Obu bugcisa bufanayo obuqhuba ukugqalwa kobuso neemoto eziziqhubayo kungekudala busenokuba sisixhobo esiphambili ekuvuleni iimfihlelo ezifihlakeleyo zendalo iphela.
Uphuhliso lwakutsha nje kwi-astronomy yokuphonononga lukhokelele kukwanda kwedatha.
Iiteleskopu ezinamandla ziqokelela i-terabytes yedatha yonke imihla. Ukucwangcisa loo datha ingako, izazinzulu kufuneka zifumane iindlela ezintsha zokwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ebaleni, njengokulinganisa imitha kunye nezinye izinto zezulu.
Omnye umsebenzi izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ezizimisele ukuwukhawulezisa kukwahlulwahlulwa kweminyele. Kweli nqaku, siza kuhamba malunga nokuba kutheni ukuhlelwa kweminyele kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye abaphandi baqalise njani ukuthembela kubuchule bokufunda komatshini ukunyusa njengoko umthamo wedatha ukhula.
Kutheni le nto kufuneka sihlele iminyele?
Ukuhlelwa kweminyele, eyaziwa kwintsimi njenge-galaxy morphology, yaqala ngenkulungwane ye-18. Ngelo xesha, uMhlekazi uWilliam Herschel waphawula ukuba ‘iinebula’ ezahlukahlukeneyo zazibakho ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Unyana wakhe uJohn Herschel uphuculwe kolu lwahlulo ngokwahlula phakathi kwe-galactic nebulae kunye ne-non-galactic nebulae. Ezokugqibela kwezi zintlu zimbini yile nto siyaziyo kwaye sibhekisela kuyo njengeminyele.
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ezohlukeneyo zaqikelela ukuba ezi zinto ze-cosmic “ziyi-extra-galactic”, kwaye zilele ngaphandle kweyethu iMilky Way.
UHubble wazisa udidi olutsha lweminyele ngowe-1925 ngokuqaliswa kolandelelwano lweHubble, olwaziwa ngokungacwangciswanga njengedayagram ye-Hubble tuning-fork.
Ulandelelwano lukaHubble lwahlulahlula iminyele yaba yiminyele eqhelekileyo nengaqhelekanga. Iminyele eqhelekileyo yahlulwa kwakhona yaziindidi ezintathu ezibanzi: iEllipticals, spirals, nelenticular.
Uhlolisiso lweminyele lusenza siqonde iimfihlelo eziliqela zendlela ummandla wendalo osebenza ngayo. Abaphandi baye basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zeminyele ukwenza ithiyori malunga nenkqubo yokwakheka kweenkwenkwezi. Zisebenzisa ukulinganisa, izazinzulu ziye zazama ukulinganisa indlela iminyele eyakha ngayo ngokwemilo esiyibonayo namhlanje.
Ulwahlulo oluzenzekelayo lweMorphological of Galaxies
Uphando malunga nokusebenzisa umatshini wokufunda ukwahlula iminyele lubonise iziphumo ezithembisayo. Ngo-2020, abaphandi abavela kwi-National Astronomical Observatory yaseJapan basebenzisa i ubuchule bokufunda nzulu ukwahlulahlula iminyele ngokuchanekileyo.
Abaphandi basebenzise i-dataset enkulu yemifanekiso efunyenwe kwi-Subaru / Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Survey. Besebenzisa ubuchule babo, babenokwahlulahlula iminyele ngokwe-S-wise spirals, i-Z-wise spirals, kunye ne-non-spirals.
Uphando lwabo lubonise iingenelo zokudibanisa idatha enkulu evela kwiiteleskopu kunye ukufunda okunzulu ubuchule. Ngenxa yeminatha ye-neural, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ngoku zinokuzama ukuhlela ezinye iindidi ze-morphology ezifana nemivalo, ukudibanisa, kunye nezinto ezifakwe iilensi ezinamandla. Umzekelo, uphando olunxulumeneyo ukusuka kuMK Cavanagh kunye no-K. Bekki basebenzisa i-CNNs ukuphanda ukubunjwa kweebha ekudibaniseni igalaksi.
Ingaba isebenza kanjani
Izazinzulu ezivela kwi-NAOJ zixhomekeke kwi-convolution amanethiwekhi okanye CNNs ukuhlela imifanekiso. Ukusukela ngo-2015, ii-CNNs ziye zaba yindlela echaneke kakhulu yokuhlela izinto ezithile. Usetyenziso lwehlabathi lokwenyani lwe-CNNs lubandakanya ukubonwa kobuso kwimifanekiso, iimoto eziziqhubayo, ukuqondwa komlinganiswa obhalwe ngesandla, kunye nonyango. uhlalutyo lwemifanekiso.
Kodwa isebenza njani iCNN?
I-CNN yeyeklasi yeendlela zokufunda koomatshini ezaziwa ngokuba ngumdidi. Abahluli bangathatha igalelo elithile kwaye bakhuphe indawo yedatha. Umzekelo, umlinganisi wophawu lwesitrato uya kukwazi ukuthatha umfanekiso kunye nemveliso nokuba umfanekiso luphawu lwesitrato okanye hayi.
