Tafole ea likateng[Pata][Bontša]
- 1. Hantle-ntle Biomedical Engineering ke eng?
- 2. Na u ka hlalosa mosebetsi oo lienjiniere tsa biomedical li o etsang ka mantsoe a hau?
- 3. Mantsoe a reng “biomechanics” le “biomechanical engineering” a bolela’ng, hona a sebelisoa joang?
- 4. U ka etsa sesebelisoa sa bongaka joang ho thusa motho ea nang le lesapo la mokokotlo hore a tsamaee hape?
- 5. BMI ke Eng Hantle?
- 6. DNA fingerprinting: Ke eng?
- 7. Hlalosa MRI ka botlalo.
- 8. Hantle-ntle bio-instrumentation ke eng?
- 9. Lefu la Alzheimer ke eng?
- 10. Ke Mekhoa Efe ea Maqhubu e ka Bonoeng Nakong ea Tlhahlobo ea Eeg?
- 11. Hlalosa tšitiso ea mali le boko.
- 12. Microarray ke eng, 'me e sebelisoa joang ka kopo?
- 13. Molao-motheo oa DNA oa ho hatisa menoana o hlalosoa joang?
- 14. Ke mehato efe eo u e nkang ho netefatsa ts'ireletso le katleho ea sesebelisoa kapa ts'ebetso ea bongaka?
- 15. Fisioloji ea tsamaiso ke eng?
- 16. Litšoantšo tsa bongaka: Ke eng?
- 17. Thathamisa litheknoloji tse sebelisoang haholo litšoantšong tsa bongaka.
- 18. Na u tloaelane le LMO?
- 19. Ha e le hantle, phekolo ea cloning e sebelisetsoa eng, hona joang?
- 20. Ke mehato efe e nkuoang ho fumana tekanyo ha ho ntse ho hlahlojoa moriana o mocha?
- 21. Mokhoa oa ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso ke ofe?
- 22. Na u ka hlalosa pathogen le ho thathamisa litšobotsi tse ling tse tloaelehileng tsa pathogen?
- 23. Re ikemiselitse ho etsa hore lisebelisoa tsa rona tsa ho buoa li sireletsehe. Ke lintho life tseo u ka li sebelisang ho li matlafatsa?
- 24. Hantle-ntle RCCS ke eng?
- 25. U sebelisitse mananeo a k'homphieutha kapa mananeo a k'homphieutha joang ho ntlafatsa mekhoa kapa lisebelisoa tsa bongaka?
- 26. Hlalosa mofuta oa bioloji neuron. Ke eng e e khethollang ho neuron ea maiketsetso?
- 27. Hantle-ntle leoto la maiketsetso ke eng?
- 28. Ke eng e etsang hore li-introne le li-exons li fapane ho tse ling?
- 29. Ke eng e khethollang li-retrovirus ho li-provirus?
- 30. U lumela hore boenjiniere ba biomedical bo lebile ntlheng efe?
- fihlela qeto e
Baenjiniere ba biomedical ba laola tse ling tsa mahlale a morao-rao a bongaka a sebelisoang kajeno, ho tloha ho qapa litho tsa maiketsetso ho isa ho ho hlahisa lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa bongaka.
Mabapi le litaba tsa tlhokomelo ea bakuli, lienjineri tsa biomedical li etsa lipatlisiso le ho hlahisa likarabo tsa litaba tsa bongaka le tsa tlhaho. Mosebetsi o tloaelehileng oa moenjineri oa biomedical o sebetsa le ho rarolla mathata a lisebelisoa tsa biomedical joalo ka setsebi sa bongaka kapa karolong ea lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele ea k'hamphani.
Baenjiniere ba R&D ba biomedical ba sebelisa tsebo ea bona ho theha lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa bongaka. Letsatsi le leng le le leng, baenjiniere ba biomedical bao hape e leng litsebi ba fana ka thuso ea tekheniki ho hlokomela, ho lokisa, ho kenya kapa ho fetola lisebelisoa tsa biomedical.
