Zviri Mukati[Viga][Ratidza]
DevOps inyaya ine mukurumbira yekusimudzira mashandiro emakambani mune chero indasitiri.
Mazuva ese, mabhizinesi mazhinji anoyedza kushandisa nzira iyi yekuvhiringidza mukushanda kwavo.
Kuenderera mberi kubatanidzwa kune kuenderera mberi kuburitsa ndicho chinangwa chikuru cheDevOps. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kusimudzira uye maitiro ekushanda anove akanyanya kushanda uye zviwanikwa-ane hushamwari.
Makambani anogona kuchengetedza mari uku achigadzira yepamusoro-mhando software yevatengi kana vashandisi vemukati.
Tichavhara izvo zvakakosha zveDevOps, mararamiro ayo, uye rondedzero yeakanakisa yakavhurika-sosi DevOps maturusi e2022 mune ino chinyorwa.
Chii chinonzi DevOps?
DevOps haisi chigadzirwa kana chishandiso.
DevOps inzira uye yakadzikama yesangano zano rekuwedzera budiriro uye mashandiro, kushandira pamwe, uye kutaurirana.
Kugadzira patsva uye kutsvaga nzira nyowani dzekuunza zvigadzirwa nekukurumidza uye nekuvimbika kune nekukurumidza-kusvika-kumusika, kukwidziridzwa manejimendi, kushanda nesimba kwakawanda, uye yakawanda nguva yekutarisisa pane yako yakakosha kambani zvinangwa.
Zvishandiso zveDevOps zvinobvumirawo zvikwata kuti zvigadzirise zviitiko zvakawanda zvekuvandudza software senge kuvaka, kugadzirisa gakava, kutsamira manejimendi, uye kutumira, pakati pezvimwe, kuderedza basa revanhu.
Zvakangodaro, DevOps inopfuura kungoita yekudyidzana tsika uye software yekuvandudza otomatiki mazuva ano. Iyo inosanganisa yekucheka-kumucheto tekinoroji senge chakagadzirwa njere (AI), kudzidza muchina (ML), iyo internet yezvinhu (IoT), uye makore komputa.
Chii chinonzi DevOps Lifecycle?
Iyo DevOps lifecycle inoumbwa nezvikamu zvinosanganisira kuenderera mberi kwesoftware kuvandudza, kusanganisa, kuyedzwa, kutumira, uye kutarisa.
Kuti uwane mabhenefiti akazara eDevOps maitiro, iwe unozoda nyanzvi yeDevOps lifecycle.
Kugadzira, kuyedza, kushandisa uye kushandura zvigadzirwa zvesoftware, iyo DevOps zano inosimbisa inoenderera hunyanzvi, agility, uye scalability.
Inokurudzira tsika yekuyedza, mhinduro, uye kudzidza kwehupenyu hwese kuti urambe uchivandudza zvinhu, masevhisi, uye maitiro.
Nekudaro, kuitira kuti uite DevOps, kunyatsonzwisisa kwematanho akasiyana eDevOps lifecycle inodiwa.
Vagadziri vanofanirwa kunge vachiziva zvakakwana matanho ese eDevOps lifecycle kuburitsa zvirinani.
Kana zvisizvo, hurongwa hwese hwekusimudzira hunogona kutora nguva uye hwakaoma.
Zvikamu zveLifecycle
1. Kuenderera mberi nekuvandudza (CD)
Kuronga kweSoftware uye kukodha zvese zvikamu zvekuenderera mberi kwekusimudzira.
Iyo yese nzira yekusimudzira yakakamurwa kuita madiki ebudiriro pano. Iyi nzira inobvumira timu yeDevOps kuti ikurumidze iyo yese software yekuvandudza maitiro.
Ichi chikamu chakakosha pakugadzira chiono chese kutenderera kwebudiriro uye kuona kuti vanogadzira vanonyatsoziva nezvezvinodiwa zveprojekiti.
Somugumisiro, boka rinotanga fungidzira chinangwa chayo chekupedzisira.
