Asayansi amavumbulutsa zobisika za zinthu ndi ma biomolecules pogwiritsa ntchito crystallography ndi cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Komabe, pamene maphunzirowa akukumana ndi zovuta zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira, kuphunzira pamakina kwakhala kothandiza kwambiri.
Mu positi iyi, tiwona mphambano yochititsa chidwi ya "Njira Zophunzirira Makina a Crystallography ndi Cryo-EM." Lowani nafe pamene tikufufuza kusintha kwa luntha lochita kupanga potsegula zinsinsi za chilengedwe cha atomiki ndi ma molekyulu.
Choyamba, ndikufuna kumasuka pamutuwu ndikutchula zomwe zili zenizeni za crystallography ndi Cryo-Em, ndiye tifufuzanso komwe makina kuphunzira amabwera mu sewero.
Crystallography
Crystallography ndi kafukufuku wamakonzedwe a maatomu muzinthu zamakristali. Makhiristo ndi zinthu zolimba zopangidwa ndi ma atomu omwe amasanjidwa mobwerezabwereza kuti apange mawonekedwe opangidwa bwino kwambiri.
Chifukwa cha kukonzedwa pafupipafupi kumeneku, zida zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera komanso machitidwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti crystallography ikhale yofunikira pakumvetsetsa zazinthu zambiri.
Asayansi amatha kuyang'ana kristalo pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga X-ray diffraction, kupereka chidziwitso chofunikira pa malo a atomu ndi mgwirizano wogwirizana. Crystallography ndiyofunikira m'magawo ambiri, kuyambira sayansi yazinthu ndi chemistry kupita ku geology ndi biology. Zimathandiza pakupanga zinthu zatsopano komanso kumvetsetsa kwa mineral properties.
Ikhoza kutithandizanso kudziwa zinthu zovuta kuzipanga za mamolekyu achilengedwe monga mapulotini.
Cryo-EM (Cryo-Electron Microscopy)
Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) ndi luso lojambula zithunzi lomwe limalola ochita kafukufuku kuti awone mawonekedwe atatu a ma biomolecules pa atomiki kapena pafupi ndi atomiki.
Cryo-EM imasunga ma biomolecules mumkhalidwe wawo wapafupi ndi chilengedwe powazizira mwachangu mu nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi, mosiyana ndi ma electron microscopy wamba, omwe amafunikira kuti zitsanzo zikhazikike, zothimbirira, ndi kutaya madzi m'thupi.
Izi zimalepheretsa mapangidwe a ayezi, kusunga mawonekedwe achilengedwe. Asayansi tsopano atha kuwona tsatanetsatane wa mapuloteni akulu akulu, ma virus, ndi ma cell organelles, ndikupereka chidziwitso chofunikira pakugwira ntchito ndi maubale awo.
Cryo-EM yasintha kapangidwe ka biology polola ofufuza kuti afufuze njira zachilengedwe mwatsatanetsatane mwatsatanetsatane. Ntchito zake zimachokera ku kupezeka kwa mankhwala ndi chitukuko cha katemera mpaka kumvetsetsa maziko a maselo.
N'chifukwa Chiyani Iwo Ndi Ofunika?
Cryo-EM ndi crystallography ndizofunika kwambiri pakupititsa patsogolo kumvetsetsa kwathu chilengedwe.
Crystallography imatithandiza kuzindikira ndikumvetsetsa makonzedwe a atomiki muzinthu, zomwe zimatilola kupanga zinthu zatsopano zokhala ndi mikhalidwe yeniyeni yogwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana. Crystallography ndiyofunikira pakuumba chikhalidwe chathu chamakono, kuyambira ma semiconductors omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi kupita kumankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda.
Komano, Cryo-EM imapereka chithunzithunzi chochititsa chidwi cha mmene moyo umagwirira ntchito. Asayansi amazindikira njira zoyambira zamoyo powona momwe ma biomolecules amapangidwira, kuwalola kupanga mankhwala abwinoko, kupanga njira zochizira, komanso kuthana ndi matenda opatsirana.
