M'ndandanda wazopezekamo[Bisani][Show]
Zipangizo ndiye maziko amagetsi amakono, osati chimango chabe.
Kusintha kosavuta kwa zinthu kumatha kusintha momwe zida zathu zimagwirira ntchito masiku ano, kuyambira mafoni am'manja omwe sitingathe kukhala popanda kupita kuukadaulo wazachipatala womwe umapulumutsa miyoyo tsiku lililonse.
Tengani miniti kuti muganizire zida ndi makina amakono osiyanasiyana. Ma Superconductors ndi Semiconductors ndi nyenyezi ziwiri zomwe zili pakatikati pazitukukozi.
Ma Superconductors ndi ngwazi zosasimbika pantchito zotsogola chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kodabwitsa kunyamula magetsi popanda kukana.
Ma superconductors akuthandizira zinthu zatsopano zomwe poyamba zinkawoneka zosatheka, monga zida za magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) zomwe zimapatsa madokotala kuti aziwona thupi la munthu komanso masitima apamtunda a Maglev omwe amaoneka ngati 'akuyandama' mothamanga kwambiri.
Komano, ma semiconductors—ubongo ndi thupi la zipangizo zathu zamakono zamakono—zasintha kwambiri mmene timaonera dziko. Zitha kupezekanso m'manyula adzuwa omwe amakupatsani magetsi kunyumba, kompyuta yomwe mukuwerengayi, ndi wotchi yapamanja yomwe mumavala.
Kuchokera pakukhala chidwi chabe cha sayansi mpaka kukhala maziko athu zaka digito, zipangizozi zasintha.
Ma Superconductors ndi ma semiconductors onse amatenga gawo lalikulu pa moyo wathu waukadaulo wapamwamba, komabe amasiyana m'mayendedwe awo komanso momwe angagwiritsire ntchito bwino.
Blog iyi ikufuna kukweza chivundikiro pa mabehemote aukadaulo awiriwa pofufuza kusiyana kwawo, kufanana kwawo, ndi machitidwe apadera omwe aliyense amawongolera.
Kumvetsetsa Superconductor
Tiyeni tiyambe kufufuza kwathu poyang'ana dziko la superconductors poyamba. Ndi zinthu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakankhira malire a zomwe timaganiza kuti ndizotheka, zida izi ndi zina mwa zisudzo zodabwitsa kwambiri pa sayansi.
Kodi chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha superconductor ndi chiyani? mphamvu yoyendetsa magetsi popanda kukumana ndi kukana kulikonse. Inde, mumawerenga molondola-pali ZERO resistance.
Chikhalidwe ichi chimatsutsana ndi zomwe timayembekezera kuchokera kwa makondakitala achikhalidwe, pomwe kukana ndi kutayika kwa mphamvu ndi gawo lobadwa la kachitidwe ka conduction.
Komabe, kodi superconductor angachite bwanji izi? Timalowa m'dziko la quantum physics kuti timvetse izi.
Zonsezi zimazungulira kulengedwa kwa "Cooper pairs" -mawiri awiri a ma electron omwe ali ndi makhalidwe otsutsana - omwe amadutsa mumtundu wa lattice wa superconducting material popanda kumwaza kapena kutaya mphamvu.
Chochitika cha zero chokana magetsi chimapangitsa kuti athe kufalitsa mphamvu moyenera popanda kutayika kwa mphamvu komwe kumavutitsa machitidwe athu apano.
Zotsatira za Meissner
Zero kukana ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi za superconductor. Meissner Effect, yomwe imapangitsa kuti superconductor ikane maginito, ndi chinthu china chosiyana.
Maginito aliwonse omwe amapezeka muzinthu amatha mwadzidzidzi akakhala superconducting; chodabwitsa ichi chimadziwika kuti "wangwiro diamagnetism."
Zotsatira zake? Maginito amatha kupangidwa kuti aziwoneka pamwamba pa superconductor, umboni wowoneka bwino wamphamvu ya Meissner Effect.
Type I ndi Type II Superconductors
Palibe mtundu umodzi wa superconductor womwe umagwirizana ndi ntchito zonse. Amapezeka mumitundu ya Type I ndi Type II.
Zitsulo zoyera kapena metalloids zomwe zimasinthira ku superconducting state pa kutentha kochepa kwambiri ndi Type I superconductors.
Maiko awo abwinobwino komanso apamwamba kwambiri amafotokozedwa momveka bwino kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake, ndipo omaliza amangogwira ntchito kumunsi kwa kutentha komanso maginito.
Mosiyana ndi izi, ma superconductors a Type II nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi zida zadothi kapena ma aloyi achitsulo.
