Tafole ea likateng[Pata][Bontša]
- 1. U bolela'ng ka marang-rang?
- 2. Hantle-ntle u bolela'ng ka node?
- 3. Hantle-ntle lehokelo ke eng?
- 4. Hlalosa mefuta e fapaneng ea marang-rang.
- 5. Network Topology: U bolela'ng ka seo?
- 6. DNS e bolela'ng ho uena?
- 7. U bolela'ng ka VPN?
- 8. Na u ka bolella mefuta e fapaneng ea VPN?
- 9. U ka fumana melemo efe ka ho sebelisa VPN?
- 10. Ke litekanyetso life tse sebelisoang ho hlahloba ho tšepahala ha marang-rang?
- 11. Hantle-ntle mohlala oa litšupiso oa OSI ke eng?
- 12. Na u ka mpolella ho hong ka likarolo tsa mohlala oa litšupiso tsa OSI?
- 13. Moelelo oa aterese ea IPv4 ke ofe?
- 14. Liaterese tsa IP tsa "Private" le "Special" li bolelang?
- 15. Hantle-ntle o bolela’ng ka ho beka?
- 16. Hantle-ntle FTP e sa tsejoeng ke eng?
- 17. Ke mefuta e mekae e fapaneng e sebelisoang ho fetisa data ka marang-rang?
- 18. Aterese ea MAC e bolela'ng ho uena?
- 19. U utloisisa eng ka lentsoe RIP?
- 20. U tla khetholla joang Broadband ho theknoloji ea baseband?
- 21. U ka lokisa bothata ba ho bouncing ha matšoao joang?
- 22. Li-protocol tsa HTTP le HTTPS li bolela'ng?
- 23. Protocol ea SMTP e bolela'ng?
- 24. Mesebetsi ea li-routers ke efe, 'me e fapana joang le liheke?
- 25. TCP e emela eng?
- 26. UDP e emetse eng?
- 27. Protocol ea ICMP e bolela'ng?
- 28. Hantle-ntle DHCP Protocol ke eng?
- 29. Hlalosa firewall.
- 30. Hantle-ntle subnet ke eng?
- 31. U ka tseba joang tsela ea khokahano lipakeng tsa moamoheli oa lehae le seva?
- 32. Re bolelle ka piggybacking.
- 33. Ke eng e etsang hore netefatso e be karolo ea bohlokoa ea marang-rang a likhomphutha, ka maikutlo a hau?
- 34. U bolela'ng ka encoder le decoder?
- 35. Ke eng e fapaneng pakeng tsa Antivirus le firewall?
- fihlela qeto e
Marang-rang a likhomphutha ke lehlohonolo!
U ka be u sa sebelise Marang-rang ho bala sena hona joale, 'me nka be ke sa e ngola haeba li ne li sa etsoa (ho sebelisa marang-rang a marang-rang a marang-rang ho hokahanya lisebelisoa tsa ka tsa khomphuta).
Ha ho pelaelo hore boithuto bo tebileng ba marang-rang a likhomphutha bo tla senola hore bo rarahane haholo, empa mohopolo oa mantlha oa ho hokahanya likhomphutha hore ba tsebe ho buisana o hlakile.
Likhokahano tsa k'homphieutha ke lentsoe le sebelisetsoang ho hlalosa mefuta e mengata ea lisebelisoa tsa IoT tse hokahantsoeng, ho kenyeletsoa lik'hamera, linotlolo tsa mamati, litloloko tsa mamati, lihatsetsi, li-audio/visual system, li-thermostats, le li-sensor tse fapaneng, tse khonang ho buisana.
Lisebelisoa tsena li kenyelletsa lilaptop, li-desktops, li-server, li-smartphones le matlapa.
Marang-rang e sebetsa e le papiso e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea marang-rang a khomphutha.
Joale o tlameha ho itokisetsa Lipotso tsa Puisano ea Khomphutha ea 2022 haeba u na le tšepo ea ho fumana mosebetsi indastering ea marang-rang ea likhomphutha.
