Okuqukethwe[Fihla][Bonisa]
- 1. Iyini ngempela i-Biomedical Engineering?
- 2. Ungakwazi yini ukuchaza umsebenzi owenziwa onjiniyela be-biomedical ngamazwi akho?
- 3. Asho ukuthini amagama athi “biomechanics” nelithi “biomechanical engineering”, futhi asetshenziswa kanjani?
- 4. Ungalenza kanjani ithuluzi lezokwelapha ukuze umuntu onokulimala komgogodla akwazi ukuhamba futhi?
- 5. Iyini I-BMI, Kahle?
- 6. Izigxivizo zeminwe ze-DNA: Kuyini?
- 7. Chaza i-MRI ngokuningiliziwe.
- 8. Iyini ngempela i-bio-instrumentation?
- 9. Siyini isifo i-Alzheimer's?
- 10. Imaphi Amaphethini Wamagagasi Angabonwa Ngesikhathi Se-Eeg Scan?
- 11. Chaza umgoqo wegazi nobuchopho.
- 12. Iyini i-microarray futhi isetshenziswa kanjani, sicela?
- 13. Sithini isimiso se-DNA sokunyathelisa iminwe?
- 14. Yiziphi izinyathelo ozithathayo ukuze uqinisekise ukuvikeleka nokusebenza kwethuluzi lezokwelapha noma inqubo?
- 15. Iyini i-system physiology?
- 16. Isithombe sezokwelapha: Kuyini?
- 17. Faka kuhlu lobuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu ezithombeni zezokwelapha.
- 18. Ingabe ujwayelene ne-LMO?
- 19. Isetshenziselwani ngempela i-cloning yokwelapha, futhi kanjani?
- 20. Yiziphi izinyathelo ezithathwayo ukunquma umthamo ngenkathi kuhlolwa umuthi omusha?
- 21. Iyini inqubo yokuguqula izakhi zofuzo?
- 22. Ungakwazi yini ukuchaza i-pathogen bese ubhala izici ezivamile ze-pathogen?
- 23. Sihlose ukwenza amathuluzi ethu okuhlinza aphephe. Yiziphi izinto ongazisebenzisa ukuze uziqinise?
- 24. Iyini ngempela i-RCCS?
- 25. Uzisebenzise kanjani izinhlelo zekhompiyutha noma isofthiwe ukuze uthuthukise izinqubo zezokwelapha noma imishini?
- 26. Chaza imodeli ye-biological neuron. Yini eyehlukanisa ku-synthetic neuron?
- 27. Liyini ngempela isitho sokufakelwa?
- 28. Yini eyenza izingeniso nama-exons ahluke komunye nomunye?
- 29. Yini ehlukanisa ama-retrovirus kuma-provirus?
- 30. Iyiphi indlela okholelwa ukuthi ubunjiniyela be-biomedical buphokophele kuyo?
- Isiphetho
Onjiniyela bezinto eziphilayo baphethe obunye ubuchwepheshe bezokwelapha obusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu obusetshenziswa namuhla, kusukela ekusunguleni izitho zokwenziwa kuye ekukhiqizeni amagajethi ezokwelapha amasha.
Mayelana nezindaba zokunakekelwa kwesiguli, onjiniyela be-biomedical bayacwaninga futhi bathuthukise izimpendulo ezindabeni zezokwelapha nezebhayoloji. Umsebenzi ojwayelekile kanjiniyela we-biomedical usebenza futhi uxazulule imishini ye-biomedical njengochwepheshe bezokwelapha noma esigabeni socwaningo nentuthuko yenkampani.
Onjiniyela be-R&D be-biomedical basebenzisa ulwazi lwabo ukuze bakhe amathuluzi namadivayisi wezokwelapha amasha. Nsuku zonke, onjiniyela be-biomedical nabo abangochwepheshe banikeza usizo lobuchwepheshe ukuze banakekele, balungise, bafake, noma baguqule imishini ye-biomedical.