Amasiyana chifukwa amatha kukhalabe ndi superconductivity pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi maginito, zomwe zimawonjezera kuchuluka kwa ntchito zomwe zingatheke.
Makamaka, ma superconductors a Type II amawonetsanso dziko losakanikirana, momwe ma superconducting ndi malo abwinobwino amatha kukhala limodzi.
Kumvetsetsa Semiconductor
Tsopano tikuchoka kudziko lodabwitsa kwambiri la ma superconductors kupita kudziko la semiconductors.
Semiconductors ndi akavalo opanda phokoso omwe amayendetsa nthawi yathu yamakono ya digito, pomwe sakhala owoneka bwino ngati anzawo apamwamba kwambiri.
Kodi mawonekedwe a semiconductors ndi chiyani? Ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zowonetsera kukana kosinthika kumagetsi amagetsi kuti athe kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zamagetsi.
Mosiyana ndi ma superconductors, omwe amathetsa kukana, ma semiconductors amatha kusinthana kukhala ma conductor ndi ma insulators kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri.
Amasintha khalidwe lawo malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili, akukhala ngati ngwazi ya dziko laumisiri.
Ngakhale sizikuwoneka zochititsa chidwi ngati kukana zero, ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma semiconductors akhale abwino pantchito yawo yofunikira, yomwe ndikuwongolera ndikuwongolera magetsi.
Kugwira ntchito kwa Semiconductor
Tiyenera kuyang'ana mawonekedwe a atomiki a semiconductors kuti timvetsetse momwe amagwirira ntchito. Chingwe cha ma atomu chokhala ndi ma elekitironi omangika momasuka chimazungulira atomu iliyonse pakati pa semiconductor.
Ma electron amatha kusintha pakati pa mphamvu zamagetsi, kupanga zomwe zimadziwika kuti "magulu."
Ma elekitironi akunja awa ali ndi kuthekera kolekanitsidwa ndi maatomu awo pamikhalidwe inayake, kusiya "dzenje" labwino m'malo mwake.
Ma semiconductors amatha kuyendetsa magetsi chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa ma elekitironi aulerewa ndi mabowo.
Kuonjezera apo, pogwiritsa ntchito doping-kuwonjezera zonyansa-tikhoza kusintha chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi aulere kapena mabowo, motero timayendetsa kayendedwe ka semiconductor.
Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo pakuwongolera ndendende, ma semiconductors ndiye maziko a gawo lamagetsi.
N-mtundu ndi P-mtundu Semiconductors
Ma semiconductors amtundu wa N ndi P ndi mitundu iwiri yayikulu yomwe imakambidwa pafupipafupi. Izi ndi zotsatira za doping semiconductor koyera kusintha makhalidwe ake; iwo sali zipangizo zosiyana.
Ma dopants omwe amapereka ma elekitironi ambiri aulere amawonjezedwa kuti apange ma semiconductors amtundu wa N. Kukhala ndi ma elekitironi ochulukirapo kuposa mabowo kumawapangitsa kukhala "oyipa".
Kumbali ina, ma semiconductors amtundu wa P ali ndi "zabwino" chifukwa amapangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimapanga mabowo ambiri kuposa ma elekitironi aulere.
Ma semiconductors amtundu wa N ndi P akaphatikizidwa kuti apange mphambano, zomwe zimapangitsa kupanga ma diode, ma transistors, ndi zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri pazida zamagetsi, mphamvu yodabwitsa imapangidwa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Superconductors
Ma Superconductors apeza ntchito zochititsa chidwi pomwe akuyenda mdziko lovuta laukadaulo wamakono, zomwe zikuwonetsa kukhalirana kogwirizana kwa sayansi ndi luso.
Makhalidwe awo apadera, monga kukana zero, awathandizira kuti azichita bwino m'mafakitale kuphatikiza azachipatala, mayendedwe, komanso makompyuta otsogola.
Kujambula kwa Magnetic Resonance (MRI)
Mutha kupeza chozizwitsa cha maginito imaging resonance, kapena MRI ngati mutalowa m'chipatala chamakono. Munthawi imeneyi, ma superconductors ndi ofunikira.
Bwanji? Kuti apange zithunzi zomveka bwino zamkati mwa thupi, zida za MRI zimafunikira mphamvu zamaginito zamphamvu komanso zokhazikika.
Maginito amphamvuwa amatha kupangidwa ndi ma superconductors chifukwa cha zinthu zopanda kukana, zomwe zimakana kufunikira kwa kulowetsa mphamvu zambiri kapena kutentha komwe kumapangidwa ndi oyendetsa wamba.
