Okuqukethwe[Fihla][Bonisa]
Sizungezwe idatha, ebonakala ibaluleke kakhulu nsuku zonke. Ukusebenzelana kwethu okwengeziwe nendawo esizungezile kulonjwa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zedatha, okuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa kwethu i-inthanethi, ukuthenga izimoto, izifunzo zezindaba esizibukayo, nezinye izinto eziningi.
Sizochaza idatha yobuningi kulokhu okuthunyelwe, sinikeze izibonelo zedatha yobuningi, sixoxe ngokuthi idatha yekhwalithi nenani ihluka kanjani, nokunye okuningi.
Kodwa ake siqale sithathe isinyathelo emuva.
Nsuku zonke, amabhayithi angama-quintillion angu-2.5 quintillion wedatha—okuhlanganisa imiphumela yokuhlolwa, amaphuzu wokwaneliseka kwamakhasimende, nama-tweets—ayakhiqizwa. Kodwa akuwona wonke ucezu lwedatha owenziwe ngokulingana.
Inhlolovo ekucela ukuthi ulinganisele isevisi, imenyu, indawo, kanye nentengo esikalini sika-1 kuya ku-10 ikhiqiza idatha ehlukile kunengxoxo ekucela ukuthi uchaze okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho ekudleni.
Kubalulekile ukuthi abahlaziyi abasebenza ngamasethi edatha njalo bahlukanise phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zedatha futhi baqonde ukuthi ngayinye ingaluthinta kanjani ucwaningo lwakho.
Inqubo yokuhlolisisa idatha ngokuvamile iqala ngombuzo othile ozama ukuwuphendula, njengokuthi:
- Izibalo zabantu zinamuphi umthelela ekuziphatheni kwabathengi?
- Ingabe izethameli ezithile zizosabela kahle ekuguqulweni komkhiqizo noma isevisi?
- Zingaqedwa kanjani izithiyo zokusebenza ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle?
Uzodinga ukuqoqa futhi uhlole idatha yobuningi, kuye ngohlobo lwesihloko, ibhajethi yakho, isikhathi, nezinsiza ezifinyelelekayo. Ngicabanga ukuthi uyaqonda, akunjalo?
Ake siqale manje.
Iyini i-Quantitative Data?
Noma iliphi iqoqo ledatha elingakhonjwa futhi lihlolwe ngokobuningi libhekwa njengedatha yobuningi.
Okuwukuphela kohlobo lwedatha olungakalwa ngokuqondile idatha yobuningi, okuyenza ifaneleke kakhulu uhlobo lwedatha ukusetshenziswa kukho kokubili izibalo kanye nezibalo.
Kubizwa ngokuthi inani ledatha lapho ivezwa njengezibalo noma izinombolo, ngesethi ngayinye yedatha enenani elithile lenombolo elinikezwe yona.
Noma yiluphi ulwazi olungalinganiseka olungasetshenziswa ekubalweni kwezibalo nasezibalweni ezisuselwe ku-arithmetic luthathwa njengolu hlobo lwedatha njengoba lungasetshenziswa ukusekela ukwahlulela emhlabeni wangempela.
Mingaki, kaningi kangakanani, futhi zingaki ezinye izibonelo zemibuzo engayiphendula. Izindlela zezibalo zingasetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe futhi kuhlolwe kalula le datha.
Idatha yobuningi njengesikhathi, ubude, isisindo, intengo, izindleko, inzuzo, izinga lokushisa, nebanga yilokho umhlaziyi wedatha ngokuvamile asebenza ngakho.
Ingavezwa njengephesenti, inombolo, isikhathi sokulayisha ikhasi, noma amanye amamethrikhi emikhakheni yokuphathwa komkhiqizo, idizayini yesipiliyoni somsebenzisi, noma ubunjiniyela besofthiwe.
Bangaki abantu abathenge into ethile yisibonelo sedatha yobuningi kumongo wokuthenga. Idatha yekhwalithi yezimoto ingabandakanya inani lamandla amahhashi enawo.
Yiziphi izinhlobo Zedatha Eningi?