Kupita patsogolo kwa Cryo-EM kumatsegula malingaliro atsopano pazamankhwala, biotechnology, komanso kumvetsetsa kwathu zonse zomangira moyo.
Kupititsa patsogolo Kuneneratu Kwamapangidwe ndi Kusanthula ndi Kuphunzira Kwamakina mu Crystallography
Kuphunzira pamakina kwathandiza kwambiri pazithunzithunzi za crystallography, kusintha momwe asayansi amalosera komanso kutanthauzira kapangidwe ka kristalo.
Ma aligorivimu amatha kutulutsa mawonekedwe ndi maulumikizidwe kuchokera m'magawo akulu azinthu zodziwika bwino zamakristalo, zomwe zimalola kulosera mwachangu zanyumba zatsopano za kristalo mwatsatanetsatane wosayerekezeka.
Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza a Thorn Lab atsimikizira kugwira ntchito kwa kuphunzira pamakina pakulosera kukhazikika kwa kristalo ndi kupanga mphamvu, ndikupereka chidziwitso chofunikira pazamphamvu za thermodynamic.
Kukula kumeneku sikungowonjezera kutulukira kwa zipangizo zatsopano komanso kukhathamiritsa kwa zamakono, kubweretsa nyengo yatsopano ya kafukufuku wazinthu ndi makhalidwe abwino ndi magwiridwe antchito.
Chithunzi: Chitsanzo cha mawonekedwe a kristalo omwe akuwonetsedwa pa pulogalamu ya Mercury.
Kodi Kuphunzira Pamakina Kumavumbulutsa Bwanji Cryo-EM?
Kuphunzira pamakina kwatsegula dziko latsopano la kuthekera kwa cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM), kulola asayansi kuti afufuze mozama muzovuta zamapangidwe a biomolecules.
Ofufuza amatha kusanthula kuchuluka kwa data ya cryo-EM pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano monga kuphunzira kwakukulu, kupanganso zitsanzo za mbali zitatu za mamolekyu achilengedwe momveka bwino kwambiri komanso molondola.
Kuphatikizika kwa kuphunzira kwamakina ndi cryo-EM kwalola kujambulidwa kwa mapangidwe osadziwika bwino a mapuloteni, kupereka zidziwitso zatsopano pazochita zawo ndi maubale.
Kuphatikizika kwa matekinolojewa kuli ndi chiyembekezo chochuluka cha kupezeka kwa mankhwala chifukwa kumapangitsa ofufuza kulunjika ndendende malo omwe amamanga, zomwe zimapangitsa kupanga mankhwala othandiza kwambiri pazovuta zosiyanasiyana.
Makina Ophunzirira Makina Othandizira Kusanthula Kwa data ya Cryo-EM
Kufufuza kwa Cryo-EM kumapanga zolemba zatsatanetsatane komanso zazikulu, zomwe zitha kukhala mphatso komanso temberero kwa ofufuza. Komabe, njira zophunzirira zamakina zatsimikizira kuti ndizofunikira pakuwunikira komanso kumasulira kwa data ya cryo-EM.
Asayansi atha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zophunzirira zosayang'aniridwa kuti adzizindikirire okha ndikuyika magulu osiyanasiyana a mapuloteni, ndikuchepetsa ntchito zamanja zomwe zimawononga nthawi.
Njirayi sikuti imangofulumizitsa kusanthula deta komanso imapangitsanso kudalirika kwa zomwe zapeza pochotsa kukondera kwa anthu pakutanthauzira zovuta zamapangidwe.
Kuphatikizika kwa kuphunzira pamakina mu kusanthula kwa data ya Cryo-EM, monga momwe zasonyezedwera m'mabuku aposachedwa, kumapereka njira yodziwikiratu njira zovuta zachilengedwe komanso kuwunika mozama makina am'moyo.
Kufikira Njira Zophatikiza: Kutsekereza Kusiyana kwa Kuyesa-Kuwerengera
Kuphunzira pamakina kumatha kutsekereza kusiyana pakati pa data yoyesera ndi mitundu yowerengera mu crystallography ndi cryo-EM.