Kufanele futhi bafundise abanye abasebenzi ukuthi bangawasebenzisa kanjani amathuluzi ngendlela efanele. Engxoxweni, onjiniyela bezokwelashwa kufanele bakulungele ukuphendula imibuzo eyahlukahlukene ngomsebenzi wabo ngoba lo mkhakha okhula ngokushesha ushintsha njalo.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe, sizobheka imibuzo yenhlolokhono yonjiniyela be-biomedical kusukela kweyisisekelo kuye kwephambili.
1. Iyini ngempela i-Biomedical Engineering?
Ukuthuthukisa impilo nempilo yabantu, ubunjiniyela be-biomedical buhlanganisa izindlela zobunjiniyela ezijwayelekile nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo kanye nemithi.
Umkhakha ugxile kukho kokubili ukwakhiwa kwamathuluzi, amasu, kanye ne-algorithms ethuthukisa ulwazi lwezokwelapha nolwazi lwebhayoloji kuyilapho ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokulethwa kokwelashwa komtholampilo, kanye nokuqonda kwezinhlelo zokuphila eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlola nezokuhlaziya.
2. Ungakwazi yini ukuchaza umsebenzi owenziwa onjiniyela be-biomedical ngamazwi akho?
Umsebenzi owenziwa onjiniyela be-biomedical wehluke kakhulu. Bangasebenza emitholampilo, emakolishi, emabhizinisini, noma ezindaweni zokucwaninga.
Izibopho zabo zihlanganisa ukuklama nokuthuthukisa imishini yezokwelapha, izitho zokwenziwa, izinhlelo zokwelapha, ukuhlelwa kwelebhu, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinzwa zezokwelapha.
3. Asho ukuthini amagama athi “biomechanics” nelithi “biomechanical engineering”, futhi asetshenziswa kanjani?
I-Biomechanics isifundo kanye nokulingiswa kwezindaba zezokwelapha namasistimu kusetshenziswa izimiso zobukhenika. Le nkambu ingasetshenziselwa ukudala amamodeli ezinto ezifana nokudluliswa koketshezi kanye nebanga lokunyakaza kwelungu.
Izinhliziyo zokwenziwa, izinso, namalunga kuyizitho zokwenziwa ezimbalwa nezitho ezidalwe kusetshenziswa ubunjiniyela be-biomechanical.
4. Ungalenza kanjani ithuluzi lezokwelapha ukuze umuntu onokulimala komgogodla akwazi ukuhamba futhi?
Ngangiqala ngokucabangela impilo evamile yesiguli nanoma yiziphi ezinye izifo ezingase zinciphise ukunyakaza kwaso. Ngokulandelayo ngizokwenza umshini okwazi ukusekela isisindo sesiguli ngesikhathi esifanayo usisekele lapho sihamba.
Isibonelo, ngingakha i-exoskeleton ehlangene esiza isiguli ukuthi sihambe siye phambili ngokusebenzisa izinduku noma induku. Isiguli sizoba nezinto zokuhamba ezivikelekile ngenxa yalolu hlobo lwedivayisi, okulula ukuyisusa kwenye indawo iye kwenye.
5. Iyini I-BMI, Kahle?
I-BMI imele inkomba yesisindo somzimba. Ubude nesisindo somuntu kuyaqhathaniswa. Ibalwa ngokuhlukanisa isisindo somuntu ngobude obuyisikwele.
6. Izigxivizo zeminwe ze-DNA: Kuyini?
Izigxivizo zeminwe zofuzo, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-DNA fingerprinting, kuyindlela yokuhlonza abantu ngokulandelana kwe-DNA yabo. Isetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-forensics.
Ukuze kunyatheliswe iminwe ye-DNA, izinqubo ze-Polymerase Chain Reaction kanye ne-Short Tandem Repeats zivame ukusetshenziswa.
7. Chaza i-MRI ngokuningiliziwe.
I-acronym ye-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) i-imaging resonance magnetic. Kuwuhlobo lokucabanga kwezokwelapha olunikeza i-anatomy ephelele yezitho zangaphakathi, ikakhulukazi izicubu ezithambile.