Ho nepahetse ho bolela hore tlhahlobo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ikhethile ho latela maemo a fapaneng a mosebetsi. Re hlophisitse Lipotso le Likarabo tsa Khomphutha tsa bohlokoahali mona ho netefatsa katleho ea hau.
1. U bolela'ng ka marang-rang?
Marang-rang a hlalosoa e le pokello ea lisebelisoa tse hokahaneng ka mokhoa oa phetiso ea 'mele.
Mohlala, marang-rang a khomphutha ke pokello ea likhomphutha tse hokahaneng ho fapanyetsana tlhahisoleseling le lisebelisoa, ho kenyeletsoa hardware, data le software. Li-node tsa marang-rang li sebelisoa ho hokahanya marang-rang a mabeli kapa ho feta hammoho.
2. Hantle-ntle u bolela'ng ka node?
Marang-rang, node ke sebaka seo litsela tse peli li kopanang teng. Ka har'a marang-rang, li-node li ka fetisa le ho amohela data le tlhahisoleseding.
Ho na le li-node tse peli marang-rang, mohlala, haeba likhomphutha tse peli li hokahane ho e etsa. Ho tšoana le sena, ho tla ba le li-node tse tharo haeba ho na le lik'homphieutha, joalo-joalo.
Sesebelisoa sefe kapa sefe sa puisano, joalo ka printa, seva, modem, joalo-joalo, se ka sebetsa joalo ka node 'me ha ho hlokahale hore e be komporo.
3. Hantle-ntle lehokelo ke eng?
Ka mokhoa oa eona o bonolo, sehokelo ke khokahano lipakeng tsa likhomphutha tse peli kapa ho feta kapa lisebelisoa. Ho itšetlehile ka hore na ke terata kapa khokahano ea waelese, e ka ba eng kapa eng.
Lihokelo tse se nang mohala li sebelisa libaka tsa phihlello, li-routers, le lisebelisoa tse ling tse se nang mohala, athe likhokahano tsa 'mele li sebelisa likhoele, li-hubs, li-switches, jj.
4. Hlalosa mefuta e fapaneng ea marang-rang.
- PAN: Li-PAN (Personal Area Networks) li nolofalletsa lisebelisoa ho hokela le ho buisana ho pholletsa le sebaka sa motho.
- LAN: Ke marang-rang a ikemetseng a sebetsang kahare le haufi le setsi se le seng, joalo ka ntlo, khamphani kapa feme.
- MAN: The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), e hokahanya le ho koahela metropolis ka botlalo. Ka mohlala, nahana ka khokahanyo ea thapo ea TV.
- WAN: Marang-rang a sebaka se pharaletseng hangata a akaretsa naha kapa kontinente kaofela. Marang-rang ke WAN e kholo ka ho fetisisa.
- GAN: Inthanete ke lebitso le filoeng tsamaiso e sebelisang lisathelaete ho hokahanya polanete eohle. Marang-rang a boetse a tsejoa e le Network of Wide Area Networks.
5. Network Topology: U bolela'ng ka seo?
Sebopeho sa 'mele sa marang-rang, kapa topology, se etsa qeto ea hore na lik'homphieutha kapa li-node li tla hokahanngoa joang.
6. DNS e bolela'ng ho uena?
Mananeo a seva / bareki a tla ka mefuta e 'meli e fapaneng. Mosebelisi o sebelisa e le 'ngoe ka kotloloho, athe e mong o tšehetsa lits'ebetso tsa kopo.
Mokhahlelo oa bobeli o kenyelletsa litsamaiso tsa mabitso a domain, tseo mananeo a mang a li sebelisang ho fumana liaterese tsa IP tsa batho ba amohelang lengolo-tsoibila, har'a lintho tse ling.
7. U bolela'ng ka VPN?
Bokhoni ba ho theha marang-rang a sireletsehileng ha u sebelisa marang-rang a sechaba bo tsejoa e le marang-rang a ikemetseng kapa VPN.
