Munda wesainzi yezvokurapa wakashanduka zvakanyanya mumakore apfuura. Kubva pakufambira mberi mukugadzira mishonga mitsva yekurapa kusvika pakushandisa nanotechnology mumidziyo yekutarisa hutano, tauya kure semhando.
Kumwe kufambira mberi kwakadaro kugona kunzwisisa uye kushandura hunhu hwemunhu hwemuviri nehunhu nekushandura genome yavo!
Chinyorwa chinopa muverengi sumo kumunda we genetics, inoenda pamusoro peiyo genome yemunhu uye mashandisirwo ekugadzirisa gene uye CRISPR tekinoroji.
The Human Genome
Tichitaura nezvezvinhu zvipenyu, munhu chiumbwa chakaoma chine huwandu hwehunhu. Aya maitiro, sehurefu, ruvara rwebvudzi, ruvara rweziso, chimiro chechiso, nezvimwe, zvinogona kutsanangurwa uchishandisa DNA yavo.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) chinhu chinoumbwa nemakemikari anokosha (shuga, phosphate, uye mabhesi) anotakura mashoko ose ekuti chipenyu chichaita sei uye chichaita sei.
Biologist nenyanzvi dzezvokurapa vanogona kusarudza ruzivo, rwakasiyana kune wese munhu, nekudzidza maitiro eDNA.
Genesisi
Jeni chikamu chaicho cheDNA chinoisa puroteni imwe. Ndiwo mapuroteni anogadzirwa nemajini anoita basa rekuita mabasa eDNA.
Majini anoshanda sezvikamu zvenhaka uye ane mutoro wekupfuudza humwe hunhu kubva kuvabereki kuenda kuvana vavo.
Huwandu huzere hwemajini echisikwa uye zvinhu zvinogadzika zvinonzi genome. Kunzwisisa genome yomunhu kwakabvumira masayendisiti kutanga nzira itsva dzokurapa, dzokurapa, kana kuti kunyange kudzivirira zviuru zvezvirwere zvinotambudza vanhu.
Apa ndipo panopinda gene editing.
Gene Kugadzirisa
Genome kana gene editing iboka rematekinoroji anobvumira masayendisiti kushandura DNA yechipenyu. Aya matekinoroji anoita kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera, kubvisa kana kushandura genetic zvinhu pane dzimwe nzvimbo mugenome.
Kusiyana nemamwe maitiro einjiniya emajini ayo anongoisa genetic zvinhu mumajenomes anotambira, matekiniki aya anonangana nekuiswa munzvimbo dzakanyanya.
Sei kushanda?
Gene editing inosanganisira ma enzymes. Enzymes mapuroteni anogonesa kana kukurumidza kuita kemikari. Maenzayimu akagadzirwa anoshandiswa mukugadzirisa majini anonzi nuclease uye anogona kucheka DNA.
Nuclease inogadzirwa neimwe kemikari inovatungamira kune DNA tambo dzavanofanira kucheka. Aya matambo eDNA akachekwa anogona kugadzirwa patsva, asi panguva ino anodyiswa neruzivo rwunodiwa kuti ashandure kuita tambo dzeDNA dzinodiwa.
Tambo itsva, zvinoreva majini matsva uye majini matsva zvinoreva maitiro matsva.
Masayendisiti anoshandisa gene editing kuongorora zvirwere zvakasiyana zvinobata vanhu.
Vanogadzirisa ma genome emhuka, senge mbeva nehove, uye vanocherechedza kuti shanduko idzi dzinokanganisa sei hutano hwavo. Vakabva vashandisa zvavakawana kufanotaura kuti shanduko dzakafanana mumajenomes evanhu dzinogona kukanganisa sei hutano hwevanhu.
Uyezve, masayendisiti ari kugadzira gene therapy. Mishonga iyi inosanganisira kudzivirira nekurapa zvirwere muvanhu vachishandisa gene editing.
CRISPR Technology
Kubudirira kukuru muhunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa gene ndiko kuunzwa kweClustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR).
CRISPR yakavakirwa pane yekudzivirira system inowanzoitika mune mamwe mabhakitiriya. DNA iri mumabhakitiriya akadai ine akawanda mapfupi epalindromic sequences (mazwi akafanana kumberi nekumashure, seRAAR).
Mabhakitiriya aichengeta zvimedu zvehutachiona hwavakarwisa mukati meiyi palindromic sequences.
Sei kushanda?
Iyo enzyme inoshandiswa muCRISPR inonzi Cas9. Iyi enzyme inozvisungirira kune ine hutachiona palindromic sequence uye inocheka DNA kuita zvidimbu, ichichengeta ruzivo nezvehutachiona.
Protein yeCas yakashongedzerwa yaizoziva hutachiona hweDNA uye nekuiparadza nekukasira kana bhakitiriya rikabatwa zvakare nehutachiona humwe.
Zvikumbiro zve CRISPR
CRISPR yakashandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana siyana dzinosanganisira kutsvagisa, hutano, kupfuya mhuka, kugadzira chikafu, girini mafuta, nezvimwe zvakawanda.