Inkambu kazibuthe enamandla isetshenziswa ku-MRI ukukhiqiza izithombe namamodeli wesitho esihlosiwe.
8. Iyini ngempela i-bio-instrumentation?
Igama elithi "bio-instrumentation" lichaza inqubo yokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthile, izinto zokusebenza, kanye nemishini ukuze kwakhiwe imishini ye-biomechanical ukwelapha izifo nokulimala.
Ihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwemiqondo yobunjiniyela nezinqubo zokuqedela umsebenzi embonini ye-biomedical.
9. Siyini isifo i-Alzheimer's?
Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lokuwohloka komqondo yisifo i-Alzheimer's. Kuyisimo sobuchopho esilethwa ukugoqa kabi kwe-tau protein. Lesi simo siyitheminali. Lesi sifo siyawohloka. Ingabonakala nge-PET noma i-MRI scan.
10. Imaphi Amaphethini Wamagagasi Angabonwa Ngesikhathi Se-Eeg Scan?
Iphethini yegagasi ehlobene nokulala ebizwa ngokuthi i-delta, i-theta ebangela ukozela, i-alpha ephumuzayo, i-beta ekhuthaza ukucabanga, ne-gamma konke kubonakala kusikena se-EEG. I-mu-rhythm nayo ibonakala ku-alpha.
11. Chaza umgoqo wegazi nobuchopho.
Lapho ukujikeleza kwegazi kuhlukaniswa noketshezi olungaphandle kobuchopho, isimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi siba nezithiyo zegazi nobuchopho (BECF). Wonke ama-capillary abonisa lesi sici.
Ama-capillaries azungezwe yizixhumanisi eziqinile, ezingekho ekujikelezeni okuvamile. I-glucose neminye imikhiqizo ye-metabolic ithuthwa ngenkuthalo phezu komgoqo ngamaseli avimbelayo esebenzisa amaprotheni athile.
Kanye ne-membrane engaphansi ewugqinsi, lesi sivimbelo sihlanganisa nonyawo lokuphela lwe-astrocytic.
12. Iyini i-microarray futhi isetshenziswa kanjani, sicela?
I-microarray iwuhlelo olufana ne-matrix olusetshenziselwa ukutadisha ukulandelana kwe-DNA, ngokwencazelo. Lawa mathuluzi asetshenziswa ocwaningweni oluningi lwe-DNA noma i-genomic, okuhlanganisa ukuchazwa kwegama lofuzo, ukutholwa kwe-nucleotide polymorphism eyodwa, ukutholwa kwe-splicing ehlukile, nokunye.
Ukuhlolwa kofuzo okuningi kungenziwa kanyekanye kusetshenziswa ama-microarray chips, asetshenziswa ngamabhizinisi athile.
13. Sithini isimiso se-DNA sokunyathelisa iminwe?
I-Genetic fingerprinting yindlela esebenzisa i-DNA fingerprinting. Ukulandelana kwe-DNA kungasetshenziswa kule ndlela ukukhomba umuntu. I-Forensics iwukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-DNA fingerprinting.
I-polymerase Chain Reaction iyindlela eyisisekelo yokunyathelisa iminwe ye-DNA. Iphrofayili ye-DNA ngelinye igama lale ndlela esetshenziswa kakhulu.
14. Yiziphi izinyathelo ozithathayo ukuze uqinisekise ukuvikeleka nokusebenza kwethuluzi lezokwelapha noma inqubo?
Ngiqala ngokubheka izidingo zephrojekthi kanye nokulindelwe ngamakhasimende. Bese ngenza uhlelo lokwenza ucwaningo, ngiqhamuke nama-prototypes, nokuhlola amathuluzi noma indlela.
Ngihlola okutholakele ngokulandela isinyathelo ngasinye sokuhlola futhi ngenza noma yikuphi ukuthuthukiswa okudingekayo. Ngenxa yalokho, ngingakwazi ukunikeza amakhasimende ami ulwazi olunembile mayelana nokusebenza kahle nokuphepha kwempahla yawo.