Kuphatikizika kwa deta yoyesera ndi njira zophunzirira zamakina kumathandizira kupanga zitsanzo zolosera zenizeni, kuwongolera kudalirika kwa kutsimikiza kwa kapangidwe kake ndi kuyerekeza kwa katundu.
Kusamutsa kuphunzira, njira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chophunziridwa kudera lina kupita ku lina, ikuwoneka ngati chida chofunikira cholimbikitsira kufufuza kwa crystallographic ndi Cryo-EM munkhaniyi.
Njira zophatikizira, zomwe zimaphatikiza zidziwitso zoyesera ndi mphamvu zamakompyuta, zimayimira njira yotsogola yothetsa zovuta zasayansi, kulonjeza kusintha momwe timawonera ndikuwongolera dziko la atomiki ndi mamolekyu.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Convolutional Neural Networks Kusankha Tinthu mu Cryo-EM
Popereka zithunzi zowoneka bwino za mamolekyu achilengedwe, cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) yasintha kafukufuku wamapangidwe a macromolecular.
Komabe, kutola tinthu ting'onoting'ono, komwe kumaphatikizapo kuzindikira ndi kuchotsa zithunzi zamtundu wina kuchokera ku Cryo-EM micrographs, yakhala ntchito yowononga nthawi komanso yovuta.
Ochita kafukufuku apita patsogolo kwambiri popanga njira iyi pogwiritsa ntchito makina ophunzirira, makamaka convolutional neural network (CNNs).
DeepPicker ndi Topazi-Denoise ndi awiri kuphunzira kwakukuru zomwe zimathandizira kusankha tinthu kokhazikika mu cryo-EM, kufulumizitsa kwambiri kukonza ndi kusanthula deta.
Njira zozikidwa pa CNN zakhala zovuta kwambiri pakuthamangitsa njira za Cryo-EM ndikulola ochita kafukufuku kuyang'ana kwambiri kafukufuku wapamwamba pozindikira molondola tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri.
Kukhathamiritsa kwa Crystallography Pogwiritsa Ntchito Predictive Modelling
Ubwino wa data ya diffraction ndi zotsatira za crystallization zitha kukhudza kwambiri kutsimikiza kwa kapangidwe ka macromolecular crystallography.
Ma Artificial neural network (ANNs) ndi makina othandizira vekitala (SVMs) agwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kukhathamiritsa makonzedwe a crystallization ndi kuneneratu kwamtundu wa crystal diffraction. Zolosera zam'tsogolo zopangidwa ndi ochita kafukufuku zimathandizira pakupanga zoyeserera ndikuwonjezera kupambana kwa mayeso a crystallization.
Zitsanzozi zimatha kuwulula machitidwe omwe amatsogolera ku zotsatira zabwino poyesa kuchuluka kwa data ya crystallization, kuthandiza ochita kafukufuku kupanga makhiristo apamwamba kwambiri pamayesero otsatirawa a X-ray. Zotsatira zake, kuphunzira pamakina kwakhala chida chofunikira kwambiri pakuyesa mwachangu komanso kolunjika kwa crystallographic.
Kupititsa patsogolo Kuzindikirika Kwamapangidwe a Cryo-EM
Kumvetsetsa kapangidwe kachiwiri ka mamolekyu achilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito mamapu a Cryo-EM kachulukidwe ndikofunikira kuti mudziwe momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito.
Njira zophunzirira zamakina, zomwe ndi zomangamanga mozama monga ma graph convolutional ndi ma network obwereza, zagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza mawonekedwe achiwiri pamapu a cryo-EM.
Njirazi zimafufuza zomwe zikuchitika m'mapu a kachulukidwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Kuphunzira pamakina kumathandizira ofufuza kuti afufuze zovuta zamagulu amankhwala ndikupeza chidziwitso pazochitika zawo zamoyo mwa kupanga makina olimbikira ntchitowa.
