Okuqukethwe[Fihla][Bonisa]
Esimweni sanamuhla esisheshayo, esiguqukayo, nesincintisanayo, izinhlangano eziphumelela kakhulu ziwubufakazi bokuthi ukugxila kumakhasimende kuwukuphela kwesu eliqhubekayo lokukhulisa ibhizinisi. Ukunaka kwabasebenzisi kuncipha njalo, okuphoqa amabhizinisi ukuthi athole izindlela ezintsha nezingcono zokuhlinzeka ngolwazi olungenazihibe kubathengi bawo.
Uma ufuna ukudala umuzwa ohehayo, ohlukile, futhi ongenazihibe wabasebenzisi bakho, I-Single Page Applications (SPAs) iyindlela okufanele uhambe ngayo. Kungalesi sizathu izinkampani eziningi seziqala ukwakha izici zezinhlelo zabo zokusebenza eziku-inthanethi zisebenzisa idizayini entsha yewebhu ebizwa ngokuthi Isicelo Sekhasi Elilodwa.
Ama-SPA aphinde asetshenziselwa ukudala i-Google ne-Facebook, ama-behemoth amabili izinhlelo zawo zokusebenza ezenza umthamo wakho wansuku zonke we-inthanethi nomsebenzi wenkundla yezokuxhumana.
Le bhulogi izofaka zonke izici zohlelo lokusebenza lwekhasi elilodwa, okuhlanganisa ukufaneleka kwalo, umehluko phakathi kwekhasi elilodwa nohlelo lokusebenza olunamakhasi amaningi, izinhlaka ze-SPA, nokunye okuningi. Ake siqale!
Kuyini Isicelo Sekhasi Elilodwa?
Uhlelo lokusebenza lwekhasi elilodwa (i-SPA) yikhasi elilodwa (ngaleyo ndlela igama) elinedatha eningi engashintshi kanye nezingcezu ezimbalwa kuphela ezidinga ukushintshwa ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Uhlelo lokusebenza lwekhasi elilodwa (SPA) yikhasi lewebhu, iwebhusayithi, noma uhlelo lwewebhu olusebenza ngokuphelele ngaphakathi kwesiphequluli futhi lulayisha idokhumenti eyodwa kuphela. Akudingi ukuvuselelwa kwekhasi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, futhi ingxenye enkulu yokuqukethwe ihlala ingashintshiwe kuyilapho ingxenye encane yayo idinga ukubuyekezwa.
Uma okuqukethwe kufanele kushintshwe, i-SPA isebenzisa i-JavaScript APIs ukwenza kanjalo. Abasebenzisi bangafinyelela iwebhusayithi ngaphandle kokulanda ikhasi elisha eliphelele nedatha kusuka kuseva ngale ndlela.
Ngenxa yalokho, ukusebenza kuba ngcono futhi uba nomuzwa wokuthi usebenzisa uhlelo lomdabu. Inikeza abathengi umuzwa we-inthanethi onamandla kakhulu. Ama-SPA akwenza kuqonde, kusebenze, futhi kube lula kubasebenzisi ukuba babe sendaweni eyodwa, engaxakile yedijithali.
Umfanekiso ongezansi ubonisa isimo lapho umsebenzisi ahlanganyela nesiphequluli sakhe, ebese senza imibuzo ye-API kusevisi ngokuqondile. Isiphequluli sithumela imibuzo eqondile ye-API kusevisi ngemva kokuthola i-JavaScript kanye nekhodi yomthombo we-HTML kuklayenti. Ngoba yonke into yenziwa ngokuqondile esipheqululini, iseva yohlelo lokusebenza ayilokothi ithumele imibuzo ye-API kusevisi.
Ngabe Izicelo Zekhasi Elilodwa zisebenza kanjani?
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinekhasi elilodwa zinezakhiwo eziqondile. Ubuchwepheshe bokunikezela ohlangothini lweklayenti kanye nohlangothi lweseva zombili ziyasetshenziswa. Ake sithi ufisa ukuya kuwebhusayithi ethile.