Sephethephethe sa hau sa Marang-rang se patiloe ke li-VPN, tse patang boitsebiso ba hau ba inthaneteng.
Batho ba bang ba tla fumana ho le thata ho beha leihlo tšebetso ea hau ea Marang-rang le ho utsoa data ka lebaka leo. Encryption ea nako ea nnete ea etsoa.
8. Na u ka bolella mefuta e fapaneng ea VPN?
- Access VPN: Ke marang-rang a ikemetseng a ikemetseng a sebelisoang ho hokahanya lithelefono le basebelisi ba mehala ba hole. E ka sebelisoa ho khutlisa likhokahano tsa ho daela le tsa ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network). Ke tharollo e theko e tlaase e nang le likhetho tse 'maloa tsa ho hokahanya.
- Site-to-Site VPN: Lifeme tse kholo tse nang le makala libakeng tse 'maloa li ka sebelisa marang-rang a marang-rang kapa li-router-to-router VPN ho hokahanya marang-rang a ofisi e' ngoe ho ea ho e 'ngoe libakeng tse fapaneng.
- Intranet VPN: Lisebelisoa tse arolelanoang (tse kang li-server le khokahanyo ea marang-rang) li ka sebelisoa ho hokahanya liofisi tse hōle libakeng tse ngata tse nang le litekanyetso tse tšoanang tsa ho fihlella joaloka WAN ea poraefete (marang-rang a pharaletseng).
- Extranet VPN: Ho sebelisa meralo e tloaelehileng ea intranet, barekisi, bareki, balekane le mekhatlo e meng e hokahane ka extranet VPN.
9. U ka fumana melemo efe ka ho sebelisa VPN?
- Li-mask tsa VPN tsa marang-rang li pata boitsebiso ba marang-rang le ho koala lintlha tsa marang-rang.
- Ha e bapisoa le likhokahano tsa WAN, VPN e theko e tlase ebile e sebelisoa ho hokela liofisi libakeng tse fapaneng tsa tikoloho hole.
- Bakeng sa ho romella ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng data ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa liofisi tse 'maloa tse hasaneng libakeng tse fapaneng, VPN ea sebelisoa.
- Ka ho sebelisa virtualization, VPN e sireletsa tlhahisoleseling ea k'hamphani khahlanong le likotsi kapa tlhaselo efe kapa efe e ka bang teng.
10. Ke litekanyetso life tse sebelisoang ho hlahloba ho tšepahala ha marang-rang?
Ho tšepahala ha marang-rang ho etsa mosebetsi o hlokahalang ka marang-rang, joalo ka puisano ho pholletsa le marang-rang, ho bitsoa ho tšepahala ha marang-rang.
Ts'ebetso ea marang-rang e susumetsoa haholo ke ts'epo ea marang-rang.
Mekhoa le lisebelisoa tsa ho shebella marang-rang ke ntho e hlokahalang bakeng sa marang-rang a ka tšeptjoang.
Lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang li netefatsa hore data e fihla moo e eang teng ha tsamaiso ea marang-rang e ntse e totobatsa mathata a marang-rang.
11. Hantle-ntle mohlala oa litšupiso oa OSI ke eng?
Poleloana "Open System Interconnection" e bolela mohlala oa litšupiso o hlalosang hore na mananeo a ka buisana joang ka lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang.
Ho feta moo, e hlalosa mokhoa oa puisano ka marang-rang le ho thusa ho utloisisa khokahano lipakeng tsa marang-rang.
Lintlha tse latelang li ka sebelisoa ho lekanya ho ts'epahala ha marang-rang:
- Nako ea ho phomola: Nako e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho hlaphoheloa e bitsoa nako ea ho phomola.
- Ho hloleha ho ka etsahala: Maqhubu ao e hlolehang ho sebetsa joalo ka ha ho lebeletsoe ke bothata.
