Okuqukethwe[Fihla][Bonisa]
Izindlela ezisheshayo ziye zavela njengenketho ekhethwayo yezinkampani ezifuna ukwenza amaphrojekthi ngempumelelo nangempumelelo endaweni yanamuhla yokuthuthukiswa kwesoftware esheshayo.
I-Agile ingaphezu nje kwe-catchphrase; kuyindlela yokucabanga ebeka phambili ukusebenzisana kweqembu, okokufaka kwamaklayenti, kanye nentuthuko ekhulayo.
Inkinga ukuthi i-Agile akuyona indlela esebenza emhlabeni wonke. Isakhiwo sephrojekthi yakho singayenza noma siyiphule, sibe nomthelela kukho konke kusuka ekuziphatheni kweqembu kuya ekugcineni.
Ngenxa yalokhu, kubalulekile ukuqonda umehluko ocashile phakathi kwezinhlaka ezihlukahlukene ze-Agile. I-Scrum ne-SAFe (I-Scaled Agile Framework) ezimbili ezaziwa kakhulu.
Isikram sibeka phambili ukuhlinzeka ngenani ngokuqhubekayo futhi sifaneleka kangcono emaqenjini amancane kuya kwaphakathi nendawo.
Yenziwa ngendlela oyifisayo kakhulu futhi igxile ekubambisaneni nasekulandeleni impendulo emifushane, ngaleyo ndlela isebenza kangcono emisebenzini elula. I-SAFe, emele i-Scaled Agile Framework, yakhelwe amabhizinisi amakhulu asebenza kumaphrojekthi ayinkimbinkimbi, axhumene.
Imiqondo ye-Agile ifakwe ngaphakathi kwe-SAFe, kodwa ilinganiswa emaqenjini amaningi futhi ivumelaniswe nezinjongo zebhizinisi.
Ihlinzeka ngamasu ahleleke kangcono, imali yokutshalwa kwezimali, ukuphathwa kwephothifoliyo okushesha kakhulu, kanye nokuphatha okungenasisekelo.
Ukukhetha uhlaka olufanele kuyicebo lokukhetha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyifemu ye-Fortune 500 ezama ukwenza imisebenzi ibe lula noma uyisiqalo ngethemba lokuphazamisa imboni.
Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka ngokujulile iScrum ne-SAFe, kanye nezinye izici zayo ezibalulekile nezingxenye.
Ukuqonda Isikram
I-Scrum ingaphezu nje komusho obambekayo emhlabeni wekhompyutha; kuyisakhiwo esiphelele esishintshe ngokuphelele ukuthi amaqembu abhekana kanjani namaphrojekthi ayinselele.
Le nqubo ye-Agile ihlose ukukhuthaza ukubambisana futhi kancane kancane inikeze inani.
Sisebenza kanjani-ke iScrum? I-Scrum ihlukile ngenxa yemibono embalwa eyisisekelo eyakha isisekelo saso.
Okokuqala nokubalulekile, ukubambisana kuyisihluthulelo. I-Scrum yenza amaqembu asebenza ngokubambisana asebenzisane eduze, ahlakaze ama-silo futhi akhuthaze isiko lokuziphendulela ngokuhlanganyela.
Umqondo wokubonisa izinto obala ungomunye. Ukubonakala kwakho konke, kusukela ku-backlog kuya ekubuyekezweni kwe-sprint, kuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu usekhasini elifanayo.
Lokhu kusiletha kule mfundiso elandelayo: ukuguquguquka. Ukuvumelana nezimo kwangaphakathi kwe-Scrum kuvumela amaqembu ukuthi enze izinguquko ngokushesha ekuphenduleni kokufakwayo kwekhasimende noma izinguquko endaweni yebhizinisi.
Kuhilela ukwamukela isimo sengqondo kanye nokulalela iqoqo lemithetho. I-Scrum igcizelela kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni umsebenzi ube "ama-sprints" alawulekayo, ngokuvamile amasonto amabili kuya kwamane ubude.
Inqubo yenziwa ilawuleke kakhulu ngokusebenzisa indlela yokwengeza, ephinde inike amandla izinguquko zezifundo ezisheshayo.
