Samuwar aikace-aikacen ba a taɓa ɗauka da mahimmanci kamar yadda yake a yau lokacin da muke amfani da apps don fiye da sadarwa kawai, na sirri ko na ƙwararru da lokacin aikace-aikacen kasuwanci ne.
Aikace-aikacen da ba koyaushe kan layi ba, ko kuma ba su da ƙarfi, suna rasa masu amfani da su da kuma dacewa, a ƙarshe sun zama tsoho. Hakan ya faru a cikin walƙiya. Domin intanet ba ta taɓa yin barci kuma tana aiki awanni 24 a rana, kwana 7 a mako, wannan ra'ayin dole ne ya shafi apps.
Scalability yana da mahimmanci don yin wannan da tabbatar da samuwar aikace-aikacen. Daidaita kaya yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke tabbatar da samuwa. Mutane da yawa har yanzu suna ganin cewa ana iya cika ma'aunin nauyi tare da rubutu mai sauƙi.
Duk da haka, ba haka lamarin yake ba. Shi kaɗai yana ba da damar yin amfani da shirye-shirye a duk faɗin duniya - a kowane lokaci kuma daga kowace na'ura.
A cikin wannan sakon, za mu yi zurfin bincike kan daidaita nauyi, algorithms ɗin sa, da yadda yake da alaƙa da microservices, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa. Mu fara!
Menene daidaita nauyi?
Yayin da bukatar gidan yanar gizo ko aikace-aikacen kasuwanci ke ƙaruwa, sabar guda ɗaya ba da daɗewa ba za ta kasa ɗaukar nauyin duka. Ƙungiyoyi suna rarraba nauyin aiki akan sabar da yawa don biyan bukata. Wannan hanyar, wacce aka fi sani da “madaidaitan kaya,” tana hana sabar guda ɗaya daga yin lodi fiye da kima, wanda zai iya sa ta raguwa, sauke buƙatun, ko ma faɗuwa.
Daidaita lodawa yana rarraba zirga-zirgar hanyar sadarwa daidai-da-wane don gujewa gazawa saboda yawan kayan aiki. Aikace-aikace, gidajen yanar gizo, rumbun adana bayanai, da sauran albarkatun kwamfuta suna aiki mafi kyau kuma ana samun su ta amfani da wannan hanyar. Hakanan yana taimakawa a cikin dacewa da sarrafa buƙatun mai amfani akan lokaci.
Daga hangen mai amfani, daidaita nauyin kaya yana aiki azaman tsaka-tsakin da ba a gani tsakanin abokin ciniki da tarin sabobin, yana tabbatar da cewa ba a sauke buƙatun haɗi ba. Aikace-aikace, gidajen yanar gizo, ma'ajin bayanai, da sabis na kan layi za su yi yuwuwar rugujewa idan buƙatar ta yi yawa ba tare da daidaita kaya ba.
Ana iya aika dubban ɗaruruwan buƙatun masu amfani zuwa gidan yanar gizo mai yawan zirga-zirga a lokaci guda. Ana buƙatar sabar da yawa don cika shafukan yanar gizon daidai tare da abun ciki da ake buƙata, kamar rubutu, hotuna, bidiyo, da yawo na sauti. Ana amfani da daidaita ma'aunin nauyi a cikin gonakin sabar gidan yanar gizo mai yawan zirga-zirga, da kuma sabar DNS, ma'ajin bayanai, da shafukan Canja wurin Fayil (FTP).
Idan uwar garken guda ɗaya ta yi nauyi fiye da kima, wannan na iya aiki mara kyau ko ma faɗuwa. Ma'auni na lodawa suna rage damar rage lokaci ta hanyar rarraba buƙatun mai amfani daidai da tarin sabar. Idan ɗaya daga cikin sabar da ke cikin ƙungiyar ta gaza, za a juya zirga-zirga zuwa wasu sabar a cikin ƙungiyar. Ma'auni mai ɗaukar nauyi yana ƙara sabbin sabobin ta atomatik a cikin tsarin rarraba zirga-zirga lokacin da aka ƙara su zuwa tafkin uwar garken.
Ta yaya daidaita nauyin kaya ke aiki?
Yana aiki kamar haka:
- Lokacin da abokin ciniki ya karɓi buƙatu, kamar ta hanyar bincike ko aikace-aikace, yana ƙoƙarin haɗawa da uwar garken.
- Lokacin da ma'aunin nauyi ya karɓi buƙatu, yana tura shi zuwa ɗaya daga cikin sabobin a cikin rukunin uwar garke bisa ka'idojin da aka kafa ta algorithm (ko gona).
