Isiqulatho[Fihla][Bonisa]
Uninzi lwethu, kubandakanywa nabatyali-mali, baxhomekeke ngakumbi kwiikhomputha kunye nobuchwepheshe kunangaphambili. Ngoncedo lokurhweba nge-algorithmic, inani elandayo labatyali-mali lithatha ithuba loko bakholelwa ukuba zezona meko zentengiso ukuze babe zizityebi kakhulu.
Urhwebo lwe-algorithmic, oludla ngokubizwa ngokuba lurhwebo lwe-algo, luhlobo lwentengiso yesitokhwe esebenzisa imifuziselo entsonkothileyo yemathematika kunye neefomula zokuqhuba isantya esiphezulu, utshintshiselwano lwemali oluzenzekelayo.
Ijolise ekuncedeni abatyali-mali ekusebenziseni iindlela ezithile zezimali ngokukhawuleza kangangoko ukuze kwandiswe imbuyekezo. Ngelixa kukho iingenelo ezibalulekileyo kurhwebo lwe-algorithmic, kukwakho neengozi ezithile ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe.
Funda ukuze ufumane yonke into ofuna ukuyazi malunga norhwebo lwe-algo.
Yintoni urhwebo lwe-algorithmic?
Ukurhweba nge-algorithmic yindlela yokurhweba esebenzisa izixhobo ezintsonkothileyo zemathematika ukunceda abarhwebi benze izigqibo zokuthengiselana kwiimarike zemali. Imfuneko yentatho-nxaxheba yomrhwebi wabantu incinci kolu hlobo lwenkqubo, okukhokelela ekuthathweni kwezigqibo ngokukhawuleza. Oku kuvumela i-algorithm ukuba isebenzise nayiphi na inzuzo yokwenza inzuzo evela kwimarike kude ngaphambi kokuba umrhwebi wabantu ababone.
Ngenxa yokuba abatyali-zimali bamaziko amakhulu barhweba ngenani elikhulu lezabelo, basebenzisa kakhulu urhwebo lwe-algorithmic. Ikwaziwa njengorhwebo lwealgo, urhwebo lwebhokisi emnyama, kunye nezinye izihloko ezifanayo, kwaye ixhomekeke kakhulu kubuchwephesha. Ikhule ngokuthandwa kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo.
Urhwebo lwe-algorithmic (ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-algo-trading) luqheliselo lokusebenzisa imifuziselo yezibalo eqhutywa yikhompyutha ukwenza imiyalelo esekelwe kwiikhrayitheriya ezichazwe kwangaphambili ngaphandle kokusebenzisa intsebenziswano yabantu. Urhwebo lwe-algorithmic lwaqala lwamkelwa yimibutho emikhulu yezemali efana neebhanki zotyalo-mali, kodwa sele mva nje yenziwe yafumaneka kubarhwebi abaqhelekileyo.
imbali
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980 kunye no-1990, iimarike zezimali ezisebenza ngokupheleleyo kwi-elektroniki kunye nothungelwano lonxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki oluthelekisekayo lwavela. E-United States, i-decimalization, eyanciphisa ubuncinci bobukhulu bophawu ukusuka kwi-1/16 yedola (i-US $ 0.0625) ukuya kwi-US $ 0.01 ngesabelo ngasinye, inokuba ikhuthaze urhwebo lwe-algorithmic ngokuguqula i-microstructure yemarike ngokuvumela umahluko omncinci phakathi kwe-bid kunye namaxabiso anikezelayo, ukunciphisa. Inzuzo yokurhweba yabenzi borhwebo kunye nokwandisa ubutyebi bemalike.
Kuze kube yi-1998, i-Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) yase-United States (US) ivumele utshintshiselwano lwe-elektroniki, luvula umnyango wokurhweba kwikhompyutheni ye-high-frequency. I-HFT inokuqhuba iintengiselwano izihlandlo ezili-1000 ngokukhawuleza kunomntu. Ukusukela ngoko, i-high-frequency trading (HFT) ikhule ngokuthandwa.
Ingaba isebenza kanjani?
Indlela okanye ingqokelela yemigaqo echaziweyo ejoliswe ekuqhubeni inkqubo ethile ibizwa ngokuba yi-algorithm. Urhwebo lwe-algorithmic lusebenzisa iinkqubo zekhompyuter ukwenza amaxabiso aphezulu kunye nemiqulu ngokuxhomekeke kwiseti yeeparamitha ezichazwe kwangaphambili, njengamaxabiso esitokhwe kunye neemeko zentengiso.