Ungakhohlwa izihibe zempendulo futhi; zibalulekile kuScrum futhi ziqinisekisa inqubekelaphambili eqhubekayo. Ngakho-ke, i-Scrum ingaba ukukhetha kwakho kokuqala uma ufuna uhlaka olukhuthaza ukubambisana, ukuvuleka, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
I-Scrum Framework
Izindima, Imicimbi, kanye Nezinto Zobuciko zakha umnyombo wesakhiwo seScrum esakhiwe ngobuchule. Uzokuqonda lokhu ngemva kokuqala ukuyisebenzisa. Nalu uhlu lwazo.
Izindima
Izindima ziyizici zokwakha ezibalulekile zanoma iyiphi iphrojekthi yeScrum. Abadlali abathathu abakhulu iThimba Lokuthuthukiswa, Umnikazi Womkhiqizo, kanye ne-Scrum Master.
Imingcele engaphakathi kweqembu iphuliwe, futhi umsizi, noma i-Scrum Master, uqinisekisa ukuthi iqembu lithobela imithetho yeScrum.
Umnikazi Womkhiqizo ulawula ukusilela emuva komkhiqizo futhi abeke phambili imisebenzi ngokuvumelana namathuba abo okuthola imali engenayo.
Ithimba eligxile esenzweni elisebenzisa umbono ngesikhathi sokugijima yiThimba Lokuthuthukiswa kolunye uhlangothi.
Izenzakalo
Manje ake sixoxe ngezenzakalo zakamuva. I-Scrum isebenza “ngama-sprints” anebhokisi lesikhathi, okuyimijikelezo ethatha amasonto amabili kuya kwamane ngokwesilinganiso.
Lawa ma-sprints aqukethe inani lemisebenzi, efana ne-Sprint Planning, i-Daily Stand-ups, kanye nokubuyekezwa kwe-Sprint.
Lezi zikhathi zisebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola futhi zinikeza ithimba ithuba lokuhlanganisa, ukuhlola inqubekelaphambili yalo, futhi lishintshe njengoba kudingeka.
Izinto zokusebenza
Okokugcina, kukhona ama-artifact, okuyimiphumela ebonakalayo yenqubo yeScrum. I-Backlog Yomkhiqizo, i-Sprint Backlog, kanye ne-Increment yizinto ezintathu ezivelele kakhulu.
Umlando Osemuva Komkhiqizo uwuhlu oluhlala lushintsha lwezici, ukuthuthukiswa, nokulungiswa kwezinkinga umnikazi womkhiqizo akubeke kuqala.
Ingxenye ye-Product Backlog egxile emsebenzini okufanele wenziwe phakathi ne-sprint yamanje ibizwa ngokuthi i-Sprint Backlog.
Inani eliphelele lomsebenzi oqediwe elitholakalayo ukuze lihlolwe futhi lithunyelwe ekugcineni laziwa njengokukhuphuka.
Izici Eziyinhloko Ze-Scrum
I-Scrum ihlukile phakathi kwezinhlaka ze-Agile ngezizathu ezimbalwa.
Isikram siyahluka ezindleleni zangaphambilini ngezindlela ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ezinamandla okuguqula ukuthuthukiswa kwesoftware kanye nokuphathwa kwephrojekthi.
Ake sihlole lezi zici ngokuqhubekayo.
Ukulethwa Okukhuphukayo
Ukugxila ekulethweni okwandayo kungenye yezinzuzo eziqine kakhulu zeScrum.
I-Scrum ikhuthaza amaqembu ukuthi alethe izingxenye ezisebenzisekayo zomkhiqizo ekupheleni kwe-sprint ngayinye kunokubambezela ukulethwa kwawo wonke umkhiqizo izinyanga.
Leli su linciphisa ubungozi ngesikhathi esifanayo lifinyeza isikhathi sokumaketha. Ufunda ngokushesha okukhulu uma okuthile kungasebenzi, okwenza ama-pivots asheshayo ngaphandle kokumosha izinsiza.
Ukubambisana
Amandla omzamo wokubambisana yiphuzu elilandelayo. I-Scrum iwumdlalo weqembu, hhayi umzamo owodwa.