- Tlokotsi e fana ka maikutlo a hore koluoa e sa lebelloang, e kang mollo kapa tšisinyeho ea lefatše, e fihlile marang-rang.
12. Na u ka mpolella ho hong ka likarolo tsa mohlala oa litšupiso tsa OSI?
- Lera la 'Mele (Leaele la 1): data bit to motlakase oa phetoho ea tšusumetso.
- Lera la Khokahanyo ea Lintlha (Lera 2): Li-bits tse tsoang paketeng ea data li tla khoutooa le ho hlakoloa.
- Lera la Marang-rang (Lera la 3): Phapanyetsano ea li-datagrams lipakeng tsa mekha e 'meli.
- Transport Layer (Learo la 4): E laolang phetiso ea data lipakeng tsa mekha.
- Session Layer (Learo la 5): Hlophisa le ho laola sephethephethe sa matšoao a komporo.
- Lera la Tlhahiso (Lera 6): Fometa data bakeng sa lera la ts'ebeliso.
- Lera la Kopo (Lera 7): Lera la kopo le mosebelisi oa ho qetela ba tla buisana.
13. Moelelo oa aterese ea IPv4 ke ofe?
Aterese e matla ea node ea 32-bit ke se tsejoang e le aterese ea IP. Aterese ea IPv4 e na le li-octet tse 4 tsa linomoro tsa 8-bit, tseo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tsona e ka bang le boleng ba ho fihla ho 255.
14. Liaterese tsa IP tsa "Private" le "Special" li bolelang?
Aterese ea Lekunutu: Bakeng sa sehlopha ka seng, ho na le liaterese tse itseng tsa IP tse lokelang ho sebelisoa ka lekunutu. Kaha lisebelisoa tsena ha li khone ho tsamaisoa, ha li khone ho sebelisa aterese ena ea IP.
Aterese e Khethehileng: Liaterese tsa IP, tseo hangata li bitsoang liaterese tsa loopback, li pakeng tsa 127.0.0.1 le 127.255.255.255.
15. Hantle-ntle o bolela’ng ka ho beka?
Beaconing e etsahala ha marang-rang a leka ho itokisa ka mor'a ho ba le mathata. E sebelisoa haholo ka har'a li-tokens le marang-rang a Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI).
Lisebelisoa tse sa fumaneng letšoao leha e le lefe li hlokomelisoa haeba sesebelisoa se marang-rang se na le mathata leha e le afe. Ka mokhoa ona, taba ea marang-rang e lokisitsoe.
16. Hantle-ntle FTP e sa tsejoeng ke eng?
Basebelisi ba ka fihlella lintlha tsa sechaba ba sebelisa FTP e sa tsejoeng. Ho kena ha ho tsejoe 'me mosebelisi ha a hlokehe ho itsebahatsa ho seva.
E le hore u sebelise FTP e sa tsejoeng, u tlameha ho kenya "mosebetsi ea sa tsejoeng."
Li-FTP tse sa tsejoeng li arolelana lifaele tse kholo le palo e kholo ea baamoheli ntle le ho hlahisa palo e kholo ea motsoako oa lebitso la mosebelisi le password.
17. Ke mefuta e mekae e fapaneng e sebelisoang ho fetisa data ka marang-rang?
Simplex: Simplex e bua ka lipalangoang tsa data tse hlahang ka lehlakoreng le le leng feela. Lintlha li romelloa ka mokhoa oa simplex ho tloha ho motho ea romelloang ho ea ho moamoheli kapa ho tsoa ho moamoheli ho isa ho moromeli. E le papiso, nahana ka phetiso ea seea-le-moea kapa leqhubu la khatiso le rometsoeng ho tsoa komporong ho ea ho printa.
Half Duplex: Litsela ka bobeli tsa lipalangoang tsa data lia khoneha, empa eseng ka nako e le 'ngoe. Ka mokhoa o mong, data e fetisoa le ho amoheloa. Mohlala, ha mosebelisi a fana ka kopo ho seva ha a ntse a bala marang-rang, seva se arabela ka leqephe la webo kamora ho sebetsa kopo.