A CNN ngumzekelo a inethiwekhi yomnatha. Ezi nethiwekhi ze-neural zenziwe neurons ihlelwe yaba iziqendu. Ngethuba lesigaba soqeqesho, ezi zi-neurons zilungelelanise izisindo ezithile kunye nokungakhethi okuya kunceda ukusombulula ingxaki yokuhlela efunekayo.
Xa inethiwekhi ye-neural ifumana umfanekiso, ithatha kwiindawo ezincinci zomfanekiso kunayo yonke into iyonke, I-neuron nganye isebenzisana nezinye ii-neurons njengoko ithatha kumacandelo ahlukeneyo omfanekiso oyintloko.
Ubukho beeleya ze-convolutional benza i-CNN yahluke kwezinye iinethiwekhi ze-neural. Ezi maleko zihlola iibhloko ezidlulanayo zeepikseli ngenjongo yokuchonga iimpawu ezisuka kumfanekiso wegalelo. Ekubeni sidibanisa i-neurons esondelene kunye, inethiwekhi iya kuba nexesha elilula lokuqonda umfanekiso njengoko idatha yegalelo idlula kwinqanaba ngalinye.
Ukusetyenziswa kwiGalaxy Morphology
Xa zisetyenziselwa ukwahlula iminyele, ii-CNNs ziqhekeza umfanekiso wegalaksi zibe "ziindawo ezincinci". Usebenzisa imathematika encinci, umaleko wokuqala ofihliweyo uya kuzama ukusombulula ukuba isiziba sinomgca okanye igophe. Ezinye iileya ziya kuzama ukusombulula imibuzo entsokothileyo eyandayo efana nokuba ingaba isiziba siqulethe imbonakalo ye-spiral galaxy, efana nobukho bengalo.
Nangona kulula ukufumanisa ukuba icandelo lomfanekiso liqulethe umgca othe tye, kuye kusiba nzima ngakumbi ukubuza ukuba ingaba umfanekiso ubonisa i-spiral galaxy, kungasathethwa ke ukuba loluphi uhlobo lomnyele ojikelezayo.
Ngothungelwano lwe-neural, umdidiyeli uqala ngemithetho engacwangciswanga kunye neendlela. Le migaqo icotha ukuba ichaneke ngakumbi kwaye ifaneleke kwingxaki esizama ukuyisombulula. Ekupheleni kwesigaba soqeqesho, inethiwekhi ye-neural kufuneka ngoku ibe nombono olungileyo wokuba zeziphi iimpawu ekufuneka zijongwe emfanekisweni.
Ukwandisa i-AI usebenzisa iNzululwazi yabemi
Inzululwazi yabemi ibhekisa kuphando lwezenzululwazi olwenziwa ngoosonzululwazi abangafundanga okanye amalungu oluntu.
Izazinzulu ezifunda ngeenkwenkwezi zihlala zisebenzisana nezazinzulu zabemi ukunceda ukwenza izinto ezibalulekileyo ezifunyanisiweyo zenzululwazi. I-NASA igcina a uluhlu ezininzi zeeprojekthi zesayensi yabemi apho nabani na oneselfowuni okanye ilaptop anokuba negalelo kuzo.
INational Astronomical Observatory yaseJapan nayo ibeke iprojekthi yesayensi yabemi eyaziwa ngokuba I-Galaxy Cruise. Eli phulo liqeqesha amavolontiya ukuba ahlele iminyele aze ajonge iimpawu zongquzulwano olunokubakho phakathi kweminyele. Enye iprojekthi yabemi ebizwa Zoo Galaxy sele ifumene ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-50 kuhlelo kunyaka nje wokuqala wokusungulwa.
Ukusebenzisa idatha evela kwiiprojekthi zesayensi yabemi, singakwazi qeqesha iinethiwekhi ze-neural ukwahlulahlula iminyele ibe ziindidi ezineenkcukacha ngakumbi. Kwakhona sinokusebenzisa ezi labhile zenzululwazi zabemi ukuze sifumane iminyele enezinto ezibangela umdla. Iimpawu ezinje ngeringi kunye neelensi kusenokuba nzima ukufumana usebenzisa inethiwekhi ye-neural.
isiphelo
Ubuchwephesha benethiwekhi ye-Neural buyanda kakhulu kwinkalo ye-astronomy. Ukuphehlelelwa kweNASA's James Webb Space Telescope ngo-2021 kuthembisa ixesha elitsha lokujonga ngeenkwenkwezi. Iteleskopu sele iqokelele iiterabytes zedatha, kunye namawaka angakumbi asendleleni kwiminyaka emihlanu yobomi bayo bobuthunywa.
Ukuhlelwa kweminyele ngomnye wemisebenzi emininzi enokubakho enokunyuswa ngeML. Ngokusetyenzwa kwedatha yendawo ibe yingxaki yayo yeDatha enkulu, abaphandi kufuneka baqeshe ukufundwa komatshini okuphambili ngokupheleleyo ukuqonda umfanekiso omkhulu.
Shiya iMpendulo