Ubuchwepheshe obufanayo obushayela ukuqashelwa kobuso nezimoto ezizishayelayo bungase bube ithuluzi elibalulekile ekuvuleni izimfihlo ezifihliwe zendawo yonke.
Intuthuko yakamuva kusayensi yezinkanyezi yokubuka iholele ekuqhumeni kwedatha.
Izibonakude ezinamandla ziqoqa ama-terabytes edatha nsuku zonke. Ukuze bacubungule leyo datha eningi, ososayensi kudingeka bathole izindlela ezintsha zokwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene emkhakheni, njengokulinganisa imisebe nezinye izenzakalo zasezulwini.
Omunye umsebenzi okhethekile izazi zezinkanyezi ezilangazelela ukuwusheshisa uwukuhlukanisa ngezigaba imithala. Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka ukuthi kungani ukuhlukanisa imithala kubaluleke kangaka nokuthi abacwaningi sebeqale kanjani ukuthembela kumasu okufunda emishini athuthukile ukuze bakhule njengoba umthamo wedatha ukhula.
Kungani kudingeka sihlukanise imithala?
Ukuhlukaniswa kwemithala, eyaziwa emkhakheni njenge-galaxy morphology, kwaqala ngekhulu le-18. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uSir William Herschel waphawula ukuthi ‘ama-nebula’ ahlukahlukene ayefika ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Indodana yakhe uJohn Herschel yathuthuka kulokhu kuhlukaniswa ngokuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-galactic nebulae ne-non-galactic nebulae. Ezokugcina zalezi zigaba ezimbili yilokho esikwaziyo nesibhekisela kukho njengemithala.
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, izazi zezinkanyezi ezihlukahlukene zacabanga ukuthi lezi zinto ze-cosmic "ziyi-extra-galactic", nokuthi zingaphandle kwe-Milky Way yethu.
U-Hubble wethula isigaba esisha semithala ngo-1925 ngokwethula ukulandelana kwe-Hubble, okwaziwa ngokwethukela ngokuthi i-Hubble tuning-fork diagram.
Ukulandelana kukaHubble kwahlukanisa imithala kwaba imithala evamile nengajwayelekile. Imithala evamile yaphinde yahlukaniswa yaba izigaba ezintathu ezibanzi: i-Ellipticals, i-spirals, ne-lenticular.
Ukuhlola imithala kusenza siqonde izimfihlakalo eziningana ezibalulekile zendlela umkhathi osebenza ngayo. Abacwaningi baye basebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zemithala ukuze bacabangele inqubo yokwakheka kwezinkanyezi. Besebenzisa ukulingisa, ososayensi baye bazama nokubonisa indlela imithala eyakha ngayo indlela esiyibona ngayo namuhla.
I-Automated Morphological Classification of Galaxies
Ucwaningo lokusebenzisa umshini wokufunda ukuhlukanisa imithala lubonise imiphumela ethembisayo. Ngo-2020, abacwaningi abavela ku-National Astronomical Observatory yaseJapane basebenzisa i- indlela yokufunda ejulile ukuhlukanisa imithala ngokunembile.
Abacwaningi basebenzise idathasethi enkulu yezithombe ezitholwe ku-Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Survey. Besebenzisa amasu abo, bangakwazi ukuhlukanisa imithala ibe i-S-wise spirals, i-Z-wise spirals, kanye ne-non-spirals.
Ucwaningo lwabo lubonise izinzuzo zokuhlanganisa idatha enkulu evela kumabonakude ne ukufunda okujulile amasu. Ngenxa yamanethi e-neural, izazi zezinkanyezi manje zingazama ukuhlukanisa ezinye izinhlobo ze-morphology njengemigoqo, ukuhlanganisa, nezinto ezinamalensi aqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, ucwaningo oluhlobene kusuka ku-MK Cavanagh kanye no-K. Bekki basebenzisa ama-CNN ukuze baphenye ukwakheka kwamabha ekuhlanganiseni imithala.
Indlela Esebenza
Ososayensi abavela ku-NAOJ bathembele ku-convolutional amanethiwekhi we-neural noma ama-CNN ukuze ahlukanise izithombe. Kusukela ngo-2015, ama-CNN abe yindlela enembe kakhulu yokuhlukanisa izinto ezithile. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zomhlaba wangempela zama-CNN zifaka phakathi ukubona ubuso ezithombeni, ezimotweni ezizishayelayo, ukubona izinhlamvu ezibhalwe ngesandla, kanye nezokwelapha. ukuhlaziya izithombe.
Kodwa isebenza kanjani i-CNN?
I-CNN ingeyekilasi lamasu okufunda omshini aziwa ngokuthi i-classifier. Abahlukanisayo bangathatha okokufaka okuthile futhi bakhiphe iphoyinti ledatha. Isibonelo, isigaba sezimpawu zomgwaqo sizokwazi ukuthatha isithombe futhi sikhiphe noma ngabe isithombe siwuphawu lomgwaqo noma cha.