Umrhwebi, umzekelo, unokusebenzisa ukurhweba kwe-algorithmic ukwenza imiyalelo ngokukhawuleza xa isitokhwe esithile sibetha okanye siwela ngaphantsi kwexabiso elichaziweyo. Ngokusekwe kwiimeko ezinjalo, i-algorithm inokugqiba ukuba zingaphi izabelo zokuthenga okanye ukuthengisa. Nanini na xa inkqubo ikhona, umrhwebi unokuhlala phantsi kwaye aphumle, eyazi ukuba ukuthengiselana kuya kwenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo xa imilinganiselo echazwe kwangaphambili yanelisiwe.
Izicwangciso ze-algorithmic zokurhweba
Izicwangciso ze-algorithmic zokurhweba ziindlela ezininzi zokwenza ezona ntengiselwano zinenzuzo kakhulu. Nangona isicwangciso ngasinye sahlukile, indlela yokwenza urhwebo lwe-Algo ihlala ingaguquguquki. Indlela nganye yakhiwe ukwenzela ukuba ifumane imithombo yedatha ye-real-market evela kutshintshiselwano kwaye emva koko ivelise umyalelo wokurhweba usebenzisa ibhloko echazwe kwangaphambili yemithetho okanye ingqiqo. Umyalelo wokurhweba ubandakanya zonke iimpawu, ezifana nohlobo, icala, kunye nemali.
Isicwangciso ngasinye sisebenza ngendlela echazwe kwangaphambili ukubonelela umrhwebi ngokufezekiswa okuchanekileyo kwe-algorithms yokwenza ukuthengiselana. Phonononga olu luhlu lulandelayo lweendlela ezidumileyo kunye neengcaciso zazo zokuqonda ngcono:
- Arbitrage Strategies
- Ubuchule boBalo
- Amaqhinga okwenza iMarike
- Iindlela zokuRhweba eziSekwe kwiSentiment
- Amaqhinga oMomentum
- U kufunda Trading Strategies
Arbitrage Strategies
Le ndlela yokwenza ibandakanya ukuthatha ithuba lesixhobo sezemali okanye ilahleko ye-asethi kwiindawo zentengiso ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. I-asethi erhweba ngexabiso elinye kwimarike enye kodwa ngexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu kwenye imarike ngumzekelo weqhinga le-arbitrage. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba ubuthenge loo nto ngexabiso eliphantsi, usenokuyithengisa ngexabiso elikhulu emarikeni.
Ngale ndlela, uyakugqiba ngenzuzo ngaphandle kokuthatha nayiphi na ingozi. Ngenxa yoko, le yimeko apho wenze iintengiselwano ezininzi kwi-asethi enye ngaxeshanye ukufumana inzuzo, kungekho mngcipheko unxulunyaniswa ngenxa yokungafani kwexabiso.
Ubuchule boBalo
Ubuchwephesha bamanani arbitrage, obusekwe kwingqikelelo yokubuyisela umva, buqhele ukusetyenziswa ngababini. Ezo ndlela ziqikelela ukuzuza ingeniso kumaxabiso ee-asethi enye okanye ngaphezulu ngokusekelwe kwixabiso eliqikelelweyo.
Ukurhweba ngababini ngumzekelo we-Statistical Arbitrage apho sijonga umlinganiselo okanye ukusasazeka phakathi kwamaxabiso eequity ezimbini ezidityanisiweyo. Ukuba ixabiso lokusasazeka lidlula uluhlu oluqikelelweyo, uthengela isitokhwe esiye sasebenza ngaphantsi kwaye uthengise lowo ugqwesileyo ngokukholelwa ukuba ukusasazeka kuya kubuyela kwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo. I-Arbitrage yeStatistical inokusebenza kunye nekhulu okanye ngaphezulu kwezitokhwe kwipotfoliyo yayo ehlelwe ngokusekwe kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo kwaye inokuthi izenzele ngokupheleleyo malunga nokuhlalutya kunye nokwenziwa.
Amaqhinga okwenza iMarike
Obu buchwephesha bunegalelo ekwandeni koqoqosho lwemalike. Umenzi wemarike, osoloko eliziko elikhulu, unika amandla umthamo omkhulu wokuthenga nokuthengisa iiodolo zorhwebo. Isizathu sokuba abavelisi beemarike babe ngamaziko amakhulu kungenxa yokuba kukho inani elikhulu lezibambiso ezibandakanyekayo. Ngenxa yoko, umthetheli ngamnye akanakukwazi ukuququzelela umthamo ofunekayo.