Hape ba tlameha ho ruta basebetsi ba bang ho sebelisa lisebelisoa hantle. Puisanong, baenjiniere ba biomedical ba tlameha ho itokisetsa ho araba lipotso tse fapaneng mabapi le mosebetsi oa bona hobane lekala lena le ntseng le hola ka potlako le lula le fetoha.
Ka poso ena, re tla sheba lipotso tsa tlhahlobo ea moenjiniere oa biomedical ho tloha ho tsa mantlha ho isa ho tse tsoetseng pele.
1. Hantle-ntle Biomedical Engineering ke eng?
Ho ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle ba batho le bophelo, boenjiniere ba biomedical bo kopanya mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea boenjiniere le mahlale a biology le bongaka.
Tšimo e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho theho ea lisebelisoa, mahlale le li-algorithms tse ntlafatsang tsebo ea bongaka le baeloji ha li ntse li ntlafatsa ts'ebetso le phano ea kalafo ea bongaka, hammoho le kutloisiso ea litsamaiso tse rarahaneng tsa bophelo ka mekhoa ea liteko le tlhahlobo.
2. Na u ka hlalosa mosebetsi oo lienjiniere tsa biomedical li o etsang ka mantsoe a hau?
Mosebetsi oo baenjiniere ba biomedical ba o etsang o fapane haholo. Ba ka sebetsa litleliniking, likolecheng, likhoebong kapa lilaboratoring.
Boikarabello ba bona bo boetse bo kenyelletsa ho rala le ho nts'etsapele lisebelisoa tsa bongaka, litho tsa maiketsetso, merero ea kalafo, meralo ea lab, le mefuta e mengata ea li-sensor tsa bongaka.
3. Mantsoe a reng “biomechanics” le “biomechanical engineering” a bolela’ng, hona a sebelisoa joang?
Biomechanics ke thuto le ketsiso ea litaba tsa bongaka le litsamaiso tse sebelisang melaoana ea mechini. Sebaka sena se ka sebelisoa ho etsa mehlala ea lintho tse kang phetiso ea mokelikeli le mefuta e mengata ea ho sisinyeha ha leoto.
Lipelo, liphio le manonyeletso a maiketsetso ke litho tse 'maloa tsa maiketsetso le litho tsa maiketsetso tse entsoeng ka boenjiniere ba biomechanical.
4. U ka etsa sesebelisoa sa bongaka joang ho thusa motho ea nang le lesapo la mokokotlo hore a tsamaee hape?
Ke ne ke qala ka ho nahanela bophelo bo botle ba mokuli ka kakaretso le mafu leha e le afe a mang a ka ’nang a mo sitisa ho tsamaea. Ka mor'a moo, ke ne ke etsa mochine o neng o ka boloka boima ba mokuli ha ka nako e tšoanang o mo tšehetsa ha a ntse a tsamaea.
Ka mohlala, nka etsa compact exoskeleton e thusang mokuli ho ea pele ka lithupa kapa molamu. Mokuli o tla ba le mokhoa o sireletsehileng oa lipalangoang ka lebaka la sesebelisoa sa mofuta ona, se bonolo ho tloha sebakeng se seng ho ea ho se seng.
5. BMI ke Eng Hantle?
BMI e emetse index ea boima ba 'mele. Bolelele ba motho le boima ba hae li bapisoa. E baloa ka ho arola boima ba motho ka bophahamo ba lisekoere.
6. DNA fingerprinting: Ke eng?
Khatiso ea menoana ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, eo hangata e bitsoang DNA fingerprinting, ke mokhoa oa ho khetholla batho ka tatellano ea bona ea DNA. E sebelisoa haholo ho forensics.
Bakeng sa khatiso ea menoana ea DNA, mekhoa ea Polymerase Chain Reaction le Short Tandem Repeats hangata e sebelisoa.
7. Hlalosa MRI ka botlalo.
Lentsoe le khutsufalitsoeng bakeng sa imaging resonance imaging (MRI) ke imaging ea matla a khoheli. Ke mofuta oa litšoantšo tsa bongaka tse fanang ka sebōpeho se feletseng sa litho tsa ka hare, haholo-holo lisele tse bonolo.
