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Chinthu chakuthupi chomwe chimayang'anira mafunde a electromagnetic mu optical spectrum chimatchedwa optical waveguide.
Transparent dielectric waveguides wopangidwa ndi pulasitiki ndi galasi, komanso kuwala kwa fiber, ndi mitundu yofananira ya optical waveguides.
Kuchuluka kwa malo komwe kuwala kumatha kufalikira kumayendetsedwa ndi optical waveguide, chomwe ndi chipangizo chopanda malo chowongolera kuwala.
Nthawi zambiri, ma waveguide amakhala ndi gawo lomwe index ya refractive imakhala yapamwamba kuposa sing'anga yozungulira (yotchedwa cladding).
M'nkhaniyi, tiwona mfundo za optical waveguide, zitsanzo, ndi zina zambiri.
Chiyambi cha Optical waveguide
Zomangamanga za zida za Photonic ndi ma waveguide opangira, omwe amawongolera, awiri, kusinthana, kugawa, kuchulukitsa, ndi ma sign optical demultiplex.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa planar, womwe ndi wofanana ndi ma microelectronics, ma waveguides, ma electrooptic components, transmitters, receiver, and drive electronics zitha kuphatikizidwa pa chip chimodzi.
Kuchita kwa zida za waveguide kumadalira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza ma geometry, kutalika kwa mafunde, kugawa koyambirira kwamunda, zidziwitso zakuthupi, komanso kuyendetsa galimoto kwa electrooptic, ngakhale kuti magwiridwe antchito awo adawerengedwa mozama ndikumvetsetsa.
Musanayambe kupanga gadget, magawo ena amayenera kusinthidwa. Chifukwa zinthu zambiri zimafunikira kuti apange chip, kufanizira koyenera ndikofunikira pamabwalo akulu akulu a optoelectronic.
Mitundu ya Waveguide, kuphatikizika kwa ma mode, kutayika, ndi kupindula, komanso kutumizira ma siginecha a kuwala, zonse zimatsatiridwa mu kapangidwe ka mawonekedwe a optical waveguide.
Chipangizo cha waveguide chikufotokozedwa mu gawo limodzi lazolowera ndi geometry yake, zinthu zopangira, komanso zosintha zakuthupi.
Deta ya waveguide iyenera kulowetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito masanjidwe a projekiti ndi mapulogalamu omwe amathanso kuyang'anira magawo opanga.
Pokhazikitsa manambala, kulowetsa deta kumaphatikizanso gawo lina. M'dziko langwiro, makina olowetsa amatha kubisa kapena kuletsa kuwerengera manambala.
Koma popeza ma waveguide modelling nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito manambala ovuta, muyenera kudziwa zina mwa manambala oyambira.
Mawonekedwe a Photonic amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma waveguide. Panjira yomwe ili pakatikati pa waveguide ndikutanthauzira kukula kwa ma waveguide, kaya ndi okhazikika kapena osinthika.
Basic Principal of Optical waveguide
Monga momwe tawonera pachithunzichi, malingaliro a geometrical kapena ray optics atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza malingaliro ofunikira omwe ali pansi pa mafunde owoneka bwino.
Refraction ndi njira yomwe kuwala komwe kumalowa m'zinthu zokhala ndi index yotsika kwambiri kumapindikira mokhazikika.
Taganizirani za kuwala kolowa mu galasi kuchokera mumlengalenga. Mofanana ndi momwe kuwala kumasunthira njira ina, kuchokera pagalasi kupita ku mpweya, tsatirani njira yomweyo ndikuchoka ku nthawi zonse. Chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa nthawi, izi zimachitika. N'zotheka kupanga mapu cheza chilichonse mumlengalenga ndi cheza mu galasi.
Ubale wina ndi m'modzi ulipo. Koma kuwala kwina kwa galasi kumasowa chifukwa cha refraction. Kunyezimira kwathunthu kwa mkati, komwe kumatsekera kuwala kotsala mu galasi, ndiko kumagwirira ntchito.
Pa ngodya yofunikira kwambiri, zimachitika pa kukhudzana kwa mpweya wa galasi. M'mapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri omwe amamangidwa pa ntchito ya Green, cheza chowonjezerachi chimagwirizana ndi kuchulukana kwa mayiko.
Mu dielectric waveguide, titha kujambula ndikuwongolera kuwala pogwiritsa ntchito kuwunikira kwathunthu kwamkati. Kuwala kofiyira kumawonekera pamwamba ndi pansi pa index yapamwamba.
Malingana ngati slab imapindika pang'onopang'ono, imatha kuwongolera ngakhale ikamapindika kapena kupindika. Kuwala kumatsogozedwa pakatikati pagalasi lalitali muzovala zagalasi zotsika molingana ndi mfundo yofunikira iyi mu fiber Optics.
Ntchito ya Waveguide imangowonetsedwa ndi ray Optics. Kuti mufotokozere gawo lonse la dielectric waveguide, ma equation a Maxwell amatha kuthetsedwa mopenda kapena manambala.
Chitsanzo cha Optical waveguide
Ma dielectric slab waveguides, omwe amadziwikanso kuti planar waveguides, mwina ndi mtundu wofunikira kwambiri wa ma waveguide owonera.