Uhlaka lukhuthaza indawo lapho amaqembu asebenza ngokubambisana esebenza ndawonye ukuze afeze umgomo ofanayo.
Ukuqeda ama-silo kanye nokukhuthaza isiko lokuziphendulela okwabiwe kuyimigomo eyabelwe i-Scrum Master, Umnikazi Womkhiqizo, neThimba Lokuthuthukiswa.
I-Scrum yenza kahle kakhulu ekukhiqizeni izimpahla zekhwalithi ephezulu ngoba ikhuthaza ukusebenzisana.
Amaluphu okuhlola kanye nempendulo
Isikramu siwuhlaka oluphila ekuhloleni; ayiqinise etsheni. Amaqembu akhuthazwa ukuthi alinge imibono emisha, afunde emaphutheni awo, futhi enze izinguquko lapho kudingeka.
Kulesi simo, izihibe zempendulo ziwusizo. Amaqembu angahlola ukuthi yini esebenzile, yini engazange isebenze, nokuthi ingathuthuka kanjani ngokubamba iqhaza emisebenzini efana nokubuyekezwa kwe-Sprint kanye ne-Retrospectives.
Ithimba le-Scrum lihlala lishesha futhi liqhubeka liba ngcono ngenxa yalo mjikelezo wokuhlola, impendulo, nokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Izitifiketi Ezaziwa Emhlabeni Wonke
Okokugcina, iScrum inikeza izitifiketi zokuqashelwa kwamanye amazwe ezifakazela ubungcweti bakho ngohlaka.
Kunesitifiketi sawo wonke umuntu, okuhlanganisa iScrum Masters, Abanikazi Bomkhiqizo, namalungu eThimba Lokuthuthukisa.
Lezi zitifiketi zisebenza njengobufakazi olwazini lwakho nekhono lakho lokuqalisa ngempumelelo imiqondo ye-Scrum, esikhundleni sokusebenza njengamabheji kuphela ongawengeza kuphrofayela yakho ye-LinkedIn.
Ukuqonda SAFE
I-Scaled Agile Framework, noma i-SAFe, ivame ukusetshenziswa ukukala imiqondo ye-Agile kuwo wonke amabhizinisi amakhulu. I-SAFe ihloselwe ukubhekana nokuncika kanye nokuba yinkimbinkimbi okuvame ukuba khona ezinkampanini ezinkulu.
Kodwa yini nje i-SAFe?
I-SAFe iwuhlaka lwentuthuko eshesha kakhulu enweba ezindleleni ezivamile ze-Agile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zamabhizinisi amakhulu anamaqembu amaningana namaphothifoliyo.
Kudinga okungaphezu nje kokukhuphula ukuze kufezeke ngempumelelo izinjongo zenhlangano; futhi kuthatha ukuhlanganiswa kwezicucu eziningi ezihambayo.
Ukugcizelela kwe-SAFe kumakhono ayisisekelo okushesha kwebhizinisi kungenye yezici zayo ezihlukanisayo.
Isisekelo sohlaka sakhiwe ngamakhono amaningana, aqondisa amabhizinisi ekutholeni ikhono langempela ngaphandle nje kwamaqembu okuthuthukisa.
Ubuholi Be-Lean-Agile, Ithimba Nobuchule Bobuchwepheshe, kanye Nokulethwa Komkhiqizo Oku-Agile ambalwa alawa makhono.
Ikhono ngalinye liqukethe iqoqo lolwazi oluxhunyiwe, amakhono, nokuziphatha okusiza izinhlangano ukufeza izinhloso zazo zamasu.
Isibonelo, i-Agile Product Delivery ikhuthaza ukugxila kwekhasimende kanye nokulethwa kwenani okuqhubekayo, kanti ubuholi be-Lean-Agile bugcizelela ukuhlonyiswa kweqembu kanye nokukhuthaza isiko lokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo.
Ngakho-ke, i-SAFe ingaba yisixazululo uma usebenzela inkampani enkulu efuna ukusebenzisa imiqondo ye-Agile kodwa ithole ukuthi izinhlaka ezijwayelekile ezifana neScrum zibambezeleke kakhulu ezidingweni zakho.