Matla a matla a khoheli a sebelisoa ho MRI ho hlahisa litšoantšo le mehlala ea setho se reriloeng.
8. Hantle-ntle bio-instrumentation ke eng?
Poleloana "bio-instrumentation" e hlalosa mokhoa oa ho sebelisa theknoloji e itseng, lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa ho etsa lisebelisoa tsa biomechanical ho phekola maloetse le likotsi.
E kopanya ts'ebeliso ea mehopolo le lits'ebetso tsa boenjiniere ho phethela mosebetsi indastering ea biomedical.
9. Lefu la Alzheimer ke eng?
Mofuta o atileng haholo oa 'dementia' ke lefu la Alzheimer's. Ke boemo ba boko bo tlisoang ke ho senyeha ha protheine ea tau. Boemo bona ke terminal. Boloetse bona bo fokolisa. E ka tsejoa ka PET kapa MRI scan.
10. Ke Mekhoa Efe ea Maqhubu e ka Bonoeng Nakong ea Tlhahlobo ea Eeg?
Mokhoa oa leqhubu o amanang le boroko o bitsoang delta, theta e bakang ho otsela, alpha e khathollang, beta e susumetsang motho ho nahana, le gamma kaofela li bonahala ho EEG scan. Mu-rhythm e boetse e bonoa ho alpha.
11. Hlalosa tšitiso ea mali le boko.
Ha phallo ea mali e arohanngoa le mokelikeli o tsoang bokong, tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng e ba le litšitiso tsa mali-bokong (BECF). Capillary e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le tšobotsi ena.
Li-capillaries li pota-potiloe ke li-junctions tse thata, tse sieo ho potoloha ho tloaelehileng. Glucose le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa metabolic li tsamaisoa ka matla holim'a mokoallo ke lisele tse thibelang ho sebelisa liprotheine tse itseng.
Hammoho le lera le teteaneng la kamore e ka tlase, mokoallo ona o boetse o na le leoto la ho qetela la astrocytic.
12. Microarray ke eng, 'me e sebelisoa joang ka kopo?
Microarray ke sehlopha se kang matrix se sebelisetsoang ho ithuta tatelano ea DNA, ho latela tlhaloso. Lisebelisoa tsena li sebelisoa liphuputsong tse ngata tsa DNA kapa tsa genomic, ho kenyeletsoa profiling ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho lemoha ha nucleotide polymorphism e le 'ngoe, ho lemoha mefuta e meng ea ho arohana, le tse ling.
Liteko tse ngata tsa lefutso li ka etsoa ka nako e le 'ngoe ho sebelisoa li-microarray chips, tse sebelisoang ke likhoebo tse itseng.
13. Molao-motheo oa DNA oa ho hatisa menoana o hlalosoa joang?
Ho hatisa menoana ka liphatsa tsa lefutso ke mokhoa o sebelisang khatiso ea menoana ea DNA. Tatelano ea DNA e ka sebelisoa ka mokhoa ona ho khetholla motho. Forensics ke ts'ebeliso ea mantlha ea ho hatisa menoana ea DNA.
Polymerase Chain Reaction ke mokhoa oa mantlha oa ho hatisa menoana ea DNA. DNA profiling ke lebitso le leng la mokhoa ona o sebelisoang hangata.
14. Ke mehato efe eo u e nkang ho netefatsa ts'ireletso le katleho ea sesebelisoa kapa ts'ebetso ea bongaka?
Ke qala ka ho latela litlhoko tsa projeke le litebello tsa bareki. Ebe ke etsa kemiso ea ho etsa lipatlisiso, ho hlahisa li-prototypes, le ho hlahloba lisebelisoa kapa mokhoa.
Ke lekola liphetho ka mor'a mohato o mong le o mong oa tlhahlobo mme ke etsa lintlafatso tse hlokahalang. Ka lebaka leo, ke khona ho fa bareki ba ka lintlha tse nepahetseng mabapi le katleho le polokeho ea thepa ea bona.