Ma waveguide grating, zosefera za acousto-optic, ndi ma modulators ndi zida zochepa chabe zapa-chip zomwe zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma slab waveguide chifukwa cha kuphweka kwawo.
Ma slab waveguide amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pafupipafupi ngati zoseweretsa.
Zigawo zitatu za zida, chilichonse chokhala ndi dielectric chosasintha, zimaphatikizidwa kuti zipange ma waveguide a slab, omwe amatha kupitilira mosalekeza m'njira zofananira ndi momwe amalumikizirana pakati pawo.
Ngati gawo lapakati lili ndi cholozera chapamwamba cha refractive kuposa zigawo zakunja, kuwala kumakhala pakati pagulu kudzera pakuwunikira kwathunthu kwamkati.
Zitsanzo zina za 2-Dimensional waveguide
Mzere waveguide
Kwenikweni, mzere wa wosanjikiza womwe umafinyidwa pakati pa zigawo zomangira ndizomwe zimapanga mzere wozungulira.
Chiwongolero cha slab waveguide chimakhala chopingasa konse m'malo mwa njira imodzi yokha, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala chitsanzo chosavuta kwambiri cha mawonekedwe a rectangular waveguide. Ma ma circuit ophatikizika ndi ma laser diode amagwiritsa ntchito ma waveguide amakona anayi.
Nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati maziko azigawo za kuwala monga Mach-Zehnder interferometers ndi ma wavelength division multiplexers. Nthawi zambiri, ma rectangular optical waveguides amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma cavities a laser diode.
Njira yopangira mapulaneti nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafunde owoneka bwino okhala ndi mawonekedwe amakona anayi.
Rib waveguide
Mu nthiti ya waveguide, wosanjikiza wolondolera kwenikweni ndi slab yokhala ndi mizere (kapena mizere ingapo) yokutidwa pamwamba pake.
M'nthiti zamitundu yambiri, kutsekeredwa pafupi ndi mgwirizano ndikotheka komanso kutsekereza mafunde mumiyeso iwiri mumayendedwe a nthiti.
Photonic crystal waveguide ndi magawo ang'onoang'ono
Panjira yawo yofalitsira, ma waveguide owoneka nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi gawo limodzi. Umu ndi momwe zilili, mwachitsanzo, ndi mizere ndi nthiti zowongolera.
Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotchedwa Bloch modes, ma waveguide amathanso kukhala ndi kusintha kwanthawi ndi nthawi pamagawo awo am'mbali komabe amatumiza kuwala popanda kutaya kulikonse.
Ma waveguide awa amasankhidwa ngati ma photonic crystal waveguides (omwe ali ndi 2D kapena 3D patterning) kapena magawo ogawa (okhala ndi mawonekedwe a 1D motsatira njira yofalitsa).
Laser-inscribed waveguide
Makampani opanga ma photonics ndipamene ma optical waveguides ndi othandiza kwambiri. Kuphatikizana pakati pa tchipisi tamagetsi ndi ulusi wa kuwala kumatheka pokhazikitsa ma waveguide mu danga la 3D.
Njira imodzi ya kuwala kwa infrared pa ma telecommunication wavelengths imatha kufalitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma waveguide, omwe amakhazikitsidwanso kuti azinyamula ma siginecha a kuwala pakati pa malo olowera ndi otuluka popanda kutaya pang'ono.
Optical waveguide amagwiritsa ntchito
Mu ma microwave kulumikizana, kuwulutsa, ndi makina a radar, waveguide ndi chingwe chamagetsi chamagetsi. Chombo chowongolera chimapangidwa ndi chitoliro chachitsulo kapena chubu chomwe chili ndi makona atatu kapena cylindrical.
Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi imafalikira motalika. Manyanga ndi ma antennas ndiwo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ma waveguide.
Optical fiber-kodi ndi chiwongolero?
Chiwonetsero chonse chamkati, chomwe chimayang'anira momwe fiber fiber imagwirira ntchito, imatha kuganiziridwa ngati njira yowunikira.
Ngati ngodya ya zochitika ndi yayikulu kuposa yofunikira kwambiri, kuwunikira kwathunthu kwamkati kumachitika pamene mafunde ofalikira akumana ndi malire pakati pa zida ziwiri zosiyana.
Kutsiliza
Pomaliza, optical waveguide ndi mawonekedwe omwe "amatsogolera" mafunde owala powaletsa kuyenda njira yosiyana ndi yomwe ikufunika. M'makampani azachipatala, ulusi wamaso umagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi pozindikira komanso kuchiza.
Zingwe zomasinthasintha zopangidwa ndi ulusi wowoneka bwino zimatha kuyikidwa m'mapapo, mitsempha yamagazi, ndi ziwalo zina. Chubu chimodzi chachitali chimakhala ndi mitolo iwiri ya ulusi wa kuwala mkati mwa endoscope, chipangizo chachipatala.
Chithunzi chatsatanetsatane chimapangidwa polozera kuwala ku minofu yomwe ikuyesedwa mu mtolo umodzi ndikulandira kuwala kochokera mu mtolo wina. Ma endoscopes amatha kupangidwa kuti awone ziwalo zina za thupi kapena ziwalo, monga mawondo.
Siyani Mumakonda