Uma uthayipha i-URL yayo esipheqululini sakho ukuze ucele ukufinyelela, isiphequluli senza isicelo kuseva, yona ephendula ngedokhumenti ye-HTML. Iseva iletha okuqukethwe kwe-HTML kuphela ngesicelo sokuqala lapho kusetshenziswa i-SPA, kanye nedatha ye-JSON ngemibuzo yesikhathi esizayo.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi esikhundleni sokulayisha kabusha lonke ikhasi lewebhu, i-SPA izokwakha kabusha okuqukethwe kwekhasi lamanje. Ngenxa yalokho, sincane isidingo sokulayisha kabusha kaningi, futhi ukusebenza kuyathuthukiswa. Lesi sici sivumela i-SPA ukuthi isebenze ngendlela efanayo kuhlelo lokusebenza lwendabuko.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinamakhasi amaningi azifani nezinhlelo zokusebenza zekhasi elilodwa (ama-MPA). Uma umsebenzisi ecela idatha entsha, okokugcina izinhlelo zewebhu ezinamakhasi amaningi alayishwa kabusha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-SPA angathatha isikhathi eside ukulayisha ekuqaleni, kodwa uma eselayishiwe, ahlinzeka ngokusebenza okushesha kakhulu nokuzulazula okungenamthungo. Ama-MPA angaba nokuvilapha futhi adinga i-inthanethi enesivinini esikhulu, ikakhulukazi uma usebenzisa izingxenye zegraphic. I-Amazon ne-Google Amadokhumenti yizibonelo ezimbili zama-MPA.
Isicelo Sekhasi Elilodwa Vs Isicelo Sekhasi Eliningi
Isu elijwayelekile lohlelo lokusebenza lwamakhasi amaningi (i-MPA) alidingi noma yiluphi ulwazi lwe-JavaScript engxenyeni yethimba lakho labathuthukisi (nakuba ukuhlangana kwangaphambili nangemuva kusho ukuthi amasayithi avame ukuthatha isikhathi eside ukwakha). Ngokungeza elinye ikhasi, ungakwazi ukukhulisa okokusebenza ngendlela othanda ngayo, futhi ngenxa yokuthi ulwazi ekhasini ngalinye alishintshi, i-Search Engine Optimization (SEO) ngokuvamile ilula.
Ama-MPA, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ayanensa ukusebenzisa njengoba ikhasi ngalinye elisha kufanele lilayishwe kusukela ekuqaleni. Uma okuqukethwe kwewebhusayithi yakho (ikakhulukazi) kuwukufunda kuphela, noma kunjalo, i-MPA ingaba yikho konke okudingayo. Inzuzo eyinhloko yezinhlelo zokusebenza zekhasi elilodwa ukushesha kwazo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-SPA angcono kakhulu ekuletheni ukusebenza okubanzi kunama-MPA, futhi agcina imininingwane ukuze uhlelo lusetshenziswe ungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi.
Ububi obubaluleke kakhulu be-SPAs ukuthi imvelo eguquguqukayo yokuqukethwe kwawo kwenza i-SEO nokutholakala kube nzima kakhulu. Iziseshi nezinjini zokusesha zithuthukile ukuze zibhekane kangcono nalolu hlobo lohlelo lokusebenza njengoba izinhlangano eziningi zamukela ama-SPA.
Sekushiwo lokho, izinhlelo zokusebenza zekhasi elilodwa azikho ngaphezu kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinamakhasi amaningi, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Zombili lezi zindlela zinezinzuzo kanye nokubi.
Izinzuzo zama-MPA ngaphezu kwama-SPA zizoqala ukuncipha lapho isiseshi sewebhu nokukhathazeka okukhomba ngaphambilini okuhlotshaniswa nezinhlelo zokusebenza zekhasi elilodwa kulungiswa, futhi lokhu kwakamuva kuzoba inkambo yeqiniso yezinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanjemanje ze-inthanethi.
I-Single Page Application Frameworks
Uma uphethe ngokuthi ukudala i-SPA kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuhlangabezana nezidingo zenkampani yakho, uzodinga ukuyakha ohlakeni oluqinile lwe-SPA. Sihlanganise uhlu lwezinhlaka ezinhle kakhulu zekhasi elilodwa lezinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu ezinothile ezingaphatha izakhiwo ezinkulu zohlelo. Uhlaka ngalunye lunesethi yalo ehlukile yezimpawu namandla.
1. Yenza
Esimweni sanamuhla esishintshashintshayo sedijithali, lapho imbulunga iphokophela ngentshiseko ekuguqukeni kwedijithali, izinhlangano zishumeke i-Scalability & Flexibility ezindaweni zazo zokugcizelela eziyinhloko zisuka nje, okwakuwumcabango wakamuva. Ngenxa yalokho, ukugcina lesi sici esibalulekile engqondweni ngenkathi uthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwekhasi elilodwa kuyadingeka.
I-ReactJS iwuhlaka oluhle ongalusebenzisa uma ukuqina nokuvumelana nezimo kuyizinto eziza kuqala enkampanini yakho. Ukugcinwa kohlelo lwekhasi elilodwa oludalwe kusetshenziswa i-React kulula kakhulu ngenxa yomklamo walo osuselwe engxenyeni.