Ngexesha lale nkqubo, abenzi beemarike bathenga kwaye bathengise izabelo kwiseti ethile yeefemu. Umsebenzi ngamnye womenzi wemarike uquka ukubonisa amaxabiso okuthenga nokuthengisa ngenani elithile lezitokhwe. Xa umthengi efaka iodolo, umenzi wemarike uyizalisekisa ngokuthengisa izabelo ezisuka kwingxowa yakhe. Ngenxa yoko, iimarike zemali zihlala zingamanzi, nto leyo eyenza kube lula kubatyali-mali kunye nabarhwebi ukuba bathenge kwaye bathengise. Oku kubandakanya ukubaluleka kwabenzi borhwebo ekuqinisekiseni urhwebo olwaneleyo.
Iindlela zokuRhweba eziSekwe kwiSentiment
Indlela yokurhweba ngoluvo ithatha izikhundla kwimarike ngokusekelwe ekubeni imarike ilawulwa ziinkunzi okanye iibhere. Le ndlela yokurhweba inokuba isekwe kwisantya esiphezulu, okuthetha ukuba sityala imali ephezulu kwaye sithengise phezulu ukuba imakethi ikwi-bullish, okanye ngokuphendululekileyo ukuba imakethi ibhebhile.
Indlela yokurhweba ngoluvo isenokuchasa okanye ibuyisele umva, okt ichase uluvo lwentengiso. Inzuzo echasayo kwingcinga yokuba xa kukho isimilo esithile sesihlwele malunga nokhuseleko, kuzala ukuxhaphaza okuthile okusebenzisekayo (ukuthengisa ngaphezulu kwexabiso elisele lixhaphakile kukhuseleko) kwaye inkunzi yenkomo ilandelwa kukuhla kwamaxabiso okhuseleko ngenxa yezilungiso okanye ubugwenxa. ngokuchaseneyo.
Amaqhinga oMomentum
Ezi ndlela zenza inzuzo kuguquguquko lwemarike ngokuhlalutya intsingiselo yemarike. Ngenxa yoko, izama ukuthenga phezulu kwaye ithengise phezulu ukwenzela ukuba i-stock investment izuze. Xa kuziwa kwixabiso lotyalo-mali, lizama ukubuyela kwintsingiselo okanye kwi-avareji nangaliphi na ixesha liphambuka kuyo.
Utyalo-mali olukhawulezayo lwenzeka ngeli xesha ngenxa yokuba lwenzeka ngaphambi kokuvela kokuguqulwa kwentsingiselo. I-Momentum isebenza ngenxa yenani eliphezulu lezigwebo zeemvakalelo ezenziwa ngabanye abarhwebi kwimarike ngelixa amaxabiso ephuma kwintsingiselo. Ngenxa yoko, inzuzo yenzeka ngenxa yeendlela zokuziphatha zabanye kunye neempazamo zeemvakalelo.
Eyona nto ibanjiweyo apha yeyokuba iintsingiselo zinokujika ngokukhawuleza kwaye zitshabalalise impumelelo, zenze ezi ndlela ziguquguquke kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, kubalulekile ukulungiselela ngokufanelekileyo ukuthenga kunye nokuthengisa ukukhusela ilahleko. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokulawula umngcipheko ezinokubeka iliso ngokuchanekileyo utyalo-mali kwaye ithathe amanyathelo okukhusela intshukumo yamaxabiso amabi.
Iindlela zokuRhweba ngoomatshini
U kufunda ibhekisa kuphononongo lweealgorithms kunye neseti ethile yeepateni ezisetyenziswa ziinkqubo zekhompyuter ukwenza ukhetho lokurhweba olusekwe kwidatha yentengiso. Eli gama lithathwe kwisayensi "yokuqatshelwa kwepatheni," kwaye igxininisa into yokuba iikhomputha zifunde ngaphandle kokufundiswa ngokucacileyo.
Qaphela ukuba abantu benza / baqalisa isoftware, kwaye ke ukuya kwi-AI (Kukubhadla okungeyonyani) ukuziphucula ngokwalo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ngenxa yoko, ukubandakanyeka komntu kuhlala kuyimfuneko. Inzuzo apha kukuba iimodeli ezisekwe kuMatshini wokuFunda zivavanya ubuninzi bedatha ngesantya esikhawulezayo kwaye zibandakanyeke ekuziphuculeni.
Imfuno zo bugcisa
Ukuphumeza indlela yokusebenzisa inkqubo yekhompyutheni, elandelwa yi-backtesting, yinyathelo lokugqibela kwi-algorithmic yokuthengisa (ukuzama i-algorithm kumaxesha embali yokusebenza kwe-stock-market market ukuze ubone ukuba ukuyisebenzisa kuya kuba nenzuzo).