15. Fisioloji ea tsamaiso ke eng?
Sisteme physiology e shebana le ho utloisisa hore na litsamaiso ka har'a libopuoa tse phelang li sebetsa joang maemong a manyane le a manyenyane, ho tloha karabelong ea lithethefatsi ho ea lits'ebetsong tsa metabolic le karabelo ea bokuli, ho sisinyeha ha maoto ka boithaopo ho ea ho pholiso ea letlalo, le physiology ea kutlo.
Lekala lena la boithuto le sebelisa liforomo tsa lipalo litekong le ketsong.
16. Litšoantšo tsa bongaka: Ke eng?
Litšoantšo tsa bongaka li sebelisetsoa ho lemoha le ho arola litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ho kenyeletsa le mofetše, bokooa, le tse ling tse joalo ka ho kopanya ts'ebetso ea data ea elektroniki, tlhahlobo le nehelano ka kutloisiso ea liketsahalo tsa 'mele.
Mekhoa e meng e kang ultrasound le magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) hangata e sebelisoa.
17. Thathamisa litheknoloji tse sebelisoang haholo litšoantšong tsa bongaka.
Theknoloji ea litšoantšo tsa bongaka e sebelisoa mafapheng a tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle le lipatlisiso ka mekhoa e mengata e fapaneng. Meriana ea nyutlelie, electron microscopy, computer tomography, radiography, thermography, fluoroscopy, ultrasound, le positron emission tomography, kapa PET, ke tse ling tsa tsona.
Mofuta oa litšoantšo o sebelisoang o itšetlehile ka mofuta oa thuto e etsoang kapa mofuta oa mekhoa ea bongaka.
18. Na u tloaelane le LMO?
Ntho e phelang e fetotsoeng e bitsoa LMO. Li-LMO ke libopuoa tse bileng le phetoho ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho sebelisoa theknoloji ea baeloji.
LMO e akaretsa libopuoa ka bobeli tse kileng tsa etsoa ka mutagenesis kapa mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho ikatisa le khetho, hammoho le tse entseng mekhoa e mecha ea DNA. Bokhoni ba LMO ba ho sebelisa litšila tse kotsi bo bohlokoa.
19. Ha e le hantle, phekolo ea cloning e sebelisetsoa eng, hona joang?
DNA kapa karolo ea DNA strand e kopitsoa nakong ea phekolo ea cloning. E bitsoa phetiso ea nyutlelie ea somatic cell ka linako tse ling. Li-embryo tse nang le stem cell li sebelisoa ho etsa cloning.
Lisele tsa embryonic stem li ka inchafatsa 'me li na le pluripotent, ho bolelang hore li ka fetoha mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa lisele tse fetang 220 tse ka fumanoang' meleng oa motho.
20. Ke mehato efe e nkuoang ho fumana tekanyo ha ho ntse ho hlahlojoa moriana o mocha?
Ke qala ka ho nahana ka lilemo tsa mokuli, boima ba 'mele le bophelo bo botle ka kakaretso ha ke fumana hore na ke tla fana ka meriana e kae. Joale ke ela hloko maloetse leha e le afe a teng le matšoao ao ba a bontšang.
Tekanyo e nepahetseng e baloa ho sebelisoa algorithm eo ke e ntlafalitseng ke sebelisa boiphihlelo ba ka ba tekheniki. Sena se bohlokoa hobane se etsa bonnete ba hore bakuli ba noa litekanyetso tse nepahetseng tsa meriana ntle le ho feta.
21. Mokhoa oa ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso ke ofe?
Phetoho ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ke mofuta oa ketsahalo ea DNA genetic recombination. Sena se etsahala hangata nakong ea karohano ea meiotic, empa e boetse e etsahala ka lisele tsa somatic. Re ka fetisetsa tlhahisoleseding ea DNA ho tloha ho DNA helix ho e 'ngoe eo tatellano ea eona e fetotsoeng ka mokhoa ona.