Duplex e felletseng: Lipalangoang tsa data li etsahala ka nako e le 'ngoe ka litsela tse peli. Mohlala, litsela tse peli tse nang le litselana tse peli tsa sephethephethe, puisano ea mohala, joalo-joalo.
18. Aterese ea MAC e bolela'ng ho uena?
Taolo ea phihlello ea litaba e bitsoa MAC. Ke aterese ea sesebelisoa sa Media Access Control Layer ho meralo ea marang-rang.
Kaha e ikhethile, ke sesebelisoa se le seng feela se ka bang le aterese e tšoanang ea MAC.
19. U utloisisa eng ka lentsoe RIP?
Routing Information Protocol e bitsoa RIP. Li-routers li hokahana ho eona molemong oa ho fetisetsa data lipakeng tsa marang-rang.
RIP ke protocol e matla e sebelisang mokhoa oa hop count ho fumana tsela e nepahetseng ho feta marang-rang ho tloha mohloling ho ea moo ho eang teng.
Protocol ena e sebelisoa ke li-routers ho buisana topology ea marang-rang ya data.
Marang-rang a manyane le a mahareng a ka sebelisa protocol ena.
20. U tla khetholla joang Broadband ho theknoloji ea baseband?
Mekhoa ena ka bobeli e sebelisoa ho tsamaisa matšoao ho pholletsa le mehala. Theknoloji ea Baseband e fetisetsa data ho sebelisa matšoao a mabeli a digital, ho bolelang hore data e romelloa le ho amoheloa ka mocha o le mong.
Broadband e fana ka data e sebelisang matšoao a analoge a sa sebetseng, ho bolelang hore data e romelloa le ho amoheloa ka liteishene tse peli tse ikemetseng.
21. U ka lokisa bothata ba ho bouncing ha matšoao joang?
Taba ea ho fofa ha mats'oao e teng ho topology ea libese. Lik'homphieutha tsa topology ea libese li hokahane ka mohala oa coaxial. Moahong ona, lets'oao la khomphutha le ata ho tsoa komporong e fetisang ka litsela tse peli.
Letšoao lena le khutlela morao 'me le khutlela ka lehlakoreng le tšoanang le leo le tsoang ho lona ha le fihla qetellong ea terata.
Taba ea ho otla ha lets'oao ke ena. Li-terminator li ka sebelisoa lipheletsong tsa thapo ho rarolla bothata bona.
Terminator e monya matšoao ha e fihla moo. Taba ea ho tlola ha lets'oao e lokisitsoe.
22. Li-protocol tsa HTTP le HTTPS li bolela'ng?
HyperText Transfer Protocol, kapa HTTP, ke pokello ea melao le melaoana e laolang hore na data e ka fapanyetsanoa joang ho World Wide Web (WWW).
E nolofatsa tšebelisano e kholo lipakeng tsa li-server le li-browser. Kaha ke protocol e se nang naha, kopo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ikemetse ho e ka pele ho eona.
E ipapisitse le TCP, HTTP ke protocol ea lera la kopo. Boema-kepe boo e bo sebelisang ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ke 80.
HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure, kapa Secure HTTP, e bitsoa acronym HTTPS. Ke mofuta o ntlafalitsoeng le o bolokehileng oa HTTP.
Tšireletso e eketsoa ho HTTP ka protocol ea SSL/TLS.
Puisano ea encrypting e etsa hore ho be le litšebelisano tse sireletsehileng le ho tšehetsa boitsebiso bo sireletsehileng ba mabotho a marang-rang. Hangata, port 443 e sebelisoa.
23. Protocol ea SMTP e bolela'ng?
The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol e tsejoa e le SMTP. Melao ea puisano ea seva-to-server e hlalositsoe ke SMTP. Lenaneo le ka romella mangolo-tsoibila ka marang-rang ka thuso ea sehlopha sena sa tataiso.
