Tekinoloje yomweyi yomwe imayendetsa anthu kuzindikira nkhope ndi magalimoto odziyendetsa okha ingakhale chida chofunikira kwambiri poulula zinsinsi zobisika za chilengedwe.
Zomwe zachitika posachedwapa mu sayansi ya zakuthambo zachititsa kuti deta ichuluke kwambiri.
Ma telescope amphamvu amasonkhanitsa ma terabytes a data tsiku lililonse. Kuti agwiritse ntchito deta yochuluka chonchi, asayansi afunika kupeza njira zatsopano zosinthira ntchito zosiyanasiyana m’munda, monga kuyeza ma radiation ndi zochitika zina zakuthambo.
Ntchito imodzi imene akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amafunitsitsa kuifulumizitsa ndiyo kuika magulu a milalang’amba. M'nkhaniyi, tiwona chifukwa chake kugawa milalang'amba kuli kofunika kwambiri komanso momwe ofufuza ayambira kudalira njira zophunzirira zamakina kuti achulukitse kuchuluka kwa deta.
N’chifukwa chiyani tiyenera kugawa milalang’amba?
Gulu la milalang'amba, lomwe limadziwika kuti galaxy morphology, linayamba m'zaka za zana la 18. Pa nthawiyo, Sir William Herschel anaona kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma nebula ankapezeka m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwana wake John Herschel anasintha bwino pagululi posiyanitsa pakati pa nebulae ya galactic ndi nebulae yomwe si ya galactic. Zotsirizira za magulu awiriwa ndi zomwe timadziwa ndikuzitchula kuti milalang'amba.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 18, akatswiri a zakuthambo osiyanasiyana ankaganiza kuti zinthu zakuthambo zimenezi zinali “mlalang’amba wowonjezera”, ndipo zili kunja kwa Milky Way yathu.
Hubble adayambitsa gulu latsopano la milalang'amba mu 1925 ndikuyambitsa ndondomeko ya Hubble, yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi chithunzi cha Hubble tuning-fork.
Kutsatizana kwa Hubble kunagawa milalang'amba kukhala milalang'amba yokhazikika komanso yosasinthika. Milalang'amba yokhazikika idagawidwanso m'magulu atatu akuluakulu: Ellipticals, spirals, ndi lenticular.
Kuphunzira za milalang’amba kumatithandiza kuzindikira zinsinsi zingapo zazikulu za mmene chilengedwe chimagwirira ntchito. Ofufuza agwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya milalang’amba kufotokoza mmene nyenyezi zimapangidwira. Pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoyerekezera, asayansi ayesanso kutengera chitsanzo cha mmene milalang’amba iyo imapangidwira m’mipangidwe imene timaiona masiku ano.
Automated Morphological Classification of Galaxies
Kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito makina ophunzirira kuyika magulu a nyenyezi awonetsa zotsatira zabwino. Mu 2020, ofufuza ochokera ku National Astronomical Observatory of Japan adagwiritsa ntchito a njira yophunzirira mozama kugawa milalang'amba molondola.
Ofufuzawa anagwiritsa ntchito deta yaikulu ya zithunzi zomwe zinapezedwa kuchokera ku Survey ya Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC). Pogwiritsa ntchito luso lawo, amatha kuyika milalang'amba kukhala milalang'amba ya S-wise, Z-wise spirals, ndi non-spirals.
Kafukufuku wawo adawonetsa ubwino wophatikiza deta yayikulu kuchokera ku telescopes ndi kuphunzira kwakukulu njira. Chifukwa cha maukonde a neural, akatswiri a zakuthambo tsopano angathe kuyesa kugawa mitundu ina ya ma morphology monga mipiringidzo, kuphatikiza, ndi zinthu zokhala ndi lens mwamphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wokhudzana kuchokera ku MK Cavanagh ndi K. Bekki adagwiritsa ntchito ma CNN kuti afufuze mapangidwe a mipiringidzo pophatikiza milalang'amba.
Mmene Ntchito
Asayansi ochokera ku NAOJ adadalira convolutional mawindo a neural kapena ma CNN kuti agawire zithunzi. Kuyambira 2015, ma CNN akhala njira yolondola kwambiri yopangira zinthu zina. Ntchito zenizeni zapa CNNs zimaphatikizapo kuzindikira nkhope pazithunzi, magalimoto odziyendetsa okha, kuzindikira anthu olembedwa pamanja, ndi zamankhwala. kusanthula zithunzi.
Koma CNN imagwira ntchito bwanji?
CNN ndi m'gulu la makina ophunzirira makina otchedwa classifier. Ma Classifiers amatha kutenga zolowetsa zina ndikutulutsa mfundo. Mwachitsanzo, wolemba zikwangwani za mumsewu azitha kujambula chithunzi ndikutulutsa ngati chithunzicho chili chizindikiro cha msewu kapena ayi.