Chithunzi: Cryo-EM kukonzanso kapangidwe kake
Kumanga kwa Chitsanzo cha Crystallography ndi Kupititsa patsogolo Kutsimikizira
Kupanga kwachitsanzo ndi kutsimikizira ndi magawo ofunikira mu macromolecular crystallography kutsimikizira kulondola kwachitsanzo ndi kudalirika.
Ukadaulo wophunzirira makina monga ma convolutional autoencoder ndi mitundu ya Bayesian agwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandiza ndi kukonza njirazi. Mwachitsanzo, AAnchor imagwiritsa ntchito ma CNN kuzindikira ma amino acid omwe ali m'mapu a Cryo-EM kachulukidwe, omwe amathandizira pakupanga zitsanzo zokha.
Mitundu yophunzirira makina a Bayesian idagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuphatikizira data ya X-ray ya diffraction ndikugawa magulu am'mlengalenga pamapu ang'onoang'ono a ma elekitironi ang'onoang'ono.
Kupita patsogolo kumeneku sikungowonjezera kutsimikiza kwa kapangidwe kake komanso kumaperekanso kuwunika kowonjezereka kwa mtundu wa zitsanzo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zotulukapo zamphamvu komanso zopangika.
Tsogolo la Kuphunzira Kwamakina mu Structural Biology
Monga momwe zikuwonetsedwera ndi kuchuluka kwa zofalitsa zasayansi, kuphatikiza kwa kuphunzira kwamakina mu cryo-EM ndi crystallography kumakhala bwino nthawi zonse, kumapereka mayankho ochulukirapo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito.
Kuphunzira pamakina kumalonjeza kupititsa patsogolo chilengedwe cha biology ndi chitukuko chosalekeza cha ma aligorivimu amphamvu komanso kukulitsa kwazinthu zosungidwa.
Kugwirizana pakati pa kuphunzira pamakina ndi biology yomanga ndikutsegulira njira zodziwikiratu ndi kuzindikira za dziko la atomiki ndi mamolekyu, kuyambira pakutsimikiza kamangidwe kake mpaka kupeza mankhwala ndi uinjiniya wa mapuloteni.
Kufufuza kosalekeza pamutu wosangalatsawu kumalimbikitsa asayansi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za AI ndikutsegula zinsinsi za midadada yomangira moyo.
Kutsiliza
Kuphatikizidwa kwa matekinoloje ophunzirira makina mu crystallography ndi cryo-electron microscopy kwatsegula m'badwo watsopano mu biology yokhazikika.
Kuphunzira pamakina kwafulumizitsa kwambiri kafukufukuyo ndikubweretsa chidziwitso chosayerekezeka m'maiko a atomiki ndi mamolekyu, kuchokera pakupanga ntchito zolemetsa monga kusankha tinthu tomwe titha kukonza zolosera za crystallization ndi mtundu wa diffraction.
Ofufuza tsopano amatha kuwunika bwino kuchuluka kwa data pogwiritsa ntchito convolutional mawindo a neural ndi ma aligorivimu ena otsogola, kuyembekezera nthawi yomweyo mawonekedwe a kristalo ndikupeza chidziwitso chofunikira pamapu a cryo-electron microscopy density.
Zomwe zikuchitikazi sizimangofulumizitsa ntchito zoyesera komanso zimalola kuti tifufuze mozama za kapangidwe ka zamoyo ndi ntchito zake.
Pomaliza, kulumikizana kwa kuphunzira kwamakina ndi biology yomanga kukusintha mawonekedwe a crystallography ndi cryo-electron microscopy.
Pamodzi, matekinoloje apamwambawa akutifikitsa pafupi ndi kumvetsetsa bwino za ma atomiki ndi mamolekyu, ndikulonjeza kusintha kwamasewera pakufufuza kwazinthu, kupanga mankhwala, ndi makina odabwitsa amoyo.
Pamene tikukumbatira malire atsopano ochititsa chidwiwa, tsogolo la biology limawala bwino ndi kuthekera kopanda malire komanso kuthekera kothana ndi zovuta za chilengedwe.
Siyani Mumakonda