I-SAFe Configurations
Ukwenza ngendlela oyifisayo kubalulekile uma usebenza ngohlaka oluphelele njenge-SAFe. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zenhlangano ezehlukene, i-SAFe inikeza ezinye izindlela ezine zokucushwa. Ake siphenye lezi zisetho ukuze sifunde ukuthi singazisebenzisa kanjani kangcono.
Essential SAFe
I-Essential SAFe, eqala ekuqaleni, isebenza njengesisekelo sohlaka. Inikeza i-Agile Release Trains (ARTs) izingxenye ezibalulekile ezizidingayo ukuze zinikeze izixazululo.
Kumabhizinisi amasha ku-SAFe, lokhu kulungiselelwa kuvame ukuba yindawo yokuqala. Ilungele labo abafuna ukuthola ukunambitheka kwe-ecosystem ye-SAFe ngaphandle kokulayisha ngokweqile abasebenzi babo.
Isixazululo Esikhulu SAFe
Inketho elandelayo yiLarge Solution SAFe, ehloselwe amabhizinisi akha izixazululo ezinkulu, eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kwesidingo sezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuphatha iphothifoliyo.
Isendlalelo esengeziwe sokusebenzisana nokulungiselela okungezwe yilokhu kusetha kuyenza ilungele amabhizinisi anamaqembu amaningana asebenza ngezixazululo ezincikene.
Iphothifoliyo SAFe
I-Portfolio SAFe iyinketho engcono kakhulu yamabhizinisi okufanele alethe ukusakazwa kwenani okuhlukile ngaphansi kwephothifoliyo eyodwa. Lokhu kulungiselelwa kwethula ukusebenza kwephothifoliyo ye-Agile, ukubusa okuqinile, namasu kanye noxhaso lwezimali zokutshala.
Amabhizinisi amakhulu adinga ukuxhumanisa amaphrojekthi ambalwa noma imikhiqizo ngesu lenhlangano angakuthola kufanelekile.
I-SAFe ephelele
Okuhlukile okubanzi kakhulu kohlaka, i-Full SAFe, inketho yokugcina. Lolu hlelo luhloselwe amabhizinisi angagcini nje ngokuba nosayizi omkhulu kodwa futhi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, afaka amaphothifoliyo ambalwa.
Inketho engcono kakhulu yamabhizinisi afuna ukuguqulwa kwe-Agile okuphelele i-Full SAFe, ehlanganisa konke ukusetha kwangaphambilini.
Izici ezibalulekile ze-SAFe
I-Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) inikezela ngeqoqo eliphelele lezimpawu eziyenza ihluke uma kuziwa ekukhuphuleni i-Agile.
Ake sihlole lezi zingxenye ezibalulekile ezenza i-SAFe ibe inketho ekhangayo yamabhizinisi amakhulu.
Ikhono Lebhizinisi
Ukugxila kokuqala nokukhulu kakhulu kwe-SAFe iBusiness Agility. Ukwenza amaqembu akho okuthuthukisa ukuthi asheshe kuyisici esisodwa kuphela sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhizinisi lonke lingasabela ngokushesha nangempumelelo ekuthuthukisweni kwemakethe.
Uhlaka lwe-SAFe's Business Agility lunikeza indlela ebanzi yokusebenza kwenhlangano, ehlanganisa yonke into kusukela ku-Lean-Agile Leadership ngokusebenzisa Ukulethwa Komkhiqizo Okukhaliphile.
I-Agile Portfolio Operations
Ingxenye elandelayo yi-Agile Portfolio Operations, eyenza amabhizinisi akwazi ukuxhumanisa amasu nokusebenza. Kumabhizinisi amakhulu lapho amaphrojekthi nemikhiqizo embalwa isebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Zonke lezi zingcezu ezihambayo ziyahlanganiswa futhi zihambisana nezinjongo zamasu zenhlangano ngenxa yokusebenza kwephothifoliyo eshesha kakhulu.
Ukubusa Okunciphile
Okokugcina, i-Lean Governance ifakiwe ku-SAFe futhi inikeza isethi yemihlahlandlela nezinqubo zokuphatha amaphothifoliyo amaningi.