Mothandizidwa ndi maopaleshoni abata a superconductors, madokotala tsopano akutha kuzindikira matenda mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri kuposa kale lonse.
Sitima za Magnetic Levitation (Maglev)
Mwamsanga timapita kudziko lotanganidwa la mayendedwe kuchokera m'misewu yamtendere ya zipatala. Apa, masitima apamtunda a Maglev amayendetsedwa ndi ma superconductors.
Sitima izi sizili ngati masitima ena; iwo akuyandama!
Masitima apamtunda a Maglev amachepetsa kugundana ndikupangitsa kuthamanga modabwitsa pogwiritsa ntchito ma superconductors kuti apange ma levitation ndi kuthamanga popanda kulumikizana mwachindunji ndi njanji.
Masitima apamtundawa amapereka chithunzithunzi chamtsogolo momwe kuyenda kumamveka ngati kuyandama pamlengalenga m'malo mongowonetsa luso la uinjiniya.
Makompyuta a Quantum
Malire a makompyuta akupititsidwa patsogolo makompyuta a quantum, zomwe zimalonjeza kuti zisintha momwe timaganizira za kuchuluka kwa ntchito.
Kodi ma cores a zida izi ndi chiyani? Ndiko kulondola, superconductors.
Zinthu izi zimathandiza kupanga ma qubits, kuchuluka kwa ma bits omwe amatha kukhalapo m'maiko angapo nthawi imodzi.
Zotsatira zake, kuwerengera komwe kumakhala kofulumira kuwirikiza kakhumi kuposa miyezo yamakampani ndikotheka.
Ma qubitswa amagwira ntchito pamalo okhazikika, opanda zosokoneza zomwe zingasokoneze ntchito yawo, chifukwa cha superconductors.
Kugwiritsa ntchito Semiconductors
Ma semiconductors amawoneka ngati ngwazi zosadziwika pakupanga zodabwitsa zaukadaulo.
Iwo ayambitsa ukadaulo womwe umakhudza pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo wathu chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kuwongolera mafunde amagetsi.
Ma semiconductors ndi osinthika kwenikweni, amapatsa mphamvu chilichonse kuchokera pamakina omwe amakonza zomwe timalamula kuti agwire mphamvu yadzuwa ndikuwunikira malo ozungulira ndi mitundu yowala.
Ma Microprocessors ndi Microcontrollers
Tiyeni tiyambe ndi kufufuza microprocessor, yomwe imakhala ngati ubongo wa digito wa pafupifupi zipangizo zonse zamakono zamakono.
Ma Microprocessors amagwira ntchito ngati ubongo wadongosolo, kukonza ma data ochulukirapo pamitengo yodabwitsa chifukwa cha ma semiconductors.
Achibale apamtima a microprocessor, ma microcontrollers amapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito zina m'makina ophatikizidwa ndipo nthawi zambiri amayang'anira njira pazida monga makina ochapira, zowongolera zakutali, ngakhale magalimoto athu.
Makompyuta ofulumira komanso ogwira mtima omwe timawaona ngati mopepuka sakanatheka popanda ma semiconductors.
Maselo Okhazikika
Kusintha magiya, ma semiconductors apeza nyumba yawo padzuwa, kwenikweni, m'maselo a dzuwa. Kusintha kuwala kwa dzuwa kukhala mphamvu, ma cell a photovoltaic, nyumba yomangira ma solar panels, amadalira mawonekedwe a semiconductor.
Mphamvu yamagetsi imapangidwa pamene ma photoni ochokera kudzuwa agunda chinthu cha semiconductor ndi kusangalatsa ma elekitironi omwe ali mkati mwake.
Ma semiconductors ndi omwe ali pamtima pa gwero lamphamvu loyera, losinthika, ndikutseka kusiyana pakati pa moyo wathu wodalira chatekinoloje ndi njira zothetsera chilengedwe.
Ma LED ndi ma laser
Kusinthasintha kwa ma semiconductors kumawonetsedwanso ndi ma LED ndi ma lasers, omwe mwakuthupi komanso mophiphiritsira amawunikira moyo wathu.
Kuunikira kwasinthidwa ndi ma LED, omwe amapereka kuwala kolimba, kopanda mphamvu komwe kungapangitse utawaleza wamitundu.
Bwanji? Nyali ya LED imapanga kuwala kwa utali wina wa wavelength pamene panopa ikudutsa mu semiconductor mkati.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ma lasers amapanga kuwala kogwirizana, kolunjika pogwiritsa ntchito semiconductors, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chirichonse kuchokera ku barcode scanner kupita ku opaleshoni.