Idatha engalinganiswa ibizwa ngokuthi idatha yobuningi, nokho, ukuthi leyo datha ilinganiswa kanjani iyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lokuqoqwa kwedatha okukhona. Idatha yobuningi ingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili ayisisekelo: eqondile futhi eqhubekayo. Ukwehluka okukhulu phakathi kwalokhu kokubili kungokulandelayo:
Idatha Ehlukile
Ulwazi lobuningi oluhlukanisayo lungaba nebanga elithile kuphela lamanani ezinombolo. Lawa manani awakwazi ukubola njengoba elungisiwe.
Noma nini lapho kubalwa noma yini, kutholwa idatha ehlukene. Izingane ezintathu zomuntu, isibonelo, zingaba isibonelo sedatha ehlukile.
Inani lezingane libekiwe; abakwazi, isibonelo, ukuba nezingane ezi-3.2.
Inani labavakashi kuwebhusayithi yakho ngesinye isibonelo sedatha yezinombolo ehlukene; ungathola ukuvakashelwa okungu-150 ngosuku, kodwa hhayi okungu-150.6. Amashadi avame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ukubonisa idatha ehlukene amashadi ophaya, amashadi amabha, namashadi ezibalo.
Idatha Eqhubekayo
Ngokuphambene, idatha eqhubekayo ingahlukaniswa unomphela ibe izingxenye ezincane. Ubude beyunithi yezinhlamvu ngamasentimitha noma izinga lokushisa ngamadigri Celsius yizibonelo ezimbili zalolu hlobo lwedatha yobuningi engaboniswa esikalini sokulinganisa.
Empeleni, idatha eqhubekayo ayinqunyelwe kumanani angashintshi; kungathatha noma yiliphi inani. Idatha eqhubekayo nayo ingashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi; isibonelo, izinga lokushisa legumbi lizoshintsha phakathi nosuku.
Igrafu yomugqa ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukubonisa idatha eqhubekayo.
I-Quantitative Data Vs Qualitative Data
Siyabona ukuthi idatha yobuningi ingalinganiswa. Ikhuluma ngamanani, amanani, nezinombolo. Lolu hlobo lolwazi lungashiwo ngezinombolo (okungukuthi, inani, ubude besikhathi, ubude, intengo, noma usayizi).
Idatha yobuningi inokwethenjwa okuningi futhi ibonwa njengengachemi futhi ithembekile ngoba ikhiqizwa ngezibalo. Nokho, kunolunye futhi uhlobo olubalulekile lwedatha. Ngokuqondile, idatha yekhwalithi.
Lolu lwazi luchaza ngokuyinhloko ngokwemvelo. Ezimweni eziningi, ayikwazi ukukalwa ngokuqondile kodwa ingafundwa ngokubheka. Iziphawulo namanye amagama achazayo asetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukubukeka, umbala, ukuthungwa, nezinye izici kudatha yekhwalithi.
Isibonelo, ungaphikisa ngokuthi igumbi elilodwa likhanya kunelinye.
Lolo lwazi luyikhwalithi. Ukuze ulinganise ukukhanya kwegumbi ngempela futhi ulinikeze inombolo yenombolo, ungasebenzisa futhi izisetshenziswa zesayensi nemishini (njengemitha yokukhanya). Uthola idatha elinganisekayo ngokuyenza.
5 Izindlela Ezinhle Kakhulu Zokuqoqa Idatha Eningi
1. Ukusampula Okungenzeka
Indlela yokusampula enembile esebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lokukhetha okungahleliwe futhi ivumela abacwaningi ukuthi benze isimangalo samathuba asekelwe olwazini oluqoqwe ngokungahleliwe kusuka ezithamelini ezihlosiwe.
Ukusampula okungenzeka kunikeza abacwaningi ithuba lokuqoqa idatha kubantu abangabodwana abajwayelekile eqenjini abathanda ukuliphenya, okungenye yezici zalo ezinhle kakhulu.
Ukwengeza, idatha ithathwe ngokungahleliwe kusampula ekhethiwe, okususa ithuba lokukhetha amasampula.
Ukuze kuthathwe isampula, kunezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko.
- Ukusampula okungahleliwe okulula: Isibalo sabantu esihlosiwe sikhethwa kaningi ukuze simelwe kusampula.