I-Lean Governance ku-SAFe iyavumelana nezimo futhi ivumelana nezimo, ngokungafani namamodeli okuphatha endabuko angakwazi ukuguquguquka futhi alawuleke, avumele ukuthathwa kwezinqumo kushesha kanye nokwabiwa kwezinsiza kusebenza ngempumelelo kakhudlwana.
Ukuqhathanisa Kwezobuchwepheshe: I-Scrum & SAFe
Izihloko ezimbili zivame ukuphuma ngenkathi unqamula indawo yezindlela ze-Agile: I-Scrum ne-SAFe.
Nakuba ngayinye inezinzuzo, iqhathaniswa kanjani ngobuchwepheshe?
Ake siqale ukuqhathanisa okuphelele sisebenzisa ulwazi oluvela kokubili kuwebhusayithi ye-Scaled Agile Framework kanye ne-Scrum.org.
Ukungafinyeleli
Ngokuphathelene nokukala, iScrum ngokuvamile senzelwe amaqembu amancane noma amaqembu angawodwa. Isakhiwo sawo sifanelekile kumaphrojekthi lapho amaqembu asondelene angasebenzisana kahle ukuze afeze inhloso efanayo.
Ngokuphambene, i-SAFe yakhelwe ibhizinisi. Amaphrojekthi amakhulu ahlala eyisebenzisa ngoba inweba imiqondo ye-Agile emaqenjini ambalwa, iminyango, kanye namabhizinisi wonke.
Ukuvumelana nezimo nokuguquguquka
Kokubili i-Scrum ne-SAFe zihamba phambili ngokuguquguquka, kodwa ngezindlela ezihlukene. Ukuba lula kwe-Scrum kuvumela amaqembu ukuthi abe noketshezi futhi ajikeleze ngokushesha ekuphenduleni okokufaka.
I-SAFe ihlinzeka ngendlela ehleleke kakhudlwana ngenkathi isavumelana nezimo, iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izindawo zebhizinisi elikhulu zihlala zihambisana ngisho noma kwenzeka izinguquko.
Inkimbinkimbi kanye nejika lokufunda
I-Scrum inejika eliphansi lokufunda futhi ilula ngokunengqondo mayelana nobunkimbinkimbi. Ukufinyeleleka kwayo emaqenjini amasha ku-Agile kuyinzuzo yobulula bayo.
I-SAFe iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengoba inokugcizelelwa kwebhizinisi. Uma kubhekwa amazinga amaningi kanye nezibopho ezihilelekile, ukuyiqonda kudinga ukuqonda okujulile nokuzinikela.
Amathuluzi Nengqalasizinda
I-Scrum ayinqunyelwe kangako ngokuya ngamathuluzi, ivumela amaqembu ukuthi akhethe izinketho ezivumelana kangcono nezidingo zawo.
Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, i-SAFe ivamise ukusizakala ngezisombululo zamathuluzi e-bespoke ezihlangabezana nezidingo zayo ezihlukile futhi ziqinisekisa ukusebenzisana okungenasici kuwo wonke amaqembu amakhulu namaphothifoliyo.
Isitifiketi Nokuqeqeshwa
I-SAFe neScrum zombili zihlinzeka ngezitifiketi ezidume umhlaba wonke. Izitifiketi ze-Scrum, ezenziwe zatholakala ngamawebhusayithi afana ne-Scrum.org, zifakazela ulwazi lokwakheka kwaso kanye nemigomo.
Izitifiketi ze-SAFe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zibonisa izici zayo ezibanzi ngokufaka ububanzi obubanzi, kusukela emisebenzini yezinga leqembu kuya emisebenzini yebhizinisi lonke.
Izinzuzo zeScrum
- I-Scrum ilungele amaphrojekthi aguquguqukayo anezidingo eziguqukayo njengoba senza amaqembu akwazi ukujwayela izinguquko ngokushesha.
- Uhlaka lukhuthaza ukuxhumana okuvulekile kanye nokuthatha izinqumo kweqembu, kuqinise umuzwa wokubambisana.