I-Virtual DOM ifakiwe ekhasini le-ReactJS. Ivumela ithimba labathuthukisi ukuthi lilandelele futhi libuyekeze izinguquko ngaphandle kokuthinta ezinye izingxenye zesihlahla, okuvumela uhlelo lokusebenza ukuthi luvumelane nezimo.
Emitatsheni yayo yolwazi ezimele yodwa, i-ReactJS ivumelana nezimo kakhulu kunezinye izinhlaka, evumela izikhathi zokuphendula ngokushesha futhi iyenze ibe uhlaka olungcono kakhulu lokuthuthukisa ama-SPA. Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlangothi zombili zisebenzisa i-ReactJS, uhlaka luvumela ukwabelana komthwalo phakathi kweseva neklayenti.
2. I-Angular
Amabhizinisi ahlangabezana nobunzima okuvamile lapho ezama ukusunduza iwebhu ukuze afeze okwengeziwe: uhlelo lokusebenza 'Ukusebenza.' Amasayithi namuhla anezici ezihluke kakhulu kunangaphambili, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi amabhizinisi athole ukusebenza okuhle kuwo wonke amadivayisi ambalwa.
Ngenxa yalokho, ngenkathi kukhethwa uhlaka lohlelo lokusebenza lwekhasi elilodwa, ukusebenza kubalulekile. Uma kukhulunywa ngesivinini sohlelo lokusebenza lwekhasi elilodwa, alukho uhlaka olungcono kune-AngularJS.
Umsebenzi obophezela idatha we-AngularJS ugwema amakhodi amaningi unjiniyela okuzodingeka awenze ngenye indlela. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusebenzisa i-Angular ukuze udale uhlelo lokusebenza lwekhasi elilodwa kudinga imigqa embalwa yekhodi futhi kunikeza isivinini esivelele.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisekelwe ku-AngularJS zaziwa ngokushesha ukulayisha. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuba kwenzeke ngenxa yokusebenza kwerutha ye-AngularJS, ehlinzeka ngokuhlukaniswa kwekhodi okuzenzakalelayo. Ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi balayishe nje ikhodi yomfakisicelo ukuze bayibuke. I-SPA eyakhiwe ngohlaka lwe-AngularJS ingasebenza kunoma iyiphi inkundla.
3. Buka
I-VueJS iwuhlaka olukhulu kakhulu lokuthuthukiswa kwesicelo sewebhu sekhasi elilodwa uma luhlanganiswe nemitapo yolwazi efanelekile kanye namathuluzi anamuhla. I-Vue.js isiza ukuxhumana okubili ngokwenza amabhulokhi e-HTML kube lula ukuwaphatha ngenxa yomklamo wayo we-MVVM.
Ukubophezela kwedatha yezindlela ezimbili kuwumsebenzi ongadumile kwezinye izinhlaka njenge-React.js. I-Vue.js yaziwa nangokuthi uhlaka olusebenzayo njengoba isabela ezinguqukweni zedatha. I-Vue.js ithathwa njengehamba phambili kuyo yomibili imihlaba, ukuhlanganisa React and Engular.
Isebenzisa i-Virtual DOM futhi isekelwe engxenyeni, njenge-React, iyenza isheshe kakhulu. Nokho, iyahlinzeka ngeziqondiso kanye nokubophezela kwedatha yezindlela ezimbili, iyenze ibe uhlaka olusebenzayo njenge-Angular. I-Vue.js ayilona uhlaka noma umtapo wolwazi.
Inikeza inhlanganisela ephelele yamakhono okwakha ama-SPA, futhi kulula ukungeza okwengeziwe, njengokuphathwa Kwesifunda kanye Nomzila.
4. Umgogodla.JS
Ingolunye lwezinhlaka ze-SPA ezidume kakhulu zokwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu eziguqulekayo, futhi lusekelwe kuphethini yomklami we-MVP. Inerutha, amamodeli, imicimbi, ukubukwa, amaqoqo, kanye nenqwaba yezinye izici ezinhle ezenza ukudala ama-SPA kube lula futhi kusheshe.
I-Backbone.JS wuhlaka oludumile lokudala izinhlelo zokusebenza zekhasi elilodwa. Uhlaka lwayo lokubuka imodeli lenza okungaphezu nje kokusiza abathuthukisi ukuhlela ingqalasizinda yabo ye-JS. Ngokuyisisekelo, isetshenziselwa ukukhawulela izicelo ze-HTTP kuseva nokwenza kube lula ukuyinkimbinkimbi isikhombimsebenzisi somsebenzisi imiklamo.