- Ukusampula okungahleliwe okuhleliwe: Noma yiliphi ilungu lenani labantu elifiswayo lizomelwa kusampula, kodwa iyunithi yokuqala kuphela ekhethwa ngokungahleliwe; amanye amayunithi akhethwa njengokungathi oyedwa kwabayishumi ohlwini.
- Ukusampula okungahleliwe okuhlanganisiwe: Ngenkathi udala isampula, kuvumela ukukhetha iyunithi ngayinye kusethi encanyana ethile yezethameli ezihlosiwe. Kuyasiza uma abacwaningi bekhetha ukufaka iqembu elithile labantu kusampula, njengabaphathi noma abaphathi, abantu abasebenza embonini ethile, noma abesilisa noma abesifazane.
2. Izingxoxo
Ngokuvamile abantu kuxoxwa nabo njengengxenye yenqubo yokuqoqa idatha. Izingxoxo, nokho, ezenziwayo ukuze kuqoqwe idatha yobuningi zihleleke kakhulu, abacwaningi babuze isethi yemibuzo enqunyiwe kuphela hhayi okunye.
Kunezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko zezingxoxo ezisetshenziselwa ukuqoqa idatha.
- Izingxoxo ngocingo: Izingxoxo zocingo zazibusa amashadi ezindlela zokuqoqa idatha iminyaka eminingi. Kodwa usebenzisa i-inthanethi, i-Skype, noma enye i-inthanethi umhlangano wevidiyo izinsizakalo zokwenza inhlolokhono yevidiyo zikhule kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva.
- Izingxoxo zomuntu mathupha: Ukuqoqwa kwedatha yombambi qhaza okuqondile kuyindlela ezanyiwe neyiqiniso yokuqoqa ulwazi. Kuyasiza ekuqoqeni idatha yekhwalithi ephezulu njengoba kunikeza ithuba lemibuzo ejulile kanye nokuhlola okwengeziwe ukuze uthole ulwazi oluphelele nokufundisa. Izinga lokufunda lombambi qhaza alibalulekile njengoba izinhlolovo zobuso nobuso (F2F) zinikeza amathuba amaningi okubuka nokuqoqa idatha engakhulumi noma ukuphenya izihloko eziyinkimbinkimbi nezingaxazululiwe. Nakuba kungase kube indlela ebizayo futhi edla isikhathi, izingxoxo zobuso nobuso ngokuvamile ziba namazinga okuphendula amakhulu.
- I-Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI): Akuyona into engaphezu kwesilungiselelo esiqhathaniseka nengxoxo yobuso nobuso lapho obuza imibuzo enedeskithophu noma ikhompuyutha ephathekayo ukuze alayishe idatha eqoqwe phakathi nenhlolokhono ngqo kusizindalwazi. Ngenxa yokuthi lowo obuza imibuzo akadingeki aphathe ithoni yamaphepha nohlu lwemibuzo, i-CAPI inciphisa kakhulu isikhathi esidingekayo sokubuyekeza nokuhlaziya idatha.
3. Okubhekwayo
Njengoba igama lisho, kuyindlela elula nengelula yokuqoqa idatha yobuningi.
Ngale ndlela, abacwaningi baqoqa idatha yobuningi ngokubuka okuhlelekile besebenzisa izindlela ezinjengokubala inani labantu abakhona emcimbini othile ngesikhathi esithile kanye nendawo ethile noma inani labantu abahambele umcimbi endaweni echaziwe.
Abacwaningi bavamise ukusebenzisa isu lokubuka imvelo ukuze bathole idatha yobuningi, edinga amakhono amahle kakhulu okubuka nezinzwa ukuze bathole idatha eningi mayelana nokuthi "yini" futhi hhayi "nokuthi kungani" nokuthi "kanjani."
Ukuqoqwa kwakho kokubili kwedatha yekhwalithi neyobuningi kwenziwa ngokubhekwa kwemvelo. Ukubuka okuhleliwe kusetshenziswa kakhulu ukuqoqa ulwazi lobuningi kunolwazi lwekhwalithi, nokho.
