Zviri Mukati[Viga][Ratidza]
Indasitiri inonyanya kufarira avo vari kutsvaga basa ndeyekutengesa mari. Mabhizinesi eSoftware anogashira zvikumbiro kubva kune vatengesi pasi rese kuti vape chikuva chekutengesa chinogona kukurumidza uye nemazvo kuongorora data pamari pairings.
Chikuva chekutengesa chirongwa chesoftware chinopihwa kune vatengesi uye vanoisa mari nemamwe masangano emari, akadai semabhangi, uye mabrokerage.
Kutengeserana mapuratifomu anonyanya kuita kuti vatengesi nevatengesi vaise zvibvumirano uye ramba wakatarira maakaundi avo. Mamwe mabasa anobatsira vanoisa mari mukuita sarudzo dzekudyara anowanzo kuverengerwa mukutengesa masisitimu.
Chaiyo-nguva makotesheni, machati anodyidzana, akasiyana ezvishandiso zvegraphing, live nhau feed, uye premium research mienzaniso mishoma yekugona uku.
Mapuratifomu anogona zvakare kugadzirwa kune mamwe misika, senge ayo emasheya, mari, sarudzo, kana remangwana.
Kweanopfuura makore gumi, otomatiki ekutengesa masisitimu, anozivikanwawo se algorithmic kutengesa, vakatora nzvimbo yepakati yeindastiri yekutengesa.
A "trading system," dzimwe nguva inozivikanwa se "trading strategy," haisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwekuunganidza mitemo inoshandiswa kune data rekuisa kuti ipe kutenga / kutengesa kupinda uye kubuda zviratidzo. Kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti kugadzira zano rekutengesa kungaite sezviri nyore, hazvisi!
Pfungwa dziri kuseri kwehuwandu hwekutengesa zano dzinonzi "Quants" munzvimbo yealgorithmic kutengeserana sezvo kugadzira yakanaka yekutengesa nzira kunoda yakawedzera kuwanda kudzidza.
Iyo yakakosha dhizaini yeotomatiki yekutengesa masisitimu yakagadziridzwa zvakakura mukati memakore gumi apfuura uye ichiri kuchinja.
Iyo algorithmic yekutengesa indasitiri yave hotbed yekuvandudza mumakomputa uye network tekinoroji nekuti zvave zvakakodzera kumabhizinesi, kunyanya avo vanoshandisa yakakwirira-frequency yekutengesa masisitimu, kuti vagadzire tekinoroji kuitira kukwikwidza munyika yealgorithmic kutengeserana.
Isu tichakurukura zvekutengesa papuratifomu dhizaini yehurongwa muchinyorwa chino. Izvo zvakakosha zvakatemwa zvepuratifomu yekutengesa zvinosanganisira dhizaini yayo, mapuroteni, uye mirairo yekugadzira yako yega yega yega yekutengesa system.
Automated yekutengesa software zvinodiwa padanho rekutanga
Mhinduro yakanakisa ndiyo inogutsa zvizere zvinodiwa nesoftware. Iwo makuru mataurirwo ayo otomatiki yekutengesa software ndeaya:
- Scalability (simba rehurongwa hwekubata huwandu hunokwira hwezvikumbiro uye mutoro webasa);
- Multiprocessing uye kuita kwakanakisa;
- Kuchengeteka uye chengetedzo (mabatiro azvinoita pakutyorwa kana kurwiswa kunouya kamwe kamwe uye kurinda kusapinda zvisiri pamutemo);
- Kudyidzana (kugona kwehurongwa hwekudyidzana nemamwe masisitimu);
- Kuvimbika (magadzirirwo aanoita kukundikana uye anomhanya kunyangwe matambudziko).
Algorithmic yekutengesa masisitimu inoda zvakanyanya hunyanzvi basa uye kutarisisa. Zviri nyore kunzwisisa zvinodiwa nehurongwa hwekushanda kana paine zvakajeka zvisiri zvekushanda zvinodiwa. Ivo vanoshanda semayero anotonga ezvikwata zvekuvandudza software kuti vamise uye vatsanangure mhando yechigadzirwa.