Kuwuhlaka oluvuthiwe lokwakha ikhasi elilodwa izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu nomphakathi omkhulu. Amathani omtapo wolwazi, usayizi omncane, ikhodi engabonakali, ukuxhumana okuqhutshwa umcimbi, nezinkambiso zesitayela sokubhala amakhodi ezinye zezici zayo ezimangalisayo.
5. Ember.JS
I-interface yomsebenzisi (i-UI) iyingxenye ebalulekile yanoma yiluphi uhlelo olukuhlukanisa ngokushesha emqhudelwaneni wakho. Uma ingathumela yonke i-interface yomsebenzisi kuklayenti, uhlelo lokusebenza lwekhasi elilodwa luthathwa njengolusebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ithuthukisa ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi kukonke.
Uma okunye okukukhathazayo okuyinhloko yohlelo lwakho lokusebenza kuwukusetshenziswa kubonwa, kufanele ucabange ukusebenzisa i-EmberJS njengohlaka. I-EmberJS, njenge-AngularJS, inokuhlanganisa izindlela ezimbili zedatha, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubuka nemodeli kuhlala kuvumelana.
Kungenzeka ukwazisa ukunikezwa kwe-DOM ohlangothini lweseva ngemojula ye-Ember FastbootJS, okuholela kuma-UI ayinkimbinkimbi angcono. I-EmberJS, eyakhelwe phezu kokubophezela okubili, ilungisa i-UI njengoba idatha ishintsha.
Ngenxa yalokho, kulula ukuchaza isixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi esiqondayo ukuthi kubuyekezwa nini. I-EmberJS iwuhlaka lomthombo ovulekile olunemibono eqinile ekhuthaza inkululeko enkulu. Ngenxa yalokho, kuyisinqumo esihle sokudala izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu ezinekhasi elilodwa ezinothe ngokusebenza okubanzi. I-Nordstrom, i-Kickstarter, i-LinkedIn, i-Netflix, kanye nenqwaba yezinye izinhlobo ezinkulu zisebenzisa lolu hlaka.
Izinzuzo ze-SPA
1. Ulwazi olungcono lomsebenzisi
Umuzwa ongcono womsebenzisi ubalulekile empumelelweni yohlelo lokusebenza. Ngokwezibalo ezimbalwa, izivakashi zilahla amakhasi aku-inthanethi avilaphayo futhi okunzima ukuwasebenzisa. Abasebenzisi akudingeki balinde ukuthi konke okubalulekile kuvuselelwe uma befuna kuphela ingxenye yakhona besebenzisa ama-SPA. Kunalokho, amakhasimende angathola ulwazi aludingayo ngokushesha, okuthuthukisa ulwazi lwawo lwe-SPA.
2. Isivinini esithuthukisiwe
Izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu kufanele zisheshe futhi zingachithi isikhathi sabasebenzisi; uma kungenjalo, abantu bazofuna izindawo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi iwebhusayithi egcwele akudingeki ukuthi ivuselele futhi idatha esezingxenyeni zokuqukethwe eziceliwe iyashintsha, ama-SPA anikeza izikhathi zokuphendula ngokushesha. Njengomphumela, ukusebenza kohlelo lokusebenza lewebhu kuba ngcono kakhulu.
3. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ezimbalwa
Izinhlelo zokusebenza zekhasi elilodwa zisebenzisa umkhawulokudonsa omncane ngoba amakhasi alayishwa kanye kuphela. Ziphinde zisebenze ezifundeni ezinoxhumano lwe-inthanethi olunensa, okuzenza zifinyeleleke kunoma ubani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani nama-MPA afana ne-Google Amadokhumenti, asebenza ngokungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, alondoloza idatha yakho, ngakho-ke akudingekile ukuba uwanikeze ukuxhumana kwe-inthanethi okuqhubekayo ukuze awabuke futhi usebenze kuwo.
4. Ukugcinwa kwesikhashana okuphumelelayo
Ngoba ithumela isicelo esisodwa kuphela kuseva bese ibuyekeza enye idatha, Uhlelo Lokusebenza Lwekhasi Elilodwa lungagcina idatha ngokushesha. Ngale ndlela, izokwazi ukusebenza ngisho noma ungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi. Uma ukuxhumeka komsebenzisi kulahleka, idatha yendawo ingavunyelaniswa neseva uma uxhumano selubuyiselwe.