Mekhoa e 'meli ea ho Qetela ho ea ho Qetello le Store-and-Forward e tšehetsoa. Ho port 25, e hlophisitsoe hore e be mokhoa oa ho mamela kamehla.
24. Mesebetsi ea li-routers ke efe, 'me e fapana joang le liheke?
Sesebelisoa sa marang-rang se bitsoang router se sebelisoa ho hokahanya likarolo tse peli kapa ho feta tsa marang-rang. E laola hore na sephethephethe sa marang-rang se romelloa joang. E romela liphutheloana tsa tlhahisoleseling le data, joalo ka maqephe a webo, mangolo-tsoibila, linepe le livideo, ho tloha mohloling ho ea moo ho eang teng.
Sebakeng sa marang-rang, e sebetsa.
Leha ho le joalo, ho fapana le router, e ka fanang ka lintlha feela ho marang-rang a bapisoang, liheke li boetse li sebelisoa ho tsamaisa le ho laola sephethephethe sa marang-rang.
25. TCP e emela eng?
The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ka linako tse ling e tsejoa e le TCP kapa TCP/IP. Sehlopha sa melao se etsa qeto ea hore na k'homphieutha e hokela joang Inthaneteng 'me e fetisetsa data ho marang-rang.
Ha lik'homphieutha tse ngata li hokahane le marang-rang, li theha marang-rang a sebele 'me li sebelisa mekhoa e meraro ea ho ts'oarana ka matsoho ho theha khokahanyo, ho etsa hore e tšepahale haholoanyane.
26. UDP e emetse eng?
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) e thehiloe ho datagram. E sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa khaso le ho hasanya ka bongata.
Ntle le mekhoa e meraro ea ho tšoara matsoho le ho hlahloba liphoso, ts'ebetso ea eona e batla e tšoana le ea TCP/IP Protocol.
E sebelisa phetiso e otlolohileng ntle le ho tsukutlana ka letsoho, e leng ho fokotsang ho ts'epahala ha eona.
27. Protocol ea ICMP e bolela'ng?
Internet Control Message Protocol e tsejoa e le ICMP. Ke mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le liphoso tsa marang-rang.
Ho bohlokoa bakeng sa tlaleho ea liphoso, ho netefatsa hore na data e fihlile moo e lakatsoang ka nako e nepahetseng, 'me e sebelisoa haholo ke lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse kang li-routers bakeng sa ho rarolla mathata a marang-rang. Port 7 e sebelisoa ke kamehla.
28. Hantle-ntle DHCP Protocol ke eng?
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol e tsejoa e le DHCP. Ke protocol ea layer ea kopo e iketsetsang lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tsa IP e le hore li ka sebelisa liprothokholo tse thehiloeng ho TCP le UDP.
Lisebelisoa li ka buisana ho pholletsa le marang-rang a IP hobane li-server tsa DHCP li fana ka liaterese tsa IP le likarolo tse ling tsa marang-rang.
E thusa ho fumana aterese ea IP, subnet mask, le tharollo ea DNS. Ka ho sa feleng, ho sebelisoa port 67.
29. Hlalosa firewall.
Sistimi ea ts'ireletso ea marang-rang e tsejoang e le firewall e sebelisoa ho shebella sephethephethe se kenang le se tsoang le ho se thibela ho latela melao ea ts'ireletso ea firewall.
E sebetsa e le mokoallo pakeng tsa lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang le marang-rang (marang-rang a sechaba) (marang-rang a ikemetseng).
Ekaba karolo ea hardware, sekhechana sa software, kapa ka bobeli lia ameha. E fana ka marang-rang sebaka se eketsehileng sa tšireletso.
30. Hantle-ntle subnet ke eng?
Subnet ke marang-rang ka har'a marang-rang a mang a entsoeng ka mokhoa oa subnetting, o thusang ho arola marang-rang ho li-subnets. E sebelisoa ho eketsa katleho ea litsela le ho matlafatsa ts'ireletso ea marang-rang.