Iyo yekutengesa chikuva chekushanda maitiro anosanganisira
Tsigiro yakabudirira yeakasiyana nzira dzekubhadhara, yakachengeteka yegore yekubata masevhisi, ane simba ekuongorora data maturusi, njodzi manejimendi, chaiyo makotesheni, uye akakodzera machati marudzi ese akakosha ekushanda zvinodiwa.
Izvi zvinotevera hunhu hwakakosha hweatomatiki ekutengesa mapuratifomu ayo vatengesi vese vanonyatsoteerera kune:
Dashboard inoratidza data yenhamba
Nechinangwa chekuitisa chaiyo-nguva, ongororo yenguva imwe chete yemitengo yemari munzvimbo dzakati wandei, chikuva chinofanirwa kumhanyisa zvigadziriso, kushandisa data kubva kumachati mazhinji, uye kushandisa mapepa emitengo.
Authentication
Iyo inokurumidza asi yakavimbika nzira yekusimbisa inotanga yagadzira mufananidzo wepuratifomu yakachengeteka uye elite engineering kuedza.
Kutengeserana software kunogona kutsigira kuwanikwa kubva kumaakaundi akawanda, akafanana neakavhurika-sosi yekutengesa mapuratifomu ane maviri-chinhu chechokwadi (uchishandisa SMS kana Google Authenticator, semuenzaniso), asi iwe unogona zvakare kuve nehurongwa hune mukana unogoneswa kuburikidza neemail, nhamba yefoni, kana imwe. nzira dzeboka diki revatengesi.
Newsfeed
Usati waita chero sarudzo dzemari, zvakakosha kuti uite tsvagiridzo yako. Kuti udzivise kukanganisa kunokonzerwa nekusaziva, vatengesi vanogona kubatsirwa kubva kune nhau dziri nyore, kuongororwa kwakakodzera, uye ruzivo mumisika yemari yenyika, izvo zvese zvinowanikwa nekukurumidza pamapuratifomu avo ekutengesa.
Kushanda kwema admins nevashandisi zviri nyore
Muhurongwa hwakadaro, kugona kukurumidza kubata zvese nekudzvanya kamwe chete kwakakosha. Izvi zvinosanganisira kutonga kwekutengeserana, kumirira uye kutumirwa maodha, maakaundi emunhu, zviratidzo zvekufambira mberi, uye zvikumbiro zvevatengi.
Izvi zvinogonesa kuita sarudzo munguva pfupi pfupi uye inovimbisa kuenderera mberi kwekuwana ruzivo rwakakosha.
Kushandisa push notices
Vashandisi vanofungidzira kuti mapuratifomu ekutengesa achave achiwanikwa nguva nenguva uye achaziviswa nezve chero nyaya dzekuchengetedza kana nezve shanduko dzichangoburwa.
Iwe unogona kuramba uine ruzivo nezviziviso zvinogoneka sezvo nzvimbo yekutengesa ichitevera zviitiko zvehupfumi, kushanduka kwemitengo, kusimukira kwemusika, zviratidzo zvehunyanzvi, nezvimwe, uye inotumira zvigadziriso nezve yako stock chinzvimbo.
Kubuda kwemari uye kubhadhara
Iri basa rinodiwa kuitira kuti uite zviitiko zvekutengesa, kutevedzera mafambiro emari, uye nekukurumidza uye zvakachengeteka kubvisa mari kubva kuaccount yako uchishandisa kadhi rechikwereti, PayPal, kana kuendesa kubhengi kwakatwasuka.
Kana chikumbiro chako chekubvisa chapera kugadziriswa, uchaziviswa.
Iyo dhizaini yeiyo Automated Trading System
Injini inoita pfungwa yekuita sarudzo mune otomatiki yekutengesa chikuva, inozivikanwawo se 'Complex Chiitiko Processing' injini, kana CEP, ichave mukati mekushandisa kune server.
Iyo Application layer ndeyechokwadi a user interface yekutarisa uye nekupa ma parameter kuCEP. Kunyangwe iyo application layer iri yekutarisa, kumwe kutarisa kwenjodzi (ikozvino kwave kuita nzara-yekushandisa nekuda kwedambudziko rechiyero) inogona kuburitswa kune iyo application layer, kunyanya iyo inosanganisira hutsanana hwekushandisa kwevashandisi senge mafuta kukanganisa zvigunwe.