Kuronga hakudi kushandisa DevOps matekinoroji; zvisinei, akawanda shanduro ekudzora masisitimu anoshandiswa kubata kodhi.
Source kodhi yekuchengetedza ndiyo izwi rerudzi urwu rwekugadzirisa kodhi.
2. Kuenderera mberi Kubatanidzwa(CI)
Nhanho yekuyedza yeDevOps lifecycle inotevera, umo iyo yakagadzirwa kodhi inoongororwa zvikanganiso uye zvikanganiso zvingave zvakapinda mukodhi.
Apa ndipo panouya ongororo yemhando (QA) inobatsira kuona kuti software inogadzirwa inoshanda.
Maitiro eQA anofanirwa kupedzwa zvinobudirira kuti uone kana software ichienderana nezvinodiwa nemutengi.
3. Kuenderera mberi Kuendeswa
Kuenderera mberi kutumirwa (CD) inovimbisa kuti zvigadzirwa zvinoiswa zvakanaka uye pasina kukanganisa kuita kwechishandiso.
Munguva iyi nhanho, zvakakosha kuti uone kuti kodhi yacho yakaiswa chaizvo pamaseva ese anowanikwa.
Iyi nzira inobvisa kudiwa kwekuburitswa kwakarongwa uye inomhanyisa iyo mhinduro sisitimu, ichibvumira vanogadzira kupindura kune zvinonetsa nekukurumidza uye zvakanyanya.
4. Kuramba Kuongorora
Kuongorora mashandiro echigadzirwa chesoftware kwakakosha pakuona kushanda kwese kwechigadzirwa.
Munguva iyi, ruzivo rwakakosha nezve iyo yakavakirwa app inogadziriswa.
Vagadziri vanogona kuwana mafambiro akafara uye grey nzvimbo muchirongwa izvo zvinoda kutariswa zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekutarisa nguva dzose.
Kuenderera mberi kwekutarisa chikamu chekushanda chine chinangwa chekuvandudza kushanda kwesoftware.
Uyezve, inochengeta mashandiro eapp. Nekuda kweizvozvo, ndiyo imwe yematanho akakosha muDevOps lifecycle.
5. Inoenderera Feedback
Ruzivo rwakatorwa kubva kumagumo emutengi runonzi mhinduro.
Kuenderera mberi kwemhinduro kunodiwa pakusarudza uye kuongorora mhedzisiro yekupedzisira yekushandisa.
Iyo inomisikidza toni yekusimudzira iyo yazvino vhezheni uye kutangisa vhezheni itsva mukupindura kune vanobatanidzwa mhinduro.
Chete nekuongorora mhedzisiro yekushanda kwesoftware ndipo nzira yese yekuvandudza app inogona kuvandudzwa.
6. Kuenderera Kushanda
Iyo yekupedzisira nhanho yeDevOps lifecycle ndiyo yakapusa kunzwisisa.
Kuenderera mberi kuri musimboti wezvese mashandiro eDevOps, zvichibvumira vanogadzira kuti vagadzirise maitiro ekuburitsa, kuona zvikanganiso nekukasira, uye kugadzira zvirinani shanduro dzezvigadzirwa zvesoftware.
Kuenderera mberi kwakakosha pakudzivirira kutsauka uye mamwe matanho asina kufanira anotadzisa kukura.
Zvakanakisa Open-Source DevOps Zvishandiso muna 2022
1. Git
Munguva yebudiriro yakaratidzwa nesimba uye kubatana, Git pasina mubvunzo ndiyo huru uye yakanyanya kushandiswa shanduro yekudzora tekinoroji.
Shanduro yekudzora inopa vanogadzira nzira yekutevera zvese shanduko uye zvigadziriso mukodhi yavo kuitira kuti kana chimwe chinhu chikatadza, vagone kudzokera kune uye kushandisa shanduro dzekare dzekodhi, uye Git ndiyo yakanyanya kunaka nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana.
Github, Gitlab, uye Bitbucket ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa pamhepo Git repo hosting services.