I-CNN iyisibonelo se-a inethiwekhi ye-neural. Lawa manethiwekhi e-neural akhiwe i-neurons ihlelwe yaba izingqimba. Phakathi nesigaba sokuqeqesha, lawa ma-neurons ashunwa ukuze avumelane nezisindo ezithile nokuchema okuzosiza ukuxazulula inkinga yokuhlukanisa edingekayo.
Uma inethiwekhi ye-neural ithola isithombe, ithatha ezindaweni ezincane zesithombe kunayo yonke into iyonke, I-neuron ngayinye isebenzisana namanye ama-neuron njengoba ithatha ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene zesithombe esikhulu.
Ukuba khona kwezingqimba ze-convolutional kwenza i-CNN ihluke kwamanye amanethiwekhi we-neural. Lezi zendlalelo ziskena amabhulokhi amaphikseli agqagqene ngenhloso yokuhlonza izici ezisuka esithombeni esifakiwe. Njengoba sixhuma ama-neurons asondelene ndawonye, inethiwekhi izoba nesikhathi esilula sokuqonda isithombe njengoba idatha yokufaka idlula isendlalelo ngasinye.
Ukusetshenziswa ku-Galaxy Morphology
Uma isetshenziswa ekuhlukaniseni imithala, ama-CNN ahlukanisa isithombe somthala sibe “iziqephu” ezincane. Ngokusebenzisa isibalo esincane, isendlalelo sokuqala esifihliwe sizozama ukuxazulula ukuthi ipheshi iqukethe umugqa noma ijika. Ezinye izingqimba zizozama ukuxazulula imibuzo eyandayo eyinkimbinkimbi njengokuthi ingabe lesi siqeshana siqukethe isici somthala ozungezayo, njengokuba khona kwengalo.
Nakuba kulula ukunquma ukuthi ingxenye yesithombe iqukethe umugqa oqondile yini, kuya ngokuya kuba nzima ukubuza ukuthi isithombe siyawubonisa yini umthala ozungezayo, ingasaphathwa eyokuthi hlobo luni lomthala ozungezayo.
Ngamanethiwekhi e-neural, isihlukanisi siqala ngemithetho nemibandela engahleliwe. Le mithetho kancane kancane iba nenemba kakhulu futhi ihlobane enkingeni esizama ukuyixazulula. Ekupheleni kwesigaba sokuqeqesha, inethiwekhi ye-neural manje kufanele ibe nombono omuhle wokuthi yiziphi izici okufanele zibhekwe esithombeni.
Ukwandisa i-AI kusetshenziswa i-Citizen Science
Isayensi yesakhamuzi ibhekisela ocwaningweni lwesayensi olwenziwa ososayensi abayizimfundamakhwela noma amalungu omphakathi.
Ososayensi abafunda isayensi yezinkanyezi bavame ukusebenzisana nososayensi bezakhamizi ukuze basize ekutholweni okubaluleke kakhulu kwesayensi. I-NASA igcina a uhlu inqwaba yemiklamo yesayensi yesakhamuzi lapho noma ubani onomakhalekhukhwini noma ikhompuyutha ephathekayo angaba nesandla kuyo.
I-National Astronomical Observatory yaseJapan nayo isungule iphrojekthi yesayensi yezakhamizi eyaziwa ngokuthi I-Galaxy Cruise. Lolu hlelo luqeqesha amavolontiya ukuze ahlukanise imithala futhi abheke izimpawu zokushayisana okungenzeka phakathi kwemithala. Enye iphrojekthi yesakhamuzi ebizwa ngokuthi I-Galaxy Zoo isivele ithole izigaba ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50 ngonyaka wokuqala wokwethulwa.
Sisebenzisa idatha evela kumaphrojekthi wesayensi yezakhamizi, singakwazi qeqesha amanethiwekhi e-neural ukuhlukanisa imithala ibe amakilasi anemininingwane eyengeziwe. Futhi singasebenzisa lawa malebula esayensi yezakhamizi ukuze sithole imithala enezici ezithakazelisayo. Izici ezifana namaringi namalensi kusengaba nzima ukuzithola kusetshenziswa inethiwekhi ye-neural.
Isiphetho
Amasu enethiwekhi ye-Neural aya ngokuya aduma emkhakheni wesayensi yezinkanyezi. Ukwethulwa kwe-NASA's James Webb Space Telescope ngo-2021 kuthembisa inkathi entsha yesayensi yezinkanyezi. Isibonakude sesivele siqoqile ama-terabytes edatha, futhi ngokunokwenzeka izinkulungwane ezengeziwe zisendleleni esikhathini sayo sokuphila seminyaka emihlanu.
Ukubeka ngokwezigaba imithala kungomunye wemisebenzi eminingi engase ikhuliswe nge-ML. Njengoba ukucutshungulwa kwedatha yasemkhathini kuba inkinga yayo Yedatha Enkulu, abacwaningi kufanele basebenzise ukufunda komshini okuthuthukile ngokugcwele ukuze baqonde isithombe esikhulu.
shiya impendulo