Mamiriro ezvinhu anokatyamadza anobva kune scalability nyaya mune otomatiki yekutengesa system.
Ngatimbofungidzira kuti chiitiko chimwe chete chemusika data chiri kugadziriswa ne100 akasiyana logics (sekukurukurwa kwemuenzaniso wekutanga). Kune iyo yakawanda yezana logic maunitsi, ngatitii kuverengerwa kwemagireki kune sarudzo, panogona kuve neyakajairwa zvikamu zvemaverengero akaomarara anofanirwa kuitwa.
Iyo yakafanana chaiyo computation yaizoitwa nechikamu chimwe nechimwe kana pfungwa yega yega yaizoshanda yakazvimirira, iyo inoparadza zviwanikwa zvekugadzirisa.
Akaomesesa maverengero akawandisa anowanzo kukamurwa kuita akasiyana ekuverenga enjini anoendesa maGreek sechinhu chekuisa kuCEP mune otomatiki yekutengesa system kuti awedzere computation redundancy.
Parizvino, yakaparadzana Risk Management System (RMS) mukati meOrder Manager (OM) inoita yasara ongororo yenjodzi muotomatiki yekutengesa system nguva pfupi isati yaburitsa odha.
Sezvo paine imwe chete RMS system yekugadzirisa njodzi kune ese ane musoro mayuniti / marongero, kare, zana vatengesi vakasiyana vaidzora njodzi yavo. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nedambudziko rekuyera.
Nekudaro, kumwe kuongorora njodzi kunogona kuve kwakasarudzika kune mamwe maitiro, nepo mamwe angangoda kuitwa munzira dzese.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo RMS pachayo ine yepasi rose RMS (GRMS) uye nhanho yedanho RMS (SLRMS). Iyo SLRMS uye GRMS inogonawo kuonekwa kuburikidza nemushandisi interface (UI).
Ngatiendei mberi mune zvikamu zve server.
Musika Adapter
Kuchinjana kana chero mumwe mupi wedhata yemusika anotumira data mune yayo fomati. Mutauro iwoyo unogona kana kusanzwisiswa nealgorithmic yekutengesa system.
Exchange inokupa iwe kupinda kune API (Application Design Interface) yaunogona kushandisa kuronga uye kuvaka yako adapta yekushandura iyo data fomati kuita fomati iyo system yako inogona kunzwisisa.
Complex Chiitiko Processing Injini
Huropi hwemaitiro ako huri muchikamu chino. Paunenge uchinge uine iyo data, iwe unofanirwa kuishandisa zvinoenderana nehurongwa hwako, hunoda kuti uite akasiyana manhamba computations, kudhirowa kuenzanisa nedata rakapfuura, uye kuita sarudzo dzinotungamira mukugadzirwa kwemirairo.
Ichi chivharo chinovakwa uchishandisa rudzi rweodha uye huwandu hwekurongeka. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, chiitiko chakaoma muunganidzwa wezviitiko zvinouya. Izvi zvinosanganisira nhau, kufamba kwemusika, mafambiro emusika wemasheya, nezvimwe.
Kupedzisa mashandiro ekombuta pazviitiko zvakaoma nekukurumidza kunozivikanwa sekuoma kwechiitiko kugadzirisa. Iyo otomatiki yekutengesa masisitimu mashandiro anogona kusanganisira kuona akaomesesa mapatani, kugadzira hukama, uye kumisikidza hukama senge causation uye nguva pakati pechero ruzivo runouya.
Order Routing System
Uchishandisa shanduko yakapihwa maAPI, kurongeka kunovharirwa mumutauro unogona kunzwisiswa nevanotsinhana. Kutsinhana kunopa maAPI ekuzvarwa uye FIX APIs, marudzi maviri akasiyana eAPI.
Native APIs akagadzirirwa zvakanangana kune yakapihwa shanduko. Seti yemirairo inozivikanwa seFIX (Financial Information Exchange) protocol inoshandiswa nekutsinhana kwakati wandei kufambisa nekuvandudza kuyerera kwedata mumisika yekuchengetedza.