Injongo kukuguqula indlela echazwe kwintsebenzo edibeneyo ezenzekelayo ebandakanya ukufikelela kwi-akhawunti yokurhweba apho imiyalelo ingafakwa khona. Ezi mfuno zilandelayo kufuneka zaneliswe kurhwebo lwe-algorithmic:
- Abaphuhlisi abaqeshiweyo okanye isoftware yokurhweba esele yenziwe zizo zonke iinketho zokwenza isicwangciso sorhwebo esifunekayo.
- Ukufikelela kwimijelo yedatha yemarike, apho i-algorithm iya kubeka iliso kumathuba okubekwa komyalelo.
- Ukufikeleleka kwiinkqubo zokurhweba kunye noqhagamshelo lwe-intanethi yokubeka iiodolo.
- Ubunakho kunye nesiseko sokubuyisela inkqubo emva kokuba yenziwe ngaphambi kokuba ifakwe kwimveliso kutshintshiselwano lwenyani.
- Ngokusekelwe kubuqhetseba bemithetho ye-algorithm, idatha yembali iyafumaneka ukubuyisela umva.
Iiplatifti zokurhweba eziphezulu ze-algorithmic
1. AlgoTrader
Itekhnoloji yeBlockchain iguqula iimarike zezemali kunye neemfuno zabaxhasi. Iqonga labo lokurhweba kwiziko lenza ukuba iibhanki, iimali zokuqiqa kunye nobungakanani zikwazi ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo amandla edijithali kunye ne-crypto-assets.
Babonelela ngeyona mveliso inkulu kubathengi bakho ngokucofa imali yokuhlawula amatyala ngoqhagamshelo olubanzi lwentengiso. I-AlgoTrader yinkokeli yemarike kurhwebo lweziko kunye neziseko ezingundoqo, kunye nolawulo lwepotfoliyo ye-asethi yedijithali neyemveli, ngenxa yonxibelelwano olungenamthungo kunye nokugcinwa okukhulu kunye nababoneleli bebhanki abangundoqo.
2. Kuants
IKuants yiFinancial-Tech yokuqala yaseIndiya Iqonga loRhwebo lweStokhwe, ukubonelela abathengi ngabanye kunye namaziko ngophuhliso kunye ne-automation yeendlela zokurhweba kunye nokutyalomali.
I-Kuants ibonelela ngenkqubo epheleleyo yokubuyisela umva ekuphuhliseni izicwangciso zokurhweba ngokuchofoza lula kunye nesakhiwo esisekelwe kwintetho evumela abahwebi bempahla kunye nabatyalo-mali ukuba bakhe kwaye basebenzise iindlela zokurhweba kwimizuzu.
3. Iialgobulls
Umnikezeli weqonga lokurhweba elinikezela ngokurhweba ngokuzenzekelayo kwe-algorithmic kunye nolwazi olulungele ukusetyenziswa lwe-stock market. Itekhnoloji yenkampani ibonelela ngokurhweba okucwangcisiweyo kwe-algorithmic ngokuzenzekela ngokupheleleyo kwaye akukho nxaxheba yabaqhubi, ivumela iingcali kunye nabarhwebi ukuba benze urhwebo oluzenzekelayo olungenamdla.
eziluncedo
- Ukunyuka kwesantya: Enye yezinto eziphambili zokurhweba kwi-algo kukwandisa isantya esibonelela ngayo. I-algorithms iyakwazi ukuhlalutya uluhlu olubanzi lweempawu kunye nezalathi zobugcisa kwiqhezu lesibini kunye nokuqhuba ukuthengiselana ngoko nangoko. Isantya esongeziweyo sibaluleke kakhulu kuba ukuguquguquka kwexabiso kunokubanjwa ngabarhwebi nje ukuba kwenzeke.
- Ukwanda kokuchaneka: Enye inzuzo ebalulekileyo yorhwebo lwe-algo kukuba idinga intsebenziswano encinci yabantu. Oku kunciphisa kakhulu ukubakho kweempazamo. I-algorithms iqinisekisiwe kwaye ihlolwe kwakhona, kwaye iimpazamo zabantu azinampembelelo kubo. Kucingelwa ukuba umrhwebi enze impazamo, kwaye avavanye ngempazamo izikhombisi zobugcisa; kodwa, kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo, ii-algorithms zekhompyuter azenzi iimpazamo ezinjalo. Ngenxa yoko, izivumelwano zenziwa ngokuchanekileyo.
