiqondiso yendlela, ukuphucula ukuhamba kwezithuthi.
Yintoni enokwenziwa ngokufunda koomatshini?
Ukusetyenziswa komatshini wokufunda kuluntu kunye noshishino kubangela ukuqhubela phambili kwiinkqubo ezininzi zoluntu.
Kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla, ukufunda koomatshini ngoku kulawula ukhangelo lukaGoogle kunye ne-algorithms yemifanekiso, okusivumela ukuba sihambelane ngokuchanekileyo nolwazi esiludingayo xa silufuna.
Kwezonyango, umzekelo, ukufundwa komatshini kusetyenziswa kwidatha yemfuza ukunceda oogqirha baqonde kwaye baqikelele ukuba usasazeka njani umhlaza, okuvumela ukuphuhliswa konyango olusebenzayo.
Idata evela emajukujukwini anzulu iqokelelwa apha eMhlabeni kusetyenziswa iiteleskopu ezinkulu zikanomathotholo - kwaye emva kokuba zihlalutywe ngokufunda koomatshini, iyasinceda sityhile iimfihlakalo zemingxuma emnyama.
Ukufunda ngoomatshini kwiivenkile ezinxibelelanisa abathengi nezinto abanqwenela ukuzithenga kwi-Intanethi, kwaye ikwanceda abasebenzi beevenkile ukuba balungelelanise inkonzo abayinikezela kubathengi babo kwihlabathi lezitena kunye nodaka.
Ukufunda ngoomatshini kusetyenziswa kumlo ochasene nobugrogrisi kunye ne-extremism ukulindela indlela yokuziphatha kwabo banqwenela ukwenzakalisa abamsulwa.
Ukusetyenzwa kolwimi lwendalo (NLP) kubhekisele kwinkqubo yokuvumela iikhompyuter ukuba ziqonde kwaye zinxibelelane nathi ngolwimi lwabantu ngokufunda ngoomatshini, kwaye oko kukhokelele kwinkqubela phambili kubuchwepheshe boguqulo kunye nezixhobo ezilawulwa lilizwi esizisebenzisayo mihla le, ezifana Alexa, ichaphaza likaGoogle, uSiri, kunye nomncedisi kaGoogle.
Ngaphandle kombuzo, ukufunda koomatshini kubonisa ukuba bubuchwephesha benguqu.
Iirobhothi ezikwaziyo ukusebenza ecaleni kwethu kwaye zongeze ezethu imvelaphi kunye nokucinga kwethu ngokuqiqa okungenasiphoso kunye nesantya esingaphaya kobuntu ayiseyiyo intsomi yenzululwazi - ziba yinyani kumacandelo amaninzi.
Iimeko zokusetyenziswa koomatshini bokufunda
1. Ukuqina kwe-cyber
Njengoko uthungelwano lusiya lusiba nzima ngakumbi, iingcali ze-cybersecurity zisebenze ngokungakhathali ukuziqhelanisa noluhlu oluhlala lusanda lwezoyikiso zokhuseleko.
Ukuchasana nokuvela ngokukhawuleza kwe-malware kunye namaqhinga okugqekeza kulucelomngeni ngokwaneleyo, kodwa ukwanda kwezixhobo ze-Intanethi yeZinto (IoT) kuyiguqule ngokusisiseko imeko ye-cybersecurity.
Uhlaselo lungenzeka nangawuphi na umzuzu nakuyo nayiphi na indawo.
Ngombulelo, ii-algorithms zokufunda koomatshini zenze ukuba imisebenzi ye-cybersecurity ihambelane nolu phuhliso lukhawulezayo.
Uhlalutyo lweengqikelelo yenza ukuba kubonwe ngokukhawuleza kunye nokunciphisa uhlaselo, ngelixa ukufunda koomatshini kunokuhlalutya umsebenzi wakho ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi ukukhangela izinto ezingaqhelekanga kunye nobuthathaka kwiindlela zokhuseleko ezikhoyo.
2. Ukuzenzekela kwenkonzo yabathengi
Ukulawula inani elonyukayo labafowunelwa be-intanethi kuye kwacinezela umbutho omkhulu.
Basuka nje abanabo abasebenzi benkonzo yabathengi abaneleyo ukuba baphathe umthamo wemibuzo abayifumanayo, kunye nendlela yemveli yemicimbi yokuthumela ngaphandle ukuba indawo zonxibelelwano ayamkelekanga kubathengi abaninzi banamhlanje.
Ii-Chatbots kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo ngoku zinokujongana nezi mfuno ngenxa yenkqubela phambili kubuchule bokufunda koomatshini. Iinkampani zinokukhulula abasebenzi ukuba bathathe inqanaba eliphezulu lenkxaso yabathengi ngokuzenzela imisebenzi eqhelekileyo kunye neyona nto iphambili.
Xa isetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo, ukufundwa koomatshini kwishishini kunokunceda ukuhlengahlengisa isisombululo semiba kunye nokubonelela abathengi ngohlobo lwenkxaso eluncedo ebaguqulayo babe ziintshatsheli zophawu oluzimiseleyo.
3. Unxibelelwano
Ukuphepha iimpazamo kunye nokungaqondi kubalulekile kulo naluphi na uhlobo lonxibelelwano, kodwa ngakumbi kunxibelelwano lwezoshishino lwanamhlanje.