- Ukubuka Okuhlelekile: Ngokuphambene nokubhekwa kwemvelo noma komhlanganyeli, le ndlela yokubheka idinga ukuthi umcwaningi enze ukubheka okuphelele kokuziphatha okukodwa noma ngaphezulu okucacisiwe kumongo obanzi noma olawulwayo. Ekubukeni okuhlelekile, abacwaningi banciphisa ukunaka kwabo ekuziphatheni okubalulekile okumbalwa okuthakaselayo kunokubuka yonke into. Ibenza bakwazi ukubeka ukuziphatha abakubonayo ezinombolweni. Kwesinye isikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi “ukubhala amakhodi” lapho okubonwayo kubiza izibukeli ukuthi zenze isinqumo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, isethi yokuziphatha okuqondiwe kufanele ichazwe ngokunembile.
4. Ucwaningo
Izinhlolovo eziku-inthanethi ezenziwe ngesofthiwe yocwaningo zibalulekile ekuqoqeni idatha ku-inthanethi kukho kokubili ucwaningo lobuningi nolwekhwalithi. Izinhlolovo zidalwe ngendlela eqinisekisa izenzo nokuzethemba kwabaphendulayo.
Iningi lezinhlolovo zenani livamise ukufaka izinhlu zokuhlola nezinto zesikali sokulinganisa ngoba zenza izimo zengqondo nokuziphatha kwabaphendulayo bokulinganisa kube lula.
Kusetshenziswa izitayela ezimbili ezibalulekile zohlolovo ukuze kuqoqwe ulwazi ku-inthanethi ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo lwemakethe lomthamo.
- Okusekelwe kuwebhu: Ocwaningweni olusekelwe ku-inthanethi noma oluku-inthanethi, lena enye yezindlela ezidume kakhulu nezithembekile. Lapho ephendula inhlolovo esekelwe kuwebhu, ummangalelwa uzothola i-imeyili enesixhumanisi senhlolovo, okuyothi uma ichofozwa ibaholele kunkundla yokuhlola ye-inthanethi evikelekile lapho bengaqedela khona ucwaningo. Abacwaningi bathanda izinhlolovo ezisekelwe kuwebhu ngoba zisebenza kahle isikhathi nemali, ziyashesha, futhi zinezithameli eziningi. Ngokusebenzisa ideskithophu, ikhompuyutha ephathekayo, ithebulethi, noma idivayisi yeselula, abaphendulayo bakhululekile ukuqedela inhlolovo noma nini lapho kubalungele futhi lokhu kuyinzuzo enkulu yohlu lwemibuzo olusekelwe kuwebhu.
- Isekelwe kumeyili: Inhlolovo ithunyelwa ngeposi engxenyeni enkulu yabantu abayisampula ngeposi, okuvumela umcwaningi ukuthi afinyelele izethameli ezihlukahlukene. Uhlu lwemibuzo lweposi ngokuvamile lufika ephaketheni elinekhava yekhasi elazisa izethameli ngohlobo locwaningo olwenziwayo nokuthi kungani, kanye nembuyiselo ekhokhelwe kusengaphambili, ukuze kuqoqwe idatha ku-inthanethi. Ngisho noma i-imeyili inezinga lokuvuthwa okukhulu kunezinye izindlela zokuqoqa idatha, okufaka phakathi izikhuthazo nezikhumbuzi zokuqeda inhlolovo kusiza ukwehlisa izinga le-churn kakhulu.
5. Ukubuyekezwa Kwemibhalo
Ngemva kokuhlaziya amaphepha amanje, ukubuyekezwa kwedokhumenti kuyindlela esetshenziselwa ukuqoqa idatha. Ngenxa yokuthi imibhalo iyalawuleka futhi iyisisetshenziswa esisebenzayo sokuthola idatha enembile yesikhathi esidlule, kuyindlela ephumelelayo nephumelelayo yokuqoqa idatha.
Ukubuyekezwa kombhalo sekungenye yezindlela eziwusizo zokuqoqa idatha yocwaningo oluningi, ngaphezu kokuqinisa nokweseka ucwaningo ngokunikeza idatha yocwaningo yokwengeza.
Ngenhloso yokuqoqa idatha yocwaningo lobuningi bokwengeza, izigaba ezintathu zemibhalo emikhulu ziyahlolwa.