- Sabar tana karɓar buƙatar haɗin kai kuma tana amsa abokin ciniki ta hanyar ma'aunin nauyi.
- Lokacin da ma'aunin nauyi ya karɓi amsa, ya dace da adireshin IP na abokin ciniki tare da adireshin IP na sabar da aka zaɓa. Bayan haka, ana watsa amsar tare da fakitin.
- SSL offload shine aiwatar da ɓarna bayanai ta amfani da ka'idar ɓoye bayanan Socket Layer ta yadda ba dole sai sabar ba.
- Ana maimaita tsarin har sai an gama zaman.
Hanyoyi Daidaita Load
Don zaɓar wanne daga cikin sabar da ke cikin gonar uwar garken ke karɓar buƙatu ta gaba, kowace dabarar daidaita kaya tana amfani da saitin ma'auni. Akwai hanyoyi guda biyar na yau da kullun don daidaita nauyi:
- Zagaye Robin: Wannan ita ce hanyar da ta dace, kuma tana aiki kamar yadda yake sauti. Ma'auni mai ɗaukar nauyi yana rarraba buƙatun a cikin tsarin juyawa, farawa tare da uwar garken farko a cikin rukuni kuma ya ci gaba zuwa ƙasa, inda yake jira don sake kiransa. Wannan hanyar tana tabbatar da cewa kowace uwar garken tana sarrafa kusan adadin haɗin kai iri ɗaya.
- Round Robin mai nauyi: Wannan hanyar tana ba kowane uwar garken nauyi (ko fifiko) wanda gabaɗaya daidai da ƙarfinsa. Yawan buƙatun sabar yana karɓa, mafi girman nauyi. Misali, uwar garken da ke da nauyin kima na biyu yana karɓar buƙatun sau biyu kamar sabar tare da ƙimar nauyin ɗaya.
- Zama Mai Danko: Wannan tsarin, wanda kuma aka sani da tsayin daka, yana haɗa wasu abokan ciniki da sabar na tsawon lokaci. Don kafa hanyar haɗin gwiwa, ma'aunin nauyi yana amfani da kuki ko adireshin IP na mai amfani don gano sifa mai amfani. Da zarar an kafa haɗin, buƙatun mai amfani ana kai su zuwa sabar iri ɗaya har sai lokacin ya ƙare. Wannan yana haɓaka albarkatun cibiyar sadarwa yayin da kuma inganta ƙwarewar mai amfani.
- Ƙananan Haɗi: Wannan dabarar tana ɗauka cewa duk buƙatun suna haifar da nauyin nauyin uwar garken daidai. Sakamakon haka, uwar garken tare da mafi ƙarancin adadin buƙatun yana karɓar buƙatun gaba.
- IP Hash: Wannan algorithm yana haifar da maɓalli na musamman na hash dangane da tushen abokin ciniki da uwar garken da adiresoshin IP masu zuwa. Ana amfani da maɓalli don bin hanyar buƙatun kuma yana ba da damar haɗi da aka ɓace tare da sabar iri ɗaya don ci gaba.
Hardware Vs. Software Load Ma'auni
Hardware Load Balancer
Kayan aiki na jiki, kamar na'ura, yana samar da ma'auni na kayan aiki. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna zirga-zirga zuwa sabobin dangane da dalilai kamar adadin haɗin da ke akwai, amfani da na'ura mai sarrafawa, da aikin uwar garken. Ma'auni na kayan aikin kayan aiki suna da firmware na mallakar mallaka wanda dole ne a kiyaye shi kuma a sabunta shi lokacin da sabbin sigogin da gyare-gyaren tsaro suka samu.
Ma'auni na kayan aiki sau da yawa suna ba da mafi girman aiki da sarrafawa, da kuma faffadan iya aiki kamar ingantaccen Kerberos da haɓaka kayan aikin SSL, amma suna buƙatar ɗan matakin gudanarwa da ƙwarewar kulawa. Saboda ma'aunin ma'auni na kayan masarufi ba su da sassauƙa da ƙima fiye da ma'aunin nauyi na software, akwai haɓaka ga ma'auni na kayan aiki fiye da samarwa.
Ma'aunin Load na Software
Ma'auni na kayan aikin software galibi suna da sauƙin saitawa fiye da takwarorinsu na hardware. Hakanan sun fi dacewa da tsada da daidaitawa, kuma suna aiki da kyau tare da yanayin haɓaka software. Hanyar software tana ba ku damar keɓance ma'aunin nauyi zuwa ainihin buƙatun muhallinku. Ƙarfafa sassauci na iya zuwa ta hanyar ƙarin lokacin da aka kashe don kafa ma'aunin nauyi.