Mokhoa oa ho fumana aterese ea moamoheli ho tsoa tafoleng ea ho tsamaisa o nka nako e nyane.
31. U ka tseba joang tsela ea khokahano lipakeng tsa moamoheli oa lehae le seva?
Sebelisa taelo ea Traceroute ho fumana tsela e nkuoeng ke khokahano lipakeng tsa mochini oa hau le seva e shebiloeng.
Ke sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo ea marang-rang se sebelisetsoang ho fumana sesosa sa mathata a marang-rang a marang-rang.
E boloka tlaleho ea li-routers tsohle tseo pakete ea data e li sebelisang ho fihla moo e eang teng le tieho efe kapa efe ts'ebetsong ea lipalangoang.
32. Re bolelle ka piggybacking.
Puisanong ea litsela tse peli, moamoheli o araba ea romelang ka mor'a ho amohela lipakete tsa data. Nahana ka boemo boo ho bona moamoheli a liehang ho romella lengolo la tumello ho fihlela marang-rang a feta paketeng ea data e latelang.
Boemong boo, foreimi ea data e kenang e kenyelletsa kananelo. Piggybacking ke lebitso la ketso ena.
33. Ke eng e etsang hore netefatso e be karolo ea bohlokoa ea marang-rang a likhomphutha, ka maikutlo a hau?
Netefatso ke mokhoa o sebelisoang ho netefatsa lintlha tsa mosebelisi pele o mo nolofalletsa ho fihlella marang-rang. Hangata lebitso la mosebelisi le password li sebelisoa ho e etsa.
Sena se fana ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng oa ho thibela batho ba sa lumelloeng ho fumana marang-rang.
34. U bolela'ng ka encoder le decoder?
Encoder ke software, potoloho, kapa sesebelisoa se fetolelang data ho tloha ho mofuta o mong ho ea ho o mong.
Ho li-encoder, tšusumetso ea analog e fetoloa hore e be tsa dijithale.
Decoder ke software, hardware, kapa karolo e 'ngoe e fetolang data e kentsoeng ka mokhoa oa eona oa pele.
Li-decoder li fetola tšusumetso ea analog ho tsoa ho tsa dijithale.
35. Ke eng e fapaneng pakeng tsa Antivirus le firewall?
Mananeo a mabeli a arohaneng a software a sebelisoang marang-rang ke firewall le antivirus.
Marang-rang a poraefete a intranet a sirelelitsoe ke firewall, e sebetsang e le molebeli oa heke ho thibela basebelisi ba sa lumelloeng ho kena.
Li-firewall li hlahlobisisa molaetsa o mong le o mong 'me li hana tse sa sireletsehang.
Software e bitsoang antivirus e sireletsa k'homphieutha khahlanong le livaerase, spyware, adware, le mananeo a mang a kotsi.
Sistimi e ke ke ea sireletsoa ho malware, spyware, le litšokelo tse ling ka firewall.
fihlela qeto e
Marang-rang ke e 'ngoe ea lihlooho tsa bohlokoahali tsa lipuisano kaha ho thata ho qoba Marang-rang tikolohong ea kajeno. Likhilomitara tse limilione tse 1.3 tsa likhoele tsa fiber optical fiber li reretsoe ho kengoa lefatšeng ka bophara ho hokela lefatše Marang-rang ka 2022.
Ho na le lithapo tse fetang tse lekaneng ho phethela lipotoloho tse lekholo tse felletseng tsa polanete.
Mang kapa mang ea kenang lipuisanong tsa marang-rang o tla fumana boitsebiso bona bo le molemo.
Puisanong, motho o tlameha ho ba hlokolosi ha a araba lipotso hobane marang-rang ke taba e thata. Ka lipotso tse boletsoeng ka holimo, u ke ke ua ba le bothata ba ho hlakola lipuisano.
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