15. Iyini i-system physiology?
I-Systems physiology igxile ekuqondeni ukuthi izinhlelo ezingaphakathi kwezidalwa eziphilayo zisebenza kanjani emazingeni amancane kakhulu nangaphansi kwe-submicroscopic, kusukela ekuphenduleni kwezidakamizwa kuya ezinhlelweni ze-metabolic kanye nokusabela kokugula, ukunyakaza kwezitho ngokuzithandela kuye ekwelapheni kwesikhumba, kanye nesayensi yokwakheka kwezindlebe.
Lo mkhakha wocwaningo usebenzisa amafomula ezibalo ekuhloleni nasekufaniseni.
16. Isithombe sezokwelapha: Kuyini?
Ukuthwebula izithombe zezokwelapha kusetshenziselwa ukubona nokuhlukanisa izinkinga zezempilo ezihlanganisa umdlavuza, ukukhubazeka, nokunye okunjalo ngokuhlanganisa ukucutshungulwa kwedatha ye-elekthronikhi, ukuhlaziya, kanye nokwethulwa ngokuqonda izenzakalo ezibonakalayo.
Ezinye izindlela ezifana ne-ultrasound kanye ne-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) zivame ukusetshenziswa.
17. Faka kuhlu lobuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu ezithombeni zezokwelapha.
Ubuchwepheshe bezithombe zezokwelapha busetshenziswa emikhakheni yezokunakekelwa kwempilo kanye nocwaningo ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene. Imithi yenuzi, i-electron microscopy, i-computer tomography, i-radiography, i-thermography, i-fluoroscopy, i-ultrasound, ne-positron emission tomography, noma i-PET, ngezinye zalezi.
Uhlobo lokuthwebula izithombe olusetshenziswayo luncike ohlotsheni locwaningo olwenziwayo noma uhlobo lomkhuba wezokwelapha.
18. Ingabe ujwayelene ne-LMO?
Isidalwa esiphilayo esiguquliwe sibizwa nge-LMO. Ama-LMO yilezo zidalwa eziye zashintsha izakhi zofuzo kusetshenziswa i-biotechnology.
I-LMO ihlanganisa zombili izidalwa eziye zabhekana ne-mutagenesis noma izinqubo zokuzalanisa ezivamile nokukhetha, kanye nalezo eziye zenziwa izinqubo ezintsha ze-DNA recombinant. Ikhono lama-LMO lokusebenzisa imfucuza eyingozi libalulekile.
19. Isetshenziselwani ngempela i-cloning yokwelapha, futhi kanjani?
I-DNA noma ingxenye ye-DNA strand iphindaphindwa ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kokwelapha. Kubizwa ngokuthi i-somatic cell nuclear transfer ngezinye izikhathi. Imibungu equkethe i-stem cell isetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni.
Amaseli e-Embryonic stem angakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha futhi ane-pluripotent, okusho ukuthi angathuthuka abe yinoma yiziphi izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-220 zamaseli ezingatholakala emzimbeni womuntu.
20. Yiziphi izinyathelo ezithathwayo ukunquma umthamo ngenkathi kuhlolwa umuthi omusha?
Ngiqala ngokucabangela ubudala besiguli, isisindo, nempilo evamile yesiguli lapho ngithola ukuthi ingakanani imithi okufanele ngiyinikeze. Ngibe sengicabangela noma yiziphi izifo ezikhona kanye nezimpawu ezibonisayo.
Umthamo olungile ube usubalwa kusetshenziswa i-algorithm engiyithuthukise ngisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bami. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba kuqinisekisa ukuthi iziguli zithatha umthamo ofanele wemithi ngaphandle kokweqisa.
21. Iyini inqubo yokuguqula izakhi zofuzo?
Ukuguqulwa kofuzo kuwuhlobo lomcimbi we-DNA wokuhlanganiswa kabusha kofuzo. Lokhu kwenzeka kaningi ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwe-meiotic, kodwa futhi kwenzeka kumaseli e-somatic. Singakwazi ukudlulisa ulwazi lwe-DNA lusuka ku-DNA helix eyodwa luye kwenye okulandelana kwayo kushintshiwe kusetshenziswa le ndlela.