Mokhoa ona o ka boela oa sebelisoa ho finyella phetoho ea liphatsa tsa lefutso. E ka fella ka lefa leo e seng la Mendelian. Phello ena e 'nile ea bonoa hangata lifapanong tsa fungal.
22. Na u ka hlalosa pathogen le ho thathamisa litšobotsi tse ling tse tloaelehileng tsa pathogen?
Lentsoe pathogen le bolela ntho leha e le efe e phelang e jang mefuta e meng. Likokoana-hloko li fetisoa ke mecha e mengata, ho kopanyelletsa le ho ts'oaroa ka sefofane, ka ho toba kapa ka tsela e sa tobang, ho kopanela liphate, mali le maro a mang a 'mele.
Likokoana-hloko li ka 'na tsa e-ba kokoana-hloko, baktheria kapa fungal ka tlhaho. Hangata likokoana-hloko li amahanngoa le ho kula, empa li ka boela tsa sebelisoa ho felisa likokoanyana le ho loantša boloetse boo li bo hlahisang, joalo ka ente ea feberu.
23. Re ikemiselitse ho etsa hore lisebelisoa tsa rona tsa ho buoa li sireletsehe. Ke lintho life tseo u ka li sebelisang ho li matlafatsa?
Tšepe ea matla a holimo e loketse lisebelisoa tsa ho buoa kaha e bobebe ebile e tiile, e etsa hore e be e loketseng merero ea bongaka. Ke kile ka sebetsa le lingaka tse buoang tse neng li sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa k'hamphani ea rona, kahoo kea tseba hore li se li hahiloe ka tšepe e matla haholo.
Leha ho le joalo, haeba ke ne ke theha mohala o mocha oa sehlahisoa, ke ne ke tla nahana ho kenyelletsa titanium le motsoako. E tšoarella ho feta tšepe empa e bobebe ho feta aluminium.
24. Hantle-ntle RCCS ke eng?
RCCS ke khutsufatso ea sistimi ea rotary cell culture. Ke sesebelisoa se sebelisoang ho microgravity ho hlahisa lihlopha tsa lisele tsa mahlakore a mararo. NASA e thehile sesebelisoa sena ho hlahloba lisele tsa lisele tsa liphoofolo, ho kenyeletsa le batho, ka microgravity.
Lithane tse entsoeng ka har'a RCCS li kholoanyane, li-dimensional tse tharo, 'me li na le sebopeho le lik'hemik'hale tse tšoanang le lisele tse tloaelehileng. Hobane RCCS ha e na likarolo tse tsamaeang, lisele ha li na monyetla oa ho senyeha mme ka hona li na le nako e telele ea bophelo.
25. U sebelisitse mananeo a k'homphieutha kapa mananeo a k'homphieutha joang ho ntlafatsa mekhoa kapa lisebelisoa tsa bongaka?
Karolong ea ka ea pele, ke ne ke le karolo ea sehlopha se sebelisitseng MATLAB le LabVIEW ho theha lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa bongaka. Lisebelisoa tsena tse peli li re thusitse ho etsa li-prototypes tsa lihlahisoa tsa rona kapele le ho li leka pele re phethela moralo.
Mananeo ana a ne a boetse a sebelisoa ho hlahloba lintlha tsa batho ba lekileng lihlahisoa tsa rona.
26. Hlalosa mofuta oa bioloji neuron. Ke eng e e khethollang ho neuron ea maiketsetso?
Mofuta oa biological neuron o boetse o tsejoa e le mofuta oa spiking neuron. Moetso ona ke setšoantšo sa lipalo sa litšoaneleho tsa sele ea methapo kapa neuron.
Moetso ona o etselitsoe ho bolela esale pele le ho hlalosa lits'ebetso tsa baeloji. Sena se fapane le li-neurone tsa maiketsetso ka hore li-neurone tsa maiketsetso li ipapisitse le matla a khomphutha. Phallo ea neuron ea maiketsetso e khethoa ke boima ba synaptic.