A CNN ndi chitsanzo cha a neural network. Ma neural network awa amapangidwa ndi neurons bungwe mu zigawo. Munthawi yophunzitsira, ma neuron awa amasinthidwa kuti agwirizane ndi zolemera komanso zokonda zomwe zingathandize kuthetsa vuto lamagulu lomwe likufunika.
Neural network ikalandira chithunzi, imatengera magawo ang'onoang'ono a chithunzicho kuposa chilichonse chonse, Neuron iliyonse imalumikizana ndi ma neuron ena momwe imatengera magawo osiyanasiyana a chithunzi chachikulu.
Kukhalapo kwa zigawo zosinthika kumapangitsa CNN kukhala yosiyana ndi ma neural network ena. Magawowa amasanthula mipiringidzo ya ma pixel omwe akupirizana ndi cholinga chozindikira zomwe zili pachithunzichi. Popeza timagwirizanitsa ma neuroni omwe ali pafupi, maukonde adzakhala ndi nthawi yosavuta kumvetsetsa chithunzicho pamene deta yolowera ikudutsa mugawo lililonse.
Kugwiritsa ntchito Galaxy Morphology
Akagwiritsidwa ntchito pogawa milalang'amba, CNNs amagawa chithunzi cha mlalang'amba kukhala "tizigawo" tating'ono. Pogwiritsa ntchito masamu pang'ono, gawo loyamba lobisika liyesa kuthetsa ngati chigambacho chili ndi mzere kapena piringu. Magawo ena ayesa kuthetsa mafunso ovuta kwambiri, monga ngati chigambacho chili ndi mawonekedwe a spiral galaxy, monga kukhalapo kwa mkono.
Ngakhale kuti n’zosavuta kudziŵa ngati gawo lina lachifaniziro lili ndi mzere wowongoka, zimakhala zovuta kufunsa ngati chithunzicho chili ndi mlalang’amba wozungulira, osanenapo kuti ndi mtundu wanji wa mlalang’amba wozungulira.
Ndi ma neural network, owerengera amayamba ndi malamulo osasinthika ndi njira. Malamulowa pang'onopang'ono amakhala olondola komanso ogwirizana ndi vuto lomwe tikuyesera kuthetsa. Pakutha kwa gawo lophunzitsira, neural network iyenera kukhala ndi lingaliro labwino la zomwe muyenera kuyang'ana pachithunzi.
Kukulitsa AI pogwiritsa ntchito Citizen Science
Sayansi ya nzika imatanthawuza kafukufuku wasayansi wochitidwa ndi asayansi osaphunzira kapena mamembala agulu.
Asayansi omwe amaphunzira zakuthambo nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi asayansi nzika kuti athandizire kupeza zofunika kwambiri zasayansi. NASA imasunga a mndandanda za mapulojekiti ambiri a sayansi ya nzika zomwe aliyense yemwe ali ndi foni yam'manja kapena laputopu angathandize.
Bungwe la National Astronomical Observatory of Japan lakhazikitsanso ntchito ya sayansi ya nzika yomwe imadziwika kuti Galaxy Cruise. Ntchitoyi imaphunzitsa anthu odzipereka kuti aziika magulu a milalang'amba ndikuyang'ana zizindikiro za kugunda komwe kungachitike pakati pa milalang'amba. Ntchito ina ya nzika idatchedwa Galaxy Zoo walandira kale magulu opitilira 50 miliyoni mchaka choyamba chokhazikitsidwa.
Pogwiritsa ntchito deta kuchokera ku ntchito za sayansi ya nzika, tikhoza phunzitsani ma neural network kugawa milalang'amba m'magulu atsatanetsatane. Titha kugwiritsanso ntchito zilembo zasayansi za nzikazi kuti tipeze milalang'amba yokhala ndi zinthu zosangalatsa. Zinthu monga mphete ndi ma lens zitha kukhala zovuta kuzipeza pogwiritsa ntchito neural network.
Kutsiliza
Njira zama Neural network zikuchulukirachulukira kwambiri pankhani ya zakuthambo. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa NASA ya James Webb Space Telescope mu 2021 kulonjeza nyengo yatsopano yowonera zakuthambo. Telesikopu yasonkhanitsa kale ma terabytes a data, mwinanso masauzande ena ali m'njira pazaka zisanu za moyo wake waumishonale.
Kuyika milalang'amba ndi imodzi mwazinthu zambiri zomwe zitha kuwonjezeredwa ndi ML. Ndi kukonza kwa data mumlengalenga kukhala vuto lake la Big Data, ofufuza ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito makina apamwamba kwambiri kuti amvetsetse chithunzi chachikulu.
Siyani Mumakonda