- Iindleko ezincitshisiweyo: Ukurhweba kwe-Algo kuvumela ukuphunyezwa kwezinto eziphezulu zokurhweba ngexesha elifutshane. Ngenxa yoko, zininzi iintengiselwano ezigqityiweyo, kwaye iindleko zentengiselwano zithotyiwe.
- Ukuzenzekela kwenkqubo yokhetho lwe-asethi: Lilonke, ukhetho lwe-asethi, ukwenziwa komyalelo, kunye nokungena kunye nokuphuma kuba yinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo ngakumbi ngoncedo lorhwebo lwe-algo. Ingena kwinkqubo yenyathelo ngenyathelo lokuphumeza imiyalelo. Ukurhweba kuba nenjongo ngakumbi kwaye lula ngenxa yoku.
- Ukubuyisela umva amandla: Ii-algorithms ezintsha ziqale zihlaselwe kusetyenziswa idatha yembali. Oku kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba isicwangciso siya kusebenza na okanye hayi. Isicwangciso sinokutshintshwa kwaye silungiswe kakuhle ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ze-backtest ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zomthengisi. Indlela yokusebenza yenziwa ukuba isebenze, kwaye yonke imithetho icacile kwaye ayinakuchazwa.
neengozi
- Ukuxhomekeka kwitekhnoloji: Eyona nto ingalunganga yokurhweba kwe-algo kukuxhomekeka kwayo kwitekhnoloji. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ii-odolo zokurhweba zigcinwa kwikhompyuter kunomncedisi. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba uxhulumaniso lwe-intanethi aluphumeleli, umyalelo awuyi kuphunyezwa. Oku kujongela phantsi yonke ingcamango ye-algo yorhwebo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, abarhwebi balahlekelwa ngamathuba kunye nomngcipheko wokulahlekelwa yimali. Kukho imiba ebalulekileyo yenkqubo ngorhwebo lwealgo, olunokuthi lube nesiphumo sokuwa kweflash enkulu kuyo yonke imarike.
- Iimfuno zezibonelelo: Ngelixa ukurhweba kwe-algo kunceda ukunciphisa iindleko zentengiselwano, yongeza isixa esikhulu seendleko. Abarhwebi kufuneka baxhotyiswe ngezixhobo eziphezulu, banokufikelela kumncedisi, kwaye bakhe i-algorithms besebenzisa itekhnoloji ebiza kakhulu. Enye indleko ebalulekileyo yindleko yokutya kwedatha, enceda ekuqulunqweni kwezicwangciso ze-intraday.
- Ukuqonda inkqubo yokucwangcisa: Urhwebo lwe-Algo lufuna uphuhliso lwe-algorithms ngabarhwebi. Ayingabo bonke abatyali-mali abanolwazi lobugcisa. Ngenxa yoko, banokufuna ukuba bafunde iinkqubo ezintsha okanye baqeshe umntu. Ngenxa yemfuno yolwazi lobugcisa, ukurhweba nge-algo kunzima kakhulu kuluntu.
- Ii-algorithms zinobomi obufutshane kakhulu: Phantse i-98 yepesenti ye-algorithms inobomi obufutshane kakhulu. Basebenza bade bafaneleke, emva koko bayeke ukusebenza kwimarike eguquka ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yoko, kufuneka zilungiswe okanye zakhiwe ngokutsha. I-algorithm kunye nophuhliso lwesicwangciso yinkqubo eqhubekayo equka ukubeka iliso rhoqo, ukuphuculwa, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwakhona.
- Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kuyafuneka: Umfanekiso ofanelekileyo worhwebo lwe-algo kukuba i-algorithms icwangciswe kwangaphambili kwaye umthengisi unokuba kude nekhompyuter yakhe ixesha elongeziweyo. Nangona kunjalo, oku akunjalo. Umrhwebi kufuneka aqhubeke ejonga inkqubo kuyo nayiphi na ingxaki yomatshini efana nokudityaniswa, ukuphuma kombane, njalo njalo.
isiphelo
Urhwebo lweAlgo licandelo elikhuphisana kakhulu apho itekhnoloji idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Umsebenzi wokurhweba ukhula ngokukhawuleza ngoncedo lwenkqubo yokurhweba ye-algorithmic. Nangona kunjalo, kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwitekhnoloji.
Ngelixa ineengenelo ezininzi, kukho izinto ezingeloncedo ekudlaleni ngokunjalo. Phambi kokuba wenze ukhetho malunga nokuthenga nokuthengisa izixhobo zemali, kungcono ukudibanisa iindlela zorhwebo ze-algo kunye nokwenza izigqibo zomntu.
Shiya iMpendulo