27. Hantle-ntle leoto la maiketsetso ke eng?
Ke sesebelisoa sa maiketsetso se ka sebelisoang ho nkela karolo ea 'mele e lahlehileng sebaka. E thehiloe mohopolong oa biomechatronics. E ka sebelisoa ho nkela litho tsa 'mele tse ileng tsa lahleheloa ke tsoalo, ka lebaka la kotsi, kapa ka lebaka la sekoli.
Bothata bo boholo ka ho fetisisa ba maoto le matsoho a maiketsetso ke theko ea bona e phahameng. Ho feta moo, ka lebaka la ho taboha le ho taboha, maoto le matsoho a maiketsetso a tlameha ho fetoloa lilemo tse ling le tse ling tse 3-4. Haeba leoto le na le li-tissue tse kentsoeng, li-sockets tsa leoto li tlameha ho nchafatsoa hang ka khoeli.
28. Ke eng e etsang hore li-introne le li-exons li fapane ho tse ling?
Tatelano efe kapa efe ya nucleotide e hlakolwang ho gene ka RNA splicing ho theha sehlahisoa sa ho qetela sa RNA se holileng se bitsoa intron. Ka bobeli tatellano ea DNA e fumanoang ka har'a lefutso le karolo e ts'oanang ho lingoliloeng tsa RNA li bitsoa li-introns.
Liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ngata hammoho le livaerase tse ngata li na le li-intron.
Exon ke tatelano ea DNA kapa sengoloa sa RNA sa e le 'ngoe. ka bophara. Tatelano ea asiti ea nucleic e tsejoang e le exon e ka fumanoa ka mokhoa o holileng oa molek'hule ea RNA.
29. Ke eng e khethollang li-retrovirus ho li-provirus?
Ho hlokahala enzyme ea reverse transcriptase ho kopitsa retrovirus, kokoana-hloko ea RNA e ka tšoaetsang sele e amohelang. RNA genome ea eona e ka sebelisoa ho theha DNA. Enzyme ea integrase ka mor'a moo e kenyelletsa DNA e sa tsoa etsoa ka har'a genome ea moamoheli.
Joale kokoana-hloko ea RNA e ikatisa ka ho ikamahanya le DNA ea sele e phelang. Lelapa la kokoana-hloko ea Retroviridae le kenyelletsa likokoana-hloko tse koahetsoeng tse tsejoang e le li-retroviruses.
Provirus ke kokoana-hloko eo genome ea eona e ka tlamang DNA ea sele e amohelang. Ho tšoaetso ea kokoana-hloko e robetseng, kokoana-hloko e ikatisa ka ho ikatisa ha sele e e amohelang eseng ka boyona. Boemo bona bo ka tsoela pele ho isa melokong e mengata ea lisele tse amohelang batho.
30. U lumela hore boenjiniere ba biomedical bo lebile ntlheng efe?
Ho na le ho hongata ho ka etsoang ka boenjiniere ba biomedical, ka maikutlo a ka. Kaha e ka re nolofalletsa ho hlahisa lisebelisoa tsa bongaka tse hlophisitsoeng haholoanyane ka theko e tlase, ke thahasella haholo tšebeliso ea theknoloji ea khatiso ea 3D sebakeng sena.
Leha ho le joalo, kea tseba hore ho kopanya theknoloji e ncha litsing tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo ho ka ba thata. Ke tla etsa sohle se matleng a ka ho kopanya mekhoa ena e mecha ha ke ntse ke tšehetsa litlhoko tsa polokeho.
fihlela qeto e
Ka ho kopanya mahlale a boenjiniere le mahlale a baeloji le boikoetliso ba bongaka, boenjineri ba biomedical ke taba e eketsang tsebo ho boenjineri, baeloji le bongaka ha e ntse e ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle ba batho.
Ho u thusa ho etsa lipuisano, mona ke lipotso tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tsa tlhahlobo ea boenjiniere ba biomedical, ho tloha ho tse bonolo ho isa ho tse rarahaneng. Bona Letoto la Lipuisano tsa Hashdork bakeng sa thuso ka boitokisetso ba lipuisano.
Leave a Reply