Muchikamu chinotevera ichi, tichatsanangura zvimwe nezve FIX. Kana hupfumi hwakavhurika, vanhu vanogona kuendesa maodha kuburikidza neotomatiki yekutengesa system kune kuchinjana kana kusachinjana, uye ORP inofanirwa kukwanisa kubata maodha anoenda munzira dzakawanda.
Pano, tinoda kusimbisa kuti chiratidzo chekuraira chinogona kuitwa nemunhu kana otomatiki. Chikamu chekupedzisira ndicho chatinodaidza kuti "automated trading system."
Iyo yekuraira maneja module inosanganisira akati wandei maitiro ekuita ayo anoita kutenga / kutengesa maodha zvinoenderana neyakafanosimbiswa logic.
Risk Management
Sezvo otomatiki ekutengesa masisitimu achishanda pasina kubatanidzwa kwevanhu, kuongororwa kwengozi kwakaomarara kunodiwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti masisitimu ekutengesa anoshanda sezvaanotarisirwa.
Kutadza kutonga kwenjodzi kana kushaikwa kwecheki yenjodzi kukambani ine huwandu hunogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kusinga gadziriswe. Nekuda kweizvozvo, chero otomatiki yekutengesa system inofanirwa kunge iine njodzi manejimendi system (RMS).
Protocol kuvandudza kune otomatiki yekutengesa masisitimu
Kuti ubatanidze kunzvimbo dzinoverengeka kubva kune imwe sevha, iyo yakaitwa kuti igoneke nekugona kwekuvaka kuyera kune akawanda mazano pane server, yaidiwa.
Kuendesa maodha kunzvimbo dzakati wandei uye kugamuchira data kubva kune kwakawanda kuchinjana, maneja wekuraira, saka, akagadzika akati wandei maadapter.
Basa readapter yega yega kushanda semuturikiri pakati peiyo system yemukati yekutaurirana protocol neprotocol inonzwisiswa netsinhano. Saka, maadapter akati wandei aizodiwa kune akati wandei ekutsinhana.
Sezvo tsinhano imwe neimwe ine protocol yakarongedzerwa kune iyo yainopa, adapta nyowani inoda kugadzirwa uye kuvharirwa muchivakwa kuti uwedzere shanduko nyowani kune automated trading system.
Mapuroteni akajairwa akagadzirwa kuitira kudzivirira iyi musoro weiyo adapta yekuisa. Iyo FIX protocol ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa pakati pavo vese.
Nguva yekuenda kumusika yekubatana nenzvimbo itsva yakapfupikiswa zvakanyanya, izvo zvisingaite kuti igone kubatana kune akati wandei pakufamba.
Iyo otomatiki yekutengesa system inogona kudyidzana zviri nyore nevamwe vatengesi veanalytics kana musika data feed nekuda kwekuvapo kwemaprotocol akajairika.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, musika unova unoshanda zvakanyanya nekuti hapasisina kurambidzwa kusanganisa nenzvimbo nyowani kana mutengesi.
Pamusoro pezvo, simulation inoitwa yakapusa nekuti zvese zvinotora kubatanidza kune simulator uchishandisa iyo FIX protocol ndeyekuburitsa maodha uye kugamuchira data kubva kumusika chaiwo.
Iyo simulator pachayo inogona kugadzirwa mukati kana kutengwa kubva kune imwe sosi. Zvakafanana nehupenyu hwemusika data, akarekodhwa data seti anogona zvakare kudzokororwa nekutenda kune adapta yakazvimirira kubva kune iyo data sosi.
Emerging low latency architectures
Iwo marongero zvino anogona kuongorora akakura mavhoriyamu e data munguva chaiyo uye kuita nekukurumidza kutengesa sarudzo nekuda kwezvinhu zvekutanga zveotomatiki yekutengesa system.
Nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kweindasitiri-yakajairwa kutaurirana mapuroteni seFIX, zvave nyore kuvaka algorithmic yekutengesa dhesiki kana otomatiki yekutengesa system, iyo yakawedzera kukwikwidza mumusika wealgorithmic wekutengesa.
Kusimbisa kwacho kwakachinja kudzikisa latency yekuita sarudzo sezvo maseva akawedzera ndangariro uye nekukurumidza wachi.
Kuderedza latency kwave kuri madikanwa nekufamba kwenguva nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana, zvinosanganisira:
- Chete munzvimbo yakaderera latency iyo tekinoroji inoita zvine musoro.