Le ndlela ingasetshenziswa futhi ukuze kuzuzwe ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo. Kungase kuphumele efeni elingelona ele-Mendelian. Lo mphumela uvame ukubonwa eziphambanweni zefungal.
22. Ungakwazi yini ukuchaza i-pathogen bese ubhala izici ezivamile ze-pathogen?
Igama elithi pathogen libhekisela kunoma iyiphi into ephilayo edla ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Amagciwane asatshalaliswa inqwaba yamashaneli, okuhlanganisa ukuthinta okuhamba emoyeni, okuqondile noma okungaqondile, ukuthintana ngokocansi, igazi, nolunye uketshezi lomzimba.
Ama-pathogens angase abe yigciwane, amagciwane, noma i-fungal ngokwemvelo. Amagciwane avame ukuxhunyaniswa nokugula, kodwa angasetshenziswa futhi ukuqeda izinambuzane futhi alwe nesifo esisikhiqizayo, njengokugoma umkhuhlane.
23. Sihlose ukwenza amathuluzi ethu okuhlinza aphephe. Yiziphi izinto ongazisebenzisa ukuze uziqinise?
Insimbi enamandla amakhulu ilungele amathuluzi okuhlinza njengoba ilula futhi iqinile, iyenza ilungele izinjongo zezokwelapha. Ngike ngasebenza nodokotela abahlinzayo ababesebenzisa amathuluzi enkampani yethu, ngakho ngiyazi ukuthi asevele akhiwe ngensimbi enamandla amakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, ukube bengithuthukisa umugqa womkhiqizo omusha, bengizocabangela ukufaka i-titanium ekuxubeni futhi. Ihlala isikhathi eside kunensimbi kodwa ilula kune-aluminium.
24. Iyini ngempela i-RCCS?
I-RCCS isifinyezo sesistimu ye-rotary cell culture. Kuyidivayisi esetshenziswa ku-microgravity ukukhiqiza amaqoqo amaseli anezinhlangothi ezintathu. I-NASA idale le mishini ukuhlola izicubu zamangqamuzana ezilwane, kuhlanganise nabantu, ku-microgravity.
Izicubu ezakhiwe ku-RCCS zikhulu, zinezinhlangothi ezintathu, futhi zinezakhiwo nezamakhemikhali ezifana nezicubu ezivamile. Ngenxa yokuthi i-RCCS ayinazo izingxenye ezinyakazayo, amaseli awajwayele ukulimala futhi ngenxa yalokho anesikhathi eside sokuphila.
25. Uzisebenzise kanjani izinhlelo zekhompiyutha noma isofthiwe ukuze uthuthukise izinqubo zezokwelapha noma imishini?
Endimeni yami yangaphambilini, bengiyingxenye yeqembu elisebenzisa i-MATLAB ne-LabVIEW ukwakha imishini yezokwelapha emisha. Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbili zisenze sakwazi ukwakha ngokushesha ama-prototypes emikhiqizo yethu futhi siwahlole ngaphambi kokuphothula idizayini.
Lezi zinhlelo ziphinde zasetshenziselwa ukuhlola idatha evela kubantu abazame imikhiqizo yethu.
26. Chaza imodeli ye-biological neuron. Yini eyehlukanisa ku-synthetic neuron?
Imodeli ye-biological neuron yaziwa nangokuthi imodeli ye-spiking neuron. Le modeli iwumfanekiso wezibalo wezimfanelo zeseli yemizwa noma i-neuron.
Le modeli yakhelwe ukubikezela futhi ichaze izinqubo zebhayoloji. Lokhu kwehluka kuma-neuron okwenziwa ngokuthi ama-neuron okwenziwa asekelwe ekusebenzeni kahle kwekhompyutha. Ukukhishwa kwe-neuron yokwenziwa kunqunywa isisindo se-synaptic.