- I-Scrum inikeza ukulethwa okungaguquguquki kokwenyuswa komkhiqizo osebenzisekayo ngokusebenzisa indlela yaso esuselwe ku-sprint, okuthuthukisa ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende.
- Ukuma okuvamile, ukubuyekezwa, nokubheka emuva kuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu oseqenjini usekhasini elifanayo nokuthi noma yiziphi izinkinga zilungiswa ngokushesha.
- Isikram sithembele kakhulu ekufakweni okuqhubekayo ukuze sikwazi ukulungisa kanye nentuthuko ngokushesha.
Ububi beScrum
- Isikram sidinga ukuzinikela okuphezulu okuvela kulungu ngalinye leqembu, okungaba nzima ukusigcina.
- Ukuvumelana nezimo kweScrum kungase kungabi wusizo kuwo wonke amaphrojekthi, ikakhulukazi lawo anemibandela emisiwe.
- Ikhono nobuholi beScrum Master kuvame ukuba yizici ezibalulekile empumelelweni yeScrum.
Izinzuzo ze-SAFe
- I-SAFe iwuhlaka olungcono kakhulu lwamaphrojekthi ayinkimbinkimbi, anamaqembu amaningi njengoba yadalelwa ukwandisa imiqondo ye-Agile kuwo wonke amabhizinisi amakhulu.
- I-SAFe iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazinga enhlangano ahambisana nomgomo wawo wonke ngokugcizelela kwayo kokuthi I-Agile Portfolio Operations and Lean Governance.
- I-SAFe ikhuthaza ukushesha ebhizinisini lonke ngokufaka zonke izinqubo zebhizinisi ngaphezu kokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe.
- Isakhiwo esiphelele esihlinzekwa yi-SAFe sinciphisa ukungaqiniseki ngokuba nezindima nezibopho ezichazwe ngokucacile.
- Izitifiketi ze-SAFE zamukelwa kabanzi futhi zibandakanya ubungcweti obuhlukahlukene, okunikeza iphrofayili yakho yobungcweti inani elithe xaxa.
Ububi be-SAFe
- I-SAFe ingaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi ingaba nejika elide lokufunda ngenxa yemvelo yayo ephelele.
- I-SAFe ayiwafanelekeli amabhizinisi amancane njengoba ukuqaliswa kwayo kuvame ukudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kumathuluzi nokuqeqeshwa.
- Naphezu kokuzivumelanisa nezimo, indlela ehlelekile ye-SAFe ngezikhathi ezithile iphuma njengokungaguquki, ikakhulukazi uma iqhathaniswa nezinhlaka ezine-latitude enkulu, njengeScrum.
Isiphetho
Sengiphetha, iScrum ne-SAFe zihlinzeka ngezinhlaka eziqinile zokusebenzisa amasu e-Agile, nakuba zibhekana nezidingo nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene.
Amaqembu amancane namaphrojekthi adinga ukuguquguquka okuningi namandla afanele isikram. Iphumelela kakhulu ekukhuthazeni ukubambisana kanye nokunikeza inani kancane kancane.
I-SAFe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ihloselwe amabhizinisi amakhulu asebenza kumaphrojekthi ayinkimbinkimbi, axhumene. Ihlinzeka ngendlela ehleleke kakhudlwana, egcizelela ukubusa nokuqondanisa emaqenjini amaningana namaphothifoliyo.
Isinqumo phakathi kweScrum ne-SAFe samaqembu nezinhlangano kufanele sisekelwe ezidingweni zakho ezihlukile, usayizi wamaphrojekthi akho, kanye nezinhloso zakho zamasu.
I-Scrum cishe inketho yakho engcono kakhulu uma uyiqembu elincane ukuya kosayizi omaphakathi ofuna indlela eguquguqukayo, yokuhlanganyela.
Kodwa-ke, uhlaka oluphelele lwe-SAFe lungaba yisinqumo esingcono uma uyifemu enkulu efuna ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele i-Agile.
Ukuze wenze ukukhetha okufundile, okunamasu, kubalulekile ukuqonda ubuhlakani bohlaka ngalunye nokuthi luhlobana kanjani nemigomo yenhlangano yakho.
shiya impendulo