- Makwikwi anobvisa iwe kana ukasakurumidza zvakakwana mukupona kwemutambo wakasimba
Colocation yave chinhu chinodiwa zvachose mune otomatiki yekutengesa system kune chero yakakwira-frequency nzira inosanganisira imwe yekuenda.
Asi akawanda-anoenda masisitimu anoda kugadzirira zvine hungwaru. Asati aita sarudzo yakadai, munhu anofanirwa kufunga nezvezvakasiyana zvakaita senguva yenguva yekupindura yekuraira uye kuti inofananidzwa sei nenguva yeping pakati penzvimbo mbiri idzi.
Kuti uderedze otomatiki yekutengesa system's yakazara latency, network latency ndiyo chinhu chekutanga kugadziriswa. Asi iyo yekuvaka inogona kuvandudzwa mune dzakawanda dzimwe nzira zvakare.
Network Processing Latency
Network processing latency ndiko kunonoka uko ma routers, switch, etc. Huwandu hwemahops hunotora kuti packet ifambe kubva papoint A kuenda kunongedzo B ingave iyo inotevera nhanho ye optimization mukugadzirwa kweiyo otomatiki yekutengesa system.
Hop inotsanangurwa sechikamu chegwara riri pakati pekunobva packet nekwainoenda kwarisingafambi nemudziyo wenyama, senge router kana switch.
Zvatinoreva se microbursts zvinogona zvakare kuve nemhedzisiro palatency ye network mashandiro.
Yekukurumidza spike mukumhanya kwekufambiswa kwedata iyo inogona kana kusakanganisa avhareji yekufambisa data inonzi inonzi microburst.
Sezvo otomatiki ekutengesa masisitimu ari ekutonga-kwakavakirwa, ivo vese vanozopindura zvakafanana kune imwechete chiitiko. A microburst yekufambiswa kwedata pakati pevatori vechikamu nenzvimbo yekuenda inogona kuitika semhedzisiro ye akati wandei anotora chikamu masisitimu anotumira mirairo kamwechete.
Application latency
Iyo otomatiki yekutengesa system's application latency chiyero chenguva inotora kugadzirisa application. Izvi zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwemapaketi, kugadzirisa kwakapihwa kune iyo logic yekushandisa, kuomarara kwekuverenga kunoshandiswa, kushanda kwechirongwa, nezvimwe.
Iyo sisitimu yaigona kunge iine kushoma application kunonoka sezvo yayo processor kuverenga yakawedzera. Nemawachi epamusoro, zvakafanana zvine chokwadi.
Mazhinji otomatiki ekutengesa masisitimu anobatsirwa nekugovera CPU cores kune dzakakomba zvikamu zvechirongwa, senge pfungwa yehurongwa, semuenzaniso. Nekuita izvi, maitiro haawedze kunonoka kunokonzerwa nekuchinja macores.
Zvakafanana neizvi, kana iyo otomatiki yekutengesa system nzira yakarongerwa necache saizi uye nepedyo yekusvika kwendangariro mupfungwa, paizove neakati wandei memory cache hits, zvichiwedzera kudzikisa latency.
Mazhinji masisitimu anoita izvi nekugadzirisa iyo kodhi kune chaiyo processor architecture, iyo inoitwa nekushandisa yakaderera-level programming mitauro.
Uchishandisa zvizere hurongwa hwemagedhi arrays, mamwe mabhizinesi akatoenda kusvika pakupisa computations yakaoma pahardware (FPGA).
Testing
Kuedza, chinova chiitiko chekuona kukanganisa kwesoftware, hazvigone kukoshesa, kunyanya muFintech. Nekuda kwekugona kurasikirwa kwemari, tekinoroji yemari haigone kuve nekukanganisa.
Kunyanya kukanganisa uko mainjiniya ekusimbisa emhando anogona kuona, zvakanyanya mukana wekuti chigadzirwa chakapedzwa chishande nemazvo. Zvichienderana nekambani inovandudza chikuva chekutengesa kana zvinodiwa nemutengi, maitiro ekuedza 'maitiro anosanganisira:
Hwaro hwekuyedza kunoshanda kugadzira kupinza uye kuongorora mhedzisiro. Nekushandiswa kwemakadhi enhema, nyaya dzebvunzo dzemashandisirwo emari dzinoitwa. Aya makadhi anotsvaga kuvandudza kuvimbika, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kurongeka kwekubhadhara.