Ma'auni na software suna ba ku mafi girman sassauci don yin gyare-gyare da sabuntawa fiye da na kayan aiki, waɗanda ke da tsarin rufewa. Ana iya amfani da injunan kama-da-wane da aka riga aka shirya azaman ma'auni na kayan aikin software (VMs). Na'urori masu ƙira za su cece ku ɗan lokaci saitin, amma ƙila ba za su sami duk ayyukan da ake samu a cikin takwarorinsu na kayan aikin ba.
Aiwatar Daidaita Sauƙaƙe Load
Za mu yi amfani da ɗakin karatu na Spring Cloud zuwa gina apps waɗanda ke haɗa zuwa wasu ƙa'idodi a cikin daidaitaccen nauyi. Yayin sarrafa buƙatun sabis na nesa, za mu iya sauƙaƙe gina ma'aunin nauyi ta amfani da kowace dabara da muke so. Yi la'akari da lambar da ke gaba a matsayin misali. Za mu fara da ainihin aikace-aikacen uwar garken.
Sabar za ta sami wurin ƙarshen HTTP guda ɗaya kawai kuma za'a sarrafa shi a lokuta da yawa. Sannan za mu gina ƙa'idar abokin ciniki wacce ke amfani da Load Balancer don rarraba buƙatun a cikin sabar sabar da yawa.
Server
Za mu fara da asali Takalmin bazara aikace-aikace don uwar garken misalin mu:
Don farawa, muna allurar madaidaicin madaidaicin da ake kira example_ID. Wannan yana taimaka mana mu bambanta tsakanin yawancin lokuta da suke aiki. Bayan haka, mun ƙirƙiri wurin ƙarshen GET HTTP guda ɗaya wanda ke dawo da saƙo da ID misali.
Misalin tsoho tare da ID 1 zai yi aiki akan tashar jiragen ruwa 8080. Muna buƙatar ƙara wasu sigogin shirye-shirye kawai don ƙaddamar da misali na biyu:
Abokin ciniki
Yanzu bari mu kalli lambar abokin ciniki. Anan Load Balancer ya shigo, don haka bari mu fara da shigar da shi cikin aikace-aikacen mu:
Bayan haka, muna haɓaka aiwatar da ServiceInstanceListSupplier. Wannan shine ɗayan mahimman mu'amala a cikin Load Balancer. Yana ƙayyadaddun yadda muke gano wuraren sabis masu isa.
Za mu ƙulla lamba guda biyu daban-daban na sabar misalin mu a cikin samfurin aikace-aikacen mu. Suna aiki akan tsari ɗaya amma suna amfani da tashoshin jiragen ruwa daban:
Ƙirƙiri ajin Kanfigareshan LoadBalancer yanzu:
Wannan ajin yana da manufa guda ɗaya kawai: yana ƙirƙira madaidaicin maginin WebClient don yin buƙatun nesa. Bayanin mu yana amfani da sunan ƙage don sabis ɗin.
Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa da alama ba za mu san ainihin sunayen masu masaukin baki da tashoshin jiragen ruwa don gudanar da al'amuran gaba da lokaci ba. Sakamakon haka, muna amfani da sunan ƙage a matsayin mai riƙewa, kuma tsarin zai maye gurbin ainihin bayanai lokacin da ya zaɓi misali mai gudana.
Na gaba, bari mu yi ajin Kanfigareshan wanda za a yi amfani da shi don ɗaukar misalin samar da sabis ɗin mu. Lura cewa muna amfani da laƙabi ɗaya kamar da:
Za mu iya yanzu gina ainihin abokin ciniki aikace-aikace. Bari mu aika da tambayoyi 10 zuwa uwar garken samfurin ta amfani da Waken WebClient daga baya:
Zamu iya gani daga fitowar cewa muna ɗaukar nauyin daidaitawa tsakanin lokuta guda biyu:
Load Daidaita a Microservices
Kamfanoni da yawa, kamar Netflix da Amazon, ke amfani da tsarin gine-gine na Microservice, don haɓaka aikace-aikacen kasuwanci azaman saitin ayyukan da ba a haɗa su ba. Matsakaicin girman kai da ci gaba da isarwa don aikace-aikace masu rikitarwa shine kawai dalilai guda biyu na ƙaura zuwa wannan rarrabawar gine-ginen da ba a kwance ba.
Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin kamfanoni sun aiwatar da dabarun Agile da DevOps don samar da ƙa'idodi cikin sauri kuma tare da ƙarancin gazawa fiye da hanyoyin gargajiya. Koyaya, dole ne ku daidaita ma'auni tsakanin rikitarwar gine-ginen da aka rarraba da buƙatun aikace-aikacen, buƙatun sikelin, da iyakokin lokaci zuwa kasuwa.
Shekaru da yawa, masu kula da isar da aikace-aikacen (ADCs) sun kasance masu mahimmanci don biyan buƙatun matakin sabis don aikace-aikacen kamfanoni da aka shirya a kan-gida ko a cikin gajimare. Abokin ciniki da ke aiki tare da aikace-aikacen tushen microservices baya buƙatar sanin game da al'amuran da ke samarwa don haɓaka abokin ciniki da microservices daban-daban.
Wannan shi ne daidai gwargwado da aka bayar ta hanyar wakili na baya ko ma'aunin nauyi. Bugu da ƙari, daidaita nauyi shine mafita don tabbatar da cewa microservices na iya ɗaukar buƙata, tsaro, da samuwa.
Lokacin da kuka haɗu daidaitattun kayan aiki na Arewa-Kudu na gargajiya tsakanin abokin ciniki da ƙa'idodin tushen microservices tare da tura Gabas-Yamma don daidaitawa a kwance, kuna samun haɓaka mai yawa. Manufar ita ce kiyaye aminci da ka'idojin muhalli da IT ke buƙata ba tare da sadaukar da ƙarfin ci gaba ba ko DevOps aiki da kai Bukatun.
amfanin
Daidaita kaya yana ba da fa'idodi iri-iri ta haɓaka amfani da albarkatu, isar da bayanai, da lokacin amsawa don manyan gidajen yanar gizo da ƙa'idodi, da kuma bayanan bayanai waɗanda ke samun adadin tambayoyi masu yawa. Daidaita kaya yana tabbatar da cewa buƙatun mai amfani sun cika cikin sauri da kuma daidai a cikin yanayin cunkoso.
Suna adana masu amfani da haɓakar mu'amala da shirye-shirye da albarkatu masu kasala. Daidaita kaya kuma yana taimakawa wajen guje wa raguwar lokaci da sauƙaƙa tsaro, rage haɗarin rasa aiki da samun kuɗi ga kamfanin ku.
- Daidaita kaya yana ba da sassauci don ƙarawa da cire sabobin kamar yadda ake buƙata, ban da sarrafa zirga-zirga zuwa ingantaccen inganci. Saboda ana karkatar da zirga-zirga zuwa wasu sabar yayin kiyayewa, yana kuma yiwuwa a gudanar da aikin kulawar uwar garken ba tare da tarwatsa masu amfani ba.
- Daidaita kaya yana samar da ginanniyar sakewa ta hanyar rarraba zirga-zirga tsakanin sabar sabar. Kuna iya karkatar da kaya nan da nan zuwa wasu sabobin idan mutum ya gaza, rage tasirin masu amfani.
- Idan aikace-aikacen ko amfani da gidan yanar gizo ya girma, haɓakar zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar na iya lalata aikinta idan ba a sarrafa ta yadda ya kamata ba. Tare da daidaita nauyi, zaku iya ƙara sabar na gaske ko kama-da-wane don biyan buƙata ba tare da fasa sabis ba. Ma'auni mai ɗaukar nauyi yana gano sabbin sabobin yayin da suke zuwa kan layi kuma ba tare da wahala ba yana haɗa su cikin aiki. Wannan hanya ta fi dacewa don ƙaura gidan yanar gizon daga sabar da aka yi nauyi zuwa wani sabo, wanda akai-akai yana ɗaukar ɗan lokaci kaɗan.
Kammalawa
Daidaita kaya wani muhimmin abu ne na tsarin zamani, masu jurewa kuskure. Za mu iya kawai gina ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke rarraba buƙatun zuwa lokutan sabis da yawa ta amfani da hanyoyin daidaita nauyi iri-iri. Dole ne kamfanoni su goyi bayan tsarin IT masu rikitarwa don samar da aikace-aikacen amintattu.
Tsare-tsaren microservices na ƙetarewa, turawa, da kiyayewa na iya zama masu haɗari-kuskure, tsada, da cin lokaci. Ya kamata IT ta yi amfani da aiki da kai, ganuwa, nazari, da ƙididdiga mafi kyawun ayyuka da fasahar da suka dace da agile da ayyukan DevOps don sauƙaƙe saiti da kiyaye waɗannan ƙananan ayyukan.
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