Iimpazamo zegrama ezilula, ithowuni engachanekanga, okanye iinguqulelo eziphosakeleyo zinokubangela uluhlu lobunzima kuqhagamshelwano lwe-imeyile, uvandlakanyo lwabathengi, ingqungquthela yevidiyo, okanye amaxwebhu asekelwe kwisicatshulwa kwiintlobo ezininzi.
Iinkqubo zokufunda ngoomatshini zinonxibelelwano oluhambele phambili ngaphaya kweentsuku eziphambili zikaMicrosoft zikaClippy.
Le mizekelo yokufunda koomatshini incede abantu banxibelelana ngokulula nangokuchanekileyo ngokusebenzisa ulwimi lwendalo, ukuguqulelwa kolwimi ngexesha lokwenyani, kunye nokuqondwa kwentetho.
Ngelixa abantu abaninzi bengathandi ukubanakho ukuzilungisa, bayakuxabisa ukukhuselwa kwiimpazamo ezihlazayo kunye nethoni engafanelekanga.
4. Ukuqwalaselwa kweNjongo
Ngelixa itekhnoloji yokuqokelela kunye nokutolika idatha sele ikhona ixeshana, ukufundisa iinkqubo zekhompyuter ukuqonda oko zijongileyo kungqineke kungumsebenzi onzima ngokukhohlisa.
Izakhono zokuqaphela izinto zongezwa kwinani elandayo lezixhobo ngenxa yokusetyenziswa komatshini wokufunda.
Imoto eziqhubayo, umzekelo, iyayibona enye imoto xa iyibona, nokuba abadwelisi benkqubo abayinikanga mzekelo waloo moto ukuba isetyenziswe njengesalathiso.
Le teknoloji ngoku isetyenziswa kumashishini athengisa ukunceda ukukhawulezisa inkqubo yokuphuma. Iikhamera zichonga iimveliso ezikwiinqwelo zabathengi kwaye zinokuhlawula ngokuzenzekelayo iiakhawunti zabo xa ziphuma evenkileni.
5. Intengiso yedijithali
Uninzi lwentengiso yanamhlanje yenziwa kwi-Intanethi, kusetyenziswa uluhlu lwamaqonga edijithali kunye neenkqubo zesoftware.
Njengoko amashishini eqokelela ulwazi malunga nabathengi bawo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo kokuthenga, amaqela entengiso anokusebenzisa olo lwazi ukwakha umfanekiso ocacileyo wabaphulaphuli abajolise kubo kwaye bafumanise ukuba ngabaphi abantu abathambekele ngakumbi ekufuneni iimveliso kunye neenkonzo zabo.
I-algorithms yokufunda koomatshini inceda abathengisi ekwenzeni ingqiqo yayo yonke loo datha, bafumanisa iipateni ezibalulekileyo kunye neempawu ezibavumela ukuba bahlele ngokungqongqo okunokwenzeka.
Ubuchwephesha obufanayo buvumela i-automation enkulu yokuthengisa idijithali. Iinkqubo zentengiso zinokusetwa ukuze kufunyanwe abantu abatsha abaza kuba ngabathengi ngamandla kwaye babonelele ngomxholo wokuthengisa ofanelekileyo kubo ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunye nendawo.
Ikamva lokuFunda koomatshini
Ukufunda ngoomatshini ngokuqinisekileyo kuzuza ukuthandwa njengoko amashishini amaninzi kunye nemibutho emikhulu isebenzisa itekhnoloji ukujongana nemiceli mngeni ethile okanye ukuveliswa kwamafutha.
Olu tyalo-mali luqhubekayo lubonisa ukuqonda ukuba ukufundwa komatshini kuvelisa i-ROI, ngokukodwa ngezinye zezi zinto zikhankanywe ngasentla ezisekiweyo nezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe.
Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ukuba itekhnoloji ilungile ngokwaneleyo kwiNetflix, Facebook, Amazon, Google Maps, njalo njalo, amathuba okuba inokunceda inkampani yakho ukuba yenze uninzi lwedatha yayo.
Njengomtsha yokufunda umatshini iimodeli ziyaphuhliswa kwaye ziqaliswe, siya kungqina ukwanda kwenani lezicelo eziya kusetyenziswa kuwo wonke amashishini.
Oku sele kusenzeka nge ukuqaphela ubuso, ebikade ingumsebenzi omtsha kwi-iPhone yakho kodwa ngoku iphunyezwa kuluhlu olubanzi lweenkqubo kunye nezicelo, ngakumbi ezo zinxulumene nokhuseleko loluntu.
Isitshixo semibutho emininzi ezama ukuqalisa ngokufunda koomatshini kukujonga ngaphaya kwemibono eqaqambileyo yekamva kwaye ufumanise imingeni yokwenyani yeshishini enokuthi itekhnoloji ikuncede ngayo.
isiphelo
Kwiminyaka yasemva kwamashishini, izazinzulu kunye neengcali ziye zazama ukwenza ikhomputha eziphatha ngakumbi njengabantu.
Umatshini wokucinga lelona galelo libalulekileyo le-AI eluntwini; ukufika okumangalisayo kwalo matshini oziqhubayo uye waguqula ngokukhawuleza imigaqo yokusebenza yenkampani.
Iimoto eziziqhubayo, abancedisi abazisebenzelayo, abaqeshwa abasebenza ngokuzimeleyo, kunye nezixeko ezikrelekrele kutsha nje ziye zabonisa ukusebenza koomatshini abakrelekrele. Inguqu yokufunda koomatshini, kunye nekamva lokufunda koomatshini, iya kuba nathi ixesha elide.
Shiya iMpendulo