Kutsvaga kumhanya kwehurongwa, scalability, uye kugadzikana kunoitwa kuburikidza nekuita bvunzo. Iko kumhanya kwechikumbiro kunoongororwa kuti unzwisise kuti inokurumidza sei kupindura, uye scalability yayo inoratidza kuti vangani vashandisi vaanogona kutsigira panguva imwe chete pasina kuparara.
Pamusoro pezvo, kugadzikana kunoratidza kana iyo application ichishanda nemazvo pasi pemitoro yakasiyana-siyana kana kuti pane zvingangokanganisa.
Inogona kunge iri kunze kwekugona kwemutengesi mumwe chete wekutengesa kuvaka yakazara otomatiki yekutengesa system. Otomatiki ekutengesa masisitimu, ayo anopihwa mumisika pane yekunyorera, isarudzo kune vatengesi vanoshuvira kuongorora algorithmic nzira yekutengesa.
Kuvaka Yako Yega Yega Yekutengesa Masystem
Vatengesi vekutanga vanogona kugadzira yavo algorithmic yekutengesa matekiniki uye kuita mukubudirira kwekutengesa kwemusika. Seyakajairika rondedzero, iwo matanho akanyorwa pazasi anogona kushandiswa kugadzira algorithmic yekutengesa zano:
- Gadzira pfungwa yekutengesa yaunofunga kuti ingabudirira mumisika inoshanda uchishandisa fungidziro yako kana nzira. Pfungwa iyi inogona kutorwa kubva pakuona kwako kwemusika, mabhuku ekutengesa, mapepa ezvidzidzo, mablog ekutengesa, maforamu ekutengesa, kana chero imwe sosi.
- Unganidza ruzivo rwunodiwa - Iwe waizoda nhoroondo data kuti uedze yako hypothesis. Ruzivo urwu runowanikwa kubva kune vanobhadhara data vatengesi kana mawebhusaiti seGoogle Finance.
- Kunyora chirongwa kunoda kushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvakaita seExcel, Python, kana R programming. Paunenge uine iyo data, unogona kutanga kukodha nzira yako.
- Kuyedza pfungwa yako yekutengesa inopesana nenhoroondo data mushure mekunge yanyorwa kunonzi kudzosera maitiro ako. Backtesting inosanganisira optimization yekuisa, kumisikidza purofiti zvinangwa uye kumira-kurasikirwa maodha, saizi yechinzvimbo, uye mamwe mabasa ane hukama.
- Pepa kutengesa zano rako - Kutevera chikamu chekudzosera kumashure, kutengesa bepa zano rako rinodikanwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuedza chirongwa chako uchishandisa musika-simulating simulator. Kune iyo nzira yekutengesa mapepa, kune mabroker anopa algorithmic yekutengesa chikuva.
- Kana maitiro ako achibhadhara mushure mekutengesa mapepa, unogona kuishandisa mumamiriro ezvinhu epasirese. Iwe unogona kugadzira account yekutengesa neakavimbika broker anopa algorithmic yekutengesa.
Negore rega rega rinopfuura, kune kuchinjisa kwakawanda kunobvumira algorithmic kutengeserana kune vese nyanzvi uye vatengesi vatengesi, uye vanowedzera vatengesi vari kushandisa algorithmic kutengeserana.
mhedziso
Ichi chaive chinyorwa chakakwana pamusoro peautomated trading system architecture yatinovimba yakapa kunzwisisa kwakanyanya kwezvikamu zvinobatanidzwa pamwe nezvipingamupinyi zvakawanda izvo vagadziri vezvivakwa vanofanirwa kubata / kukunda kuti vagadzire yakasimba automated trading system.
Ndakaita nepese pandinogona kuti ndikupe tarisiro yeiyo otomatiki yekutengesa system, asi pane zvakawanda zviri kuitika pazasi pehodhi. Ndinovimba unowana chinyorwa ichi chinobatsira uye wochishandisa nemazvo.
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