- Imibhalo yomphakathi: Amarekhodi asemthethweni, aqhubekayo enhlangano ayahlolwa ukuze kuphenywe okwengeziwe njengengxenye yalokhu kubuyekezwa kombhalo. Isibonelo, imibiko yaminyaka yonke, imihlahlandlela yenqubomgomo, imicimbi yabafundi, imisebenzi yemidlalo yasenyuvesi, njll.
- Amarekhodi Omuntu Siqu: Lolu hlobo lokuhlaziya idokhumenti luhlola imibiko eyimfihlo yokuziphatha kwabantu, ukuziphatha, impilo, umzimba, njll. ngokuphambene namarekhodi omphakathi. Isibonelo, ubukhulu nesisindo sabafundi, isikhathi sohambo esithathwa abafundi ukuya esikoleni, njll.
- Ubufakazi obuphathekayo: Ubufakazi obuphathekayo noma amarekhodi akhuluma nempumelelo yesikhathi esidlule yomuntu noma yenhlangano ngokwemali nokukhula okunokwehla.
Izibonelo Eziningi
Nazi izehlakalo ezimbalwa zedatha yobuningi ukukusiza ukuthi ubambe ngokugcwele ukuthi lokhu kubhekisa kuphi:
- Uhlelo lokusebenza olusha kakhulu lweselula lulandwe ngabantu abangama-83.
- Ngonyaka odlule, u-anti wami wehlisa amapondo angu-18.
- Izindleko zento X zingu-$1,000.
- Lo mcimbi ubuhanjelwe ngabantu abangu-500.
- Kulo nyaka, unamaholide ayishumi.
- Ngekota, ngithuthukise ifoni yami izikhathi eziyisithupha.
- Ngonyaka odlule, ingane yami encane ikhule ngamayintshi angu-3.
- Ukwengezwa komkhiqizo omusha kuzoholela ekukhuphukeni kwenzuzo ngo-30%.
- U-54% wabantu baseMelika uthe bancamela ukuthenga ku-inthanethi kunasezitolo.
- Abaphendula abangu-150 bathe abacabangi ukuthi isici esisha somkhiqizo sizoba yinhle kakhulu.
Izinzuzo
- Yenza ucwaningo olunzulu: Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ucwaningo luzocophelela, njengoba idatha yobuningi ingahlolwa ngokwezibalo.
- Ukuchema okuncane: Kunezikhathi lapho ukuchema komuntu siqu kunomthelela ocwaningweni futhi kubangele imiphumela engalungile. Ukuchema komuntu siqu kuncishiswa kakhulu isici senani ledatha yobuningi.
- Imiphumela enembile: Njengoba imiphumela ibinomgomo ngokwemvelo, ibinembile impela.
Okumbi
- Ulwazi olukhawulelwe: Njengoba idatha yobuningi ingachazi, kuyinselele kubacwaningi ukuthi bafinyelele iziphetho kuphela kudatha abayiqoqile.
- Kuncike ohlotsheni lombuzo: Uhlobo lombuzo olusetshenziselwa ukuqoqa idatha yobuningi luthinta ukuchema emiphumeleni. Ngenkathi kuqoqwa idatha yobuningi, ukuqonda komcwaningi izinhloso nezinjongo zocwaningo kubalulekile.
Isiphetho
Idatha yobuningi imayelana nokucabanga okuhlukene, hhayi ukucabanga okuguquguqukayo. Ibhekana nombono wezinombolo, ukuhluzeka kwengqondo, kanye nomgomo ngokugcizelela amaqiniso ezinombolo nangaguquguquki.
Okuwukuphela kohlobo lwedatha olukwazi ukubonisa iziphetho zokuhlaziya kumashadi namagrafu, ucwaningo lwedatha yobuningi luyacophelela.
Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha ngokuqinisekile kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ukuthi, uma sishoda, akukwazi nje ukubeka engcupheni ubuqotho nobuqiniso bocwaningo lwakho kodwa futhi kwenze iziphetho zingazinzi. Idatha enhle izokusiza ukuthi ukhiqize imiphumela enembile.
Ngakho-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indlela, oyisebenzisayo ukuqoqa idatha yobuningi, qiniseka ukuthi ulwazi lusezingeni eliphezulu ngokwanele ukuze uveze imininingwane ebalulekile newusizo.
shiya impendulo