Kusintha kwa digito kukusintha dziko mwachangu kuposa kale. Kuphunzira za mfundo zazikuluzikulu za m'badwo wa digito kudzakhala kovuta kwambiri ndi kubwera kwa teknoloji ina yatsopano yokhoza kusintha zitsanzo zomwe zilipo kale ndi liwiro lodabwitsa ndi mphamvu: quantum computing.
M'nkhaniyi, tikufanizira mfundo zazikuluzikulu zamakompyuta achikhalidwe ndi quantum computing, ndikuyambanso kufufuza momwe amagwiritsira ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana.
Kodi ma quantum properties ndi chiyani?
M’mbiri yonse, anthu apanga luso laumisiri pamene amvetsetsa mmene chilengedwe chimagwirira ntchito kupyolera mwa sayansi. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900 ndi 1930, kafukufuku wa zochitika zina zakuthupi zomwe zinali zisanamveke bwino zinayambitsa chiphunzitso chatsopano cha thupi: Quantum Mechanics. Chiphunzitsochi chikufotokoza ndi kufotokoza ntchito za dziko losawoneka bwino, malo achilengedwe a mamolekyu, maatomu ndi ma electron.
Sikuti yatha kufotokoza zochitika izi, komanso yapangitsa kuti zitheke kumvetsetsa kuti subatomic zenizeni zimagwira ntchito mopanda nzeru, pafupifupi zamatsenga, komanso kuti zochitika zimachitika mu dziko la microscopic zomwe sizichitika mu mlengalenga. dziko la macroscopic.
Ma quantum awa akuphatikiza quantum superposition, quantum entanglement, ndi quantum teleportation.
- Quantum superposition limafotokoza momwe tinthu tingathere mu zigawo zosiyanasiyana pa nthawi imodzi.
- Kusokonezeka kwa Quantum limafotokoza momwe tinthu ting'onoting'ono titha kubweretsedwa kukhala "okhazikika" ndipo, pambuyo pake, amayankha pafupifupi nthawi imodzi mwanjira yomweyo, ngakhale atalikirana. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, iwo akhoza kuikidwa motalikirana monga momwe amafunira, ndipo, pamene akugwirizana ndi chimodzi, chinacho chimakhudzidwa ndi kuyanjana komweko.
- Quantum teleportation amagwiritsa ntchito quantum entanglement kutumiza uthenga kuchokera ku malo amodzi kupita ku malo ena popanda kufunika koyenda mumlengalenga.
Quantum computing imatengera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamtundu wa subatomic.
Pamenepa, kumvetsetsa kwamasiku ano za dziko laling'ono kwambiri kudzera mu Quantum Mechanics kumatithandiza kupanga ndi kupanga matekinoloje omwe angathe kusintha miyoyo ya anthu. Pali matekinoloje osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zochitika za quantum, ndipo ena mwa iwo, monga lasers kapena magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), akhalapo kwa zaka zopitirira theka.
Kodi quantum computing ndi chiyani?
Kuti timvetsetse momwe makompyuta amtundu wa quantum amagwirira ntchito, ndikofunikira kufotokozera kaye momwe makompyuta omwe timagwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse, omwe atchulidwa m'nkhaniyi ngati makompyuta a digito kapena akale, amagwirira ntchito. Izi, monga zida zina zonse zamagetsi monga mapiritsi kapena mafoni a m'manja, amagwiritsa ntchito ma bits ngati magawo awo okumbukira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mapulogalamu ndi mapulogalamu amasungidwa mu bits, mwachitsanzo, m'chinenero cha binary cha ziro ndi zina.
Nthawi zonse tikamalumikizana ndi chilichonse mwa zidazi, mwachitsanzo mwa kukanikiza kiyi pa kiyibodi, zingwe za zero, ndi zina zimapangidwa, kuwonongedwa ndi/kapena kusinthidwa mkati mwa kompyuta.
Funso losangalatsa ndilakuti, mazero awa ndi omwe ali mkati mwa kompyuta ndi chiyani? Ziro ndi gawo limodzi la tinthu tating'onoting'ono timafanana ndi magetsi akuyenda, kapena ayi, kudzera m'magawo ang'onoang'ono otchedwa transistors, omwe amakhala ngati masiwichi. Pamene palibe mpweya ukuyenda, transistor "yozimitsa" ndipo imagwirizana ndi pang'ono 0, ndipo ikamayenda, imakhala "pa" ndipo imagwirizana ndi pang'ono 1.
Mu mawonekedwe osavuta, zimakhala ngati ma bits 0 ndi 1 amagwirizana ndi mabowo, kotero kuti dzenje lopanda kanthu liri pang'ono 0 ndi dzenje lokhala ndi electron ndi pang'ono 1. Tsopano tili ndi lingaliro la momwe makompyuta amakono amagwirira ntchito. , tiyeni tiyese kumvetsetsa momwe makompyuta a quantum amagwirira ntchito.
Kuyambira pang'ono mpaka qubits
Chigawo chofunikira cha chidziwitso mu quantum computing ndi quantum bit kapena qubit. Qubits ndi, mwa tanthawuzo, machitidwe a quantum awiri omwe, monga bits, akhoza kukhala pamtunda wochepa, womwe umagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chochepa kapena mphamvu zomwe zimatchulidwa kuti 0; kapena pamlingo wapamwamba, womwe umagwirizana ndi chisangalalo chambiri kapena kufotokozedwa ngati 1.