27. Liyini ngempela isitho sokufakelwa?
Kuwumshini wokwenziwa ongasetshenziswa esikhundleni sengxenye yomzimba elahlekile. Isekelwe embonweni we-biomechatronics. Ingasetshenziselwa ukushintsha izingxenye zomzimba ezalahleka ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, ngenxa yokulimala, noma ngenxa yokukhubazeka.
Ububi obukhulu bezitho zokufakelwa yizindleko zabo eziphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuguga nokudabuka, izitho zokufakelwa kufanele zishintshwe njalo eminyakeni emi-3-4. Uma isitho sinezicubu ezifakiwe, amasokhethi esithweni kufanele avuselelwe kanye ngenyanga.
28. Yini eyenza izingeniso nama-exons ahluke komunye nomunye?
Noma ikuphi ukulandelana kwe-nucleotide okususwa ohlotsheni ngokuhlanganisa kwe-RNA ukuze kwakhiwe umkhiqizo wokugcina wofuzo ovuthiwe we-RNA kubhekiselwa kukho njenge-intron. Kokubili ukulandelana kwe-DNA okutholakala ngaphakathi kofuzo kanye nengxenye efanayo emibhalweni ye-RNA kubizwa ngokuthi ama-intron.
Izakhi zofuzo zezinto eziphilayo eziningi kanye nalezo zamagciwane amaningi ziqukethe ama-intron.
I-exon ukulandelana kwe-DNA noma okulotshiweyo kwe-RNA kokukodwa. ngobubanzi. Ukulandelana kwe-nucleic acid eyaziwa ngokuthi i-exon kungatholakala ngendlela evuthiwe ye-molecule ye-RNA.
29. Yini ehlukanisa ama-retrovirus kuma-provirus?
I-enzayimu ye-reverse transcriptase iyadingeka ukuze kukopishwe i-retrovirus, igciwane le-RNA elingangena kuseli elibambayo. I-RNA genome yayo ingasetshenziswa ukwakha i-DNA. I-enzyme ye-integrase ngokulandelayo ihlanganisa i-DNA esanda kwakhiwa kugenome yomsingathi.
Igciwane le-RNA libe selizalana ngokungena kuyi-DNA yengqamuzana eliphethe. Umndeni wegciwane i-Retroviridae uhlanganisa amagciwane amboziwe aziwa ngokuthi ama-retroviruses.
I-provirus igciwane elikwazi ukubopha i-genome ku-DNA yeseli lomsingathi. Ezifweni zegciwane ezilele, igciwane liziphindaphinda ngokuphindaphinda kweseli eliphethe kunokuba libe ngokwalo. Lesi simo singaqhubeka ezizukulwaneni ezimbalwa zamaseli abamba.
30. Iyiphi indlela okholelwa ukuthi ubunjiniyela be-biomedical buphokophele kuyo?
Kuningi okungenziwa ngobunjiniyela be-biomedical, ngombono wami. Njengoba ingasenza sikwazi ukukhiqiza imishini yezokwelapha eyenziwe ngokwezifiso kakhulu ngentengo encishisiwe, nginentshisekelo ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D kule ndawo.
Noma kunjalo, ngiyazi ukuthi ukuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obusha kuzilungiselelo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo kungase kube nzima. Ngingenza yonke imizamo ukuhlanganisa lobu buchwepheshe obusha kuyilapho ngiphakamisa izidingo zokuphepha.
Isiphetho
Ngokuhlanganisa isayensi yobunjiniyela nesayensi yebhayoloji kanye nokusebenza komtholampilo, ubunjiniyela be-biomedical yisihloko esikhulisa ulwazi kwezobunjiniyela, i-biology, kanye nezokwelapha kuyilapho sithuthukisa impilo yabantu.
Ukukusiza ukuthi wenze inhlolokhono, nansi imibuzo yenhlolokhono ye-biomedical yobunjiniyela ehamba phambili, kusukela kokulula kuye kokuyinkimbinkimbi. Bheka Uchungechunge lwezingxoxo lukaHashdork ukuze uthole usizo ngokulungiselela inhlolokhono.
shiya impendulo