Superconductor vs. Semiconductor
Ma Superconductors ndi ma semiconductors amawoneka ngati atsogoleri pamene tikukambirana zazovuta zatsopano. Iliyonse imasiyanitsidwa ndi kuphatikiza kwapadera kwa mikhalidwe yapadera yomwe imakhudza magawo ambiri aumisiri.
Tikayika mbali imodzi, kodi amafananiza bwanji? Tiyeni tifanizire zimphona ziwiri zaukadaulo izi mutu ndi mutu ndikuchotsa nthano zina za iwo.
Conductivity ndi Resistance
Tiyeni tiyambe ndi kulankhula za conductivity. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwawo kwathunthu kwa magetsi, superconductors ndi mafumu a ntchitoyi.
Chotsatira chake, pamene mphamvu yamagetsi iyamba kudutsa mu superconductor, ziyenera kukhala zotheka kutero popanda kufunikira kwa mphamvu zowonjezera.
Kumbali ina, ma semiconductors amagona pakati pakati pa ma insulators ndi ma conductor.
Ngakhale alibe mawonekedwe opanda cholakwika a ma superconductors, kusinthasintha kwawo ndizomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala chisankho chabwino kwambiri pantchito monga kukulitsa ma sign ndi kukonza.
Kutentha Kwambiri
Makhalidwe a zipangizozi amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha. Mikhalidwe ya cryogenic nthawi zambiri imafunidwa ndi ma superconductors kuti awonetse matsenga awo osakana.
Kumbali inayi, ma semiconductors nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito pa kutentha kozungulira, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera malo wamba ndi zida.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu
M'malo athu aukadaulo omwe akusintha mwachangu, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndizovuta kwambiri. Ndi ma conductivity awo osataya, ma superconductors amapereka mphamvu zosayerekezeka, makamaka pa ntchito zolemetsa komanso zotumizira mphamvu.
Ma semiconductors amapereka njira zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu m'munda wawo, monga ma LED opulumutsa mphamvu ndi ma microprocessors ogwira ntchito, pamene akukhala osagwira ntchito kwambiri pokhudzana ndi zowonongeka.
Mtengo Wopanga ndi Kutheka Kwamalonda
Panthawiyi, ma semiconductors ali patsogolo pakupanga ndi malonda. Chigawo chachikulu cha semiconductors, silicon, chimapezeka kwambiri komanso chotsika mtengo kupanga.
Mosiyana ndi izi, ma superconductors ambiri amapangidwa ndi zinthu zodula kapena zosowa, ndipo kufunikira kwawo kwa kutentha kozizira kwambiri kumatha kukweza mitengo.
Kukula kwa ma superconductors otentha kwambiri, komabe, ndi cholinga chopitiliza kufufuza ndipo atha kuwongolera gawo potengera momwe chuma chikuyendera.
Zolepheretsa ndi Zovuta
Zovuta za semiconductors ndi superconductors ndizofanana. Kusunga kutentha kochepa kwambiri kwa ma superconductors ndizovuta zosatha.
Ma superconductors ambiri amathanso kukhala osalimba komanso ovuta kupanga mawaya atali, osinthika kapena zingwe.
Ngakhale kuti amatha kusinthika, ma semiconductors akuyandikira malire awo a miniaturization, ndipo pamene tikuwakankhira ku malire atsopano, zotsatira za quantum zingakhudze ntchito yawo.
Kutsiliza
Kubwereza kuwunika kwathu mozama kwa ma superconductors ndi ma semiconductors, zikuwonekeratu kuti zinthu zonsezi zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwamatekinoloje athu.
Ma semiconductors, okhala ndi mawonekedwe ake osinthika, amathandizira kugunda kwamtima kwa digito pazida zambiri, pomwe ma superconductors, omwe ali ndi kuthekera kwawo kodabwitsa kwa zero kukana, amawoneka bwino pamapulogalamu apamwamba kwambiri.
Izi ziwiri, mwa lingaliro langa, ndizoposa zida zamakono; iwo ndi okonza tsogolo lathu, kupanga malingaliro omwe angasinthe momwe timakhalira, ntchito, ndi kusewera.
Amapanga mipata yambiri, kuchokera kuzinthu zatsopano zamakompyuta mpaka ku zothetsera mphamvu zokhazikika. Owerenga omwe ali ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa amalimbikitsidwa kutenga nawo mbali m'malo mongoyang'ana.
Yang'anirani zochitika izi chifukwa zikuwonetsa kusakanikirana kwa malingaliro atsopano omwe apitilize kukonza dziko lathu lapansi.
Ma Superconductors ndi Semiconductors adzakhaladi patsogolo pakukwaniritsa malonjezo amenewo pamene tsogolo limabwera ndi mavuto ndi mwayi.
Siyani Mumakonda