Komabe, ndipo apa pali kusiyana kwakukulu ndi makompyuta akale, ma qubits angakhalenso mu chiwerengero chopanda malire cha zigawo zapakati pakati pa 0 ndi 1, monga chigawo chomwe chiri theka la 0 ndi theka 1, kapena magawo atatu mwa magawo atatu a 0 ndi chigawo chimodzi. wa 1. Chodabwitsa ichi chimadziwika kuti quantum superposition ndipo ndi chilengedwe mu machitidwe a quantum.
Ma algorithms a Quantum: Makompyuta amphamvu kwambiri komanso ogwira mtima
Cholinga cha makompyuta a quantum ndikutenga mwayi pazinthu za quantum za qubits, monga machitidwe a quantum, kuti athe kuyendetsa ma aligorivimu a quantum omwe amagwiritsa ntchito superposition and entanglement kuti apereke mphamvu zochulukirapo kuposa zakale.
Ndikofunika kunena kuti kusintha kwenikweni kwa paradigm sikumaphatikizapo kuchita zomwezo zomwe makompyuta a digito kapena akale - omwe alipo - amachita, koma mofulumira, monga momwe nkhani zambiri zimanenera molakwika, koma kuti ma algorithms a quantum amalola kuti ntchito zina zitheke. kuchitidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana; zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zogwira mtima - ndiko kuti, m'nthawi yochepa kwambiri kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zida zochepa zowerengera-.
Tiyeni tiwone chitsanzo chenicheni cha zomwe izi zikutanthauza. Tiyerekeze kuti tili ku San Francisco ndipo tikufuna kudziwa njira yabwino kwambiri yopitira ku New York mwa njira miliyoni imodzi zokafika kumeneko (N=1,000,000). Kuti tithe kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta kuti tipeze njira yabwino, tifunika kuyika pa digito zosankha 1,000,000, zomwe zikutanthawuza kuwamasulira m'zilankhulo zochepa pamakompyuta akale komanso ma qubits a quantum kompyuta.
Ngakhale kompyuta yakale imayenera kudutsa njira zonse imodzi ndi imodzi mpaka itapeza yomwe ikufunayo, kompyuta yochulukira imapezerapo mwayi panjira yomwe imadziwika kuti quantum parallelism yomwe imalola, makamaka, kuganizira njira zonse nthawi imodzi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kompyuta ya quantum ipeza njira yabwino kwambiri mwachangu kuposa makompyuta akale, chifukwa chakukhathamiritsa kwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuti timvetse kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa ma computational, ndi n qubits tikhoza kuchita zofanana ndi zomwe zingatheke ndi 2n zidutswa. Nthawi zambiri zimanenedwa kuti ndi pafupifupi 270 qubits mutha kukhala ndi zoyambira zambiri pamakompyuta ochulukira - mitundu yosiyana kwambiri komanso nthawi imodzi - kuposa kuchuluka kwa ma atomu m'chilengedwe chonse, chomwe chikuyembekezeka kukhala pafupifupi 280. Chitsanzo china ndi chakuti akuyerekezedwa kuti ndi kompyuta yochuluka ya pakati pa 2000 ndi 2500 qubits mutha kuthyola pafupifupi zolemba zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano (zomwe zimadziwika kuti public key cryptography).
Pankhani ya cryptography, pali zabwino zambiri zogwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa kompyuta. Ngati machitidwe awiri atsekeredwa, ndiye kuti amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake (ie, imodzi ikasintha, ina imasinthanso) ndipo palibe gulu lachitatu lomwe limagawana izi.
Tengera kwina
Tili munthawi yakusintha kwa digito komwe matekinoloje osiyanasiyana akutuluka monga blockchain, luntha lochita kupanga, ma drones, intaneti ya Zinthu, zenizeni zenizeni, 5G, osindikiza a 3D, maloboti kapena magalimoto odziimira amapezeka kwambiri m'magawo ambiri ndi magawo.
Matekinolojewa, omwe amakonzedwa kuti apititse patsogolo moyo wa anthu pofulumizitsa chitukuko ndi kutulutsa chikhalidwe cha anthu, akupita patsogolo mofanana. Nthawi zambiri timawona makampani akupanga zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri kapena zingapo zaukadaulo, monga blockchain ndi IoT kapena ma drones ndi nzeru zochita kupanga.
Ngakhale kuti akuyenera kuti asonkhane ndipo motero apangitse chikoka chokulirapo, gawo loyambirira lachitukuko lomwe alimo komanso kusowa kwa omanga ndi anthu omwe ali ndi luso laukadaulo kumatanthauza kuti kuphatikizika kukadali ntchito yoyembekezera.
Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kosokoneza, matekinoloje a quantum amayembekezeredwa kuti asamangolumikizana ndi matekinoloje atsopanowa, komanso kukhala ndi chikoka chachikulu pa pafupifupi onsewo. Makompyuta a Quantum zidzawopseza kutsimikizika, kusinthanitsa ndi kusungirako kotetezedwa kwa deta, kukhala ndi zotsatira zambiri pa matekinoloje omwe cryptography imakhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri, monga cybersecurity kapena blockchain.
Siyani Mumakonda