5. Ukulungisa iphutha kulula.
Ukulungisa iphutha kuhlelo lokusebenza kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho okungaluvimbela ekusebenzeni ngokungcono kakhulu ngokuthola nokulungisa amaphutha nezinkinga ezingase lubangele ukuthi lwehle. Ngenxa yokuthi zidalwe ngezinhlaka ezidumile ezifana ne-React, Angular, ne-Vue.js, Izicelo Zekhasi Elilodwa zilula ukuzilungisa ku-Google Chrome. Izingxenye zekhasi, idatha, nezinqubo zenethiwekhi konke kungagadwa futhi kuphenywe kalula.
6. Ukuhambisana kuzo zonke izinkundla eziningana
Besebenzisa i-codebase eyodwa, onjiniyela bangakha izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza kuwo wonke amasistimu wokusebenza, idivayisi, noma isiphequluli. Ngenxa yalokho, kuthuthukisa ukuzizwisa kwekhasimende ngokulivumela ukuthi lifinyelele i-SPA noma kuphi lapho likhetha khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathuthukisi bangakha izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinothile kalula kalula. Isibonelo, ngenkathi uklama ithuluzi lokuhlela okuqukethwe, bangahlanganisa izibalo zesikhathi sangempela.
Izinkinga ze-SPA
1. Izinsongo eziku-inthanethi
Izingozi eziku-inthanethi ezifana ne-cross-site scripting (XSS) zisengozini kakhulu kuma-SPA kunama-MPA. Abahlaseli bangasebenzisa i-XSS ukuze bafake ebucayini uhlelo lokusebenza lwewebhu ngokujova imibhalo yohlangothi lweklayenti kuyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhawulo wokufinyelela awuphoqelelwa ngokuqinile ezingeni lokusebenza. Uma onjiniyela bengathathi izinyathelo, idatha ebucayi kanye nokusebenza kungase kudalulwe.
2. Umlando wesiphequluli sakho
Umlando wesiphequluli awulondolozwa ama-SPA. Uma udlula esikhathini esedlule ukuze uthole noma yiluphi ulwazi oluwusizo, konke okutholayo isixhumanisi se-SPA sewebhusayithi egcwele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, awukwazi ukuya emuva naphambili ku-SPA. Uma usebenzisa inkinobho yokubuyela emuva, uzothunyelwa ekhasini lewebhu elilayishwe ngaphambilini kunesimo sangaphambilini. Ngokusebenzisa i-HTML5 History API, nokho, leli phutha linganqotshwa.
3. Izikhathi zokulayisha zokuqala
Nakuba ama-SPA aziwa ngesivinini nokusebenza kwawo, kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuthi isayithi lonke lilayishe. Kungase kuthukuthelise abanye abasebenzisi, kubenze bangaphinde basebenzise uhlelo lokusebenza.
4. Imiphumela ye-SEO engasebenzi
I-architecture yama-SPAs iqukethe ikhasi elilodwa eline-URL eyodwa. Ikhawulela umthamo wama-SPAs ukuze azuzwe ekusebenziseni injini yokusesha (SEO). Ngoba kunomncintiswano omningi laphaya, amasu we-SEO angakusiza ukuthi ukhuphule izinga lesayithi lakho emiphumeleni yenjini yokusesha.
Kunzima ukulungiselela i-SEO ngoba kune-URL eyodwa kuphela engenazo izibuyekezo noma amakheli akhethekile. I-Indexation, izibalo eziqinile, ukuxhumana okuhlukile, imethadatha, nezinye izici zonke azikho. Amasayithi anjalo anobunzima bokuhlaziywa yi-search bots, okwenza ukwenza kube nzima.
Isiphetho
Uma ufuna ukwakha uhlelo lokusebenza oluphendulayo, olusheshayo, futhi olunothile ngesici social networking, ibhizinisi le-SaaS, izibuyekezo ezibukhoma, nokunye, Izicelo Zekhasi Elilodwa (ama-SPA) zingasiza.
Njengomphumela walokho, hlola izinjongo nemigomo yakho ukuze ubone ukuthi i-SPA ikulungele yini, bese ukhetha uhlaka lwe-JavaScript ukuze uqalise.
Inhloso ukuhlola amandla aphelele e-SPA uma inkampani ifuna ukwakha umkhiqizo ngenjongo yokugcina yokuchayeka okuthuthukisiwe, ukusebenzelana okuqinile nabasebenzisi, kanye nokukhiqiza okuphezulu kokufeza imisebenzi noma ukuhlola idatha ngokuhlanganyela.
shiya impendulo