1. Kutsvakurudza
Masisitimu eCRISPR ari kuitwa muzvidzidzo zvine chekuita nekuderedza kukanganiswa kwemajini mumhuka uye anogona kuzoshandiswa munguva pfupi iri kutevera mukiriniki kurapa zvirwere zvevanhu zveziso neropa.
China neUnited States dzakabvumidza miedzo miviri yekiriniki vachishandisa CRISPR-Cas9 yekurapa gomarara.
Kunze kwekushandisa biomedical, maturusi aya ave kushandiswa muzvidzidzo kukurumidze kupfuya zvirimwa uye kupfuya, mainjiniya matsva ekurwisa utachiona, uye kudzora tumbuyu tunotakura zvirwere nemajini.
2. Nezveutano
Masayendisiti akakwanisa kugadzira nzira dzekuparadza mabhakitiriya asingachinjiki nemishonga nekugadzirisa genomes ehutachiona hunouraya hutachiona (bacteriophages) nehunyanzvi hweCRISPR-Cas9.
Aya masisitimu anogonesawo kugadzira mhando dzemhuka dzechirwere chevanhu uye kubviswa kweHIV kubva mumasero ane hutachiona.
Mumuenzaniso wembeva wechirwere chevanhu, CRISPR yakagadzirisa kukanganisa kwemajini, zvichikonzera kununurwa kwekiriniki yemakonzo ane chirwere.
3. Kuchengeta zvipfuyo
CRISPR yakaiswa kuma embryos ekutanga kugadzira zvipenyu zvakagadziridzwa, uye yakabayiwa mumhuka dzemurabhoritari kuti iwane yakakura kugadziridzwa kwemajini mumatishu avo.
Maitiro akavakirwa paCRISPR akashandiswa kugadzirisa genomes emhuka dzinosanganisira mbeva, makonzo, uye mamwe maprimate asiri vanhu. Idzi nzira dzinogona kushandiswa kuwedzera kubereka, kuramba kwechirwere, uye kumutsa hunhu hunotsvakwa / maficha muzvipfuyo.
Tichishandisa CRISPR, tinogona kutokwanisa kuunza chizvarwa chemhando dzemhando dzemhuka.
4. Kugadzirwa Kwezvokudya
CRISPR gene editing tekinoroji inogona kuvandudza goho rezvirimwa uye mhando; chirimwa chekusanaya kwemvura, mishonga yesora uye kudzivirira zvipembenene, kuwedzera kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu nekuchengetedzwa.
Inogona zvakare kubatsira kubviswa kwekudzivirira kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, kuvandudza hupenyu hwesherufu yechigadzirwa, uye nekumhanyisa maitiro ekudyara zvidyarwa.
Zvirimwa zvemhando yepamusoro zvinoreva kuti chikafu chemhuka chiri nani, zvichisimudzira hutano hwadzo. Sezvo zvirimwa nemhuka zvichiumba hwaro hwecheni yezvokudya zvedu, tinogona kuva nemhando yezvokudya zviri nani uye zvigadzirwa.
5. Green Fuel
Mafuta egirini ihutsi inogadzirwa kubva kune organic masosi uye inochengetedza zvakatipoteredza.
CRISPR yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuburitsa kaviri huwandu hwebiodiesel (chimiro chegirini mafuta) kubva kune phototropic algae.
Mafuta aya anowanikwa nekupeta kaviri kugadzirwa kwelipid mualgae, uchishandisa CRISPR kugadzirisa majini. Lipids inopisa uye inogadzira biodiesel.
Asi kugadzirisa majini kune tsika here?
Kuchinja maitiro echisikirwo echiito kune chokwadi kukoka kunetseka kwetsika. Kushandura genetics yemunhu uchishandisa gene editing tekinoroji, senge CRISPR, haina kuwana tsigiro isina kujeka. Izvi imhaka yokuti kuchinja kunoitwa muma<em>gene emazai nembeu kunogona kupfuudzwa kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera.
Pane gakava guru rekuti tekinoroji iyi inofanira kushandiswa kuwedzera hunhu hwevanhu (sehungwaru kana kureba).
Zvekuchengetedza zvinomukawo paunenge uchishandisa tekinoroji iyi sezvo paine mukana wekuve nemhedzisiro yekusavavarira (kugadzirisa munzvimbo isiriyo) uye mosaicism (apo mamwe masero anotakura edhisheni asi mamwe asingaite).
Zvichienderana nekunetsekana pamusoro pehutsika uye chengetedzo, genome editing yemasero ekubereka parizvino haisi pamutemo munyika dzakawanda.
mhedziso
Kunzwisisa genome yemunhu kwakatibvumira kushandura tekinoroji yehutano pane nanoscale.
Gene editing uye CRISPR tekinoroji yakapa zvikumbiro zvinokatyamadza maererano nekupedza chirwere uye kunyange kugadzirisa kusakwana kwevanhu.
Masayendisiti anofanotaura kuti matekinoroji aya ndiwo kiyi yekugadzira chizvarwa chisina chirwere chehomo sapiens chine hunhu hwakakwana.
Ndeapi maonero ako nezve gene editing? Tizivise mumashoko.
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