Aya masisitimu anokuita kuti utore ese eruzhinji uye akavanzika repositori, kutarisa uye kukurukura tsikidzi, uye kugadzirisa zvinoburitswa.
zvayakanakira
- Iine chimiro chakareruka, kusunda / kudhonza maitiro anokurumidza, uye vanogadzira vanogona kutora nekunyora zvikumbiro zvekudhonza pasina kuchinja.
- Iwo emahara uye akavhurika-sosi, zvinoreva kuti isu tinogona nyore kuwana iyo kodhi kodhi uye kuigadzirisa. Vanokwanisa kubata mabasa makuru zviri nyore.
- Git imhando yakanaka yakagovaniswa sezvo mugadziri wega wega achigashira yavo yakavanzika repository ine nhoroondo yakazara yezvipo, zvichiita kuti ikurumidze kupfuura mamwe maVC.
- Bazi uye kubatanidza masimba ari nyore (uye asingadhure), uye kuvimbika kwedata kunochengetedzwa.
- Ivo vakavandudza mashandiro etiweki uye kushandiswa kwedhisiki, uye vanotora dhata yavo senhevedzano yemifananidzo.
nezvayakaipira
- GIT inodaidzira nhamba huru yemapazi kuitira kubvumidza vanogadzira kushanda pamapurojekiti akati wandei panguva imwe chete.
- Izvo hazvishande neWindows kana kuchengetedza track yemaforodha asina chinhu.
- Miti midiki haiwanikwe yekubhadhara muGIT. Kune yega yega purojekiti, sevhisi yepakati yaizoda kuisirwa akati wandei mapakeji repositori.
- GIT inoda ruzivo rwehunyanzvi uye inononoka paWindows.
- Ivo havapi nzira dzekutonga dzekupinda mune imwe nyaya yekutyorwa kwekuchengetedza.
Pricing
Zvemahara kushandisa kune wese.
2. Jenkins
Jenkins chishandiso cheDevOps chekutevera mafambiro emabasa akadzokororwa.
Ndiyo imwe yeakanakisa software deployment mhinduro, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kusanganisa mapurojekiti ekugadzirisa nekukasira kuona matambudziko.
Iyo inowedzera chiyero che otomatiki. Iyo inouya ne 400 plugins yekukubatsira iwe kukudziridza uye kuyedza chero chero chirongwa.
Jenkins yakaderera-yekuchengetedza uye inouya neyakavakwa-mukati GUI interface ye nyore kugadzirisa.
Iyo Java-based software inoshanda paWindows, Mac OS X, uye UNIX. Inogonesa kuenderera mberi kwekubatanidza uye kutumira.
Zviri nyore kuseta uye kugadzirisa uchishandisa iyo webhu interface.
zvayakanakira
- Hapana chikonzero chekuti vanogadzira vanetseke nemari nekuti inopihwa mahara. Inoshanda pane chero chikuva.
- Inorerutsa shanduko kubva kuCLI kuenda kuGUI.
- Mitauro yakawanda, yakadai seJava, Python, nemimwe, inotsigirwa.
- Iyo nharaunda yekuvandudza inotsigira chaizvo Jenkins.
- Inobatsira kutungamira kweprojekiti nemashoko akavimbika.
- Iwo Jenkins kukanganisa ari nyore kwazvo kuwana. Dambudziko rinogona kukurumidza kuzivikanwa uye kugadziriswa nemugadziri.
nezvayakaipira
- Paunenge uine akawanda mabasa ekumhanya, kutonga iyo Jenkins dashboard kunova kwakaoma.
- Iyo yekuvandudza maitiro inonetsa kune akawanda plug-ins.
- Iyo inozivisa pombi syntax haienderane neese plug-ins.
- Iwe une basa rekuchengetedza zvivakwa zvako uri wega.
Pricing
Zvemahara kushandisa kune wese.
3. Docker
Docker ndeye DevOps toolkit.
Inogonesa zvikwata zveDevOps kugadzira, kutumira, uye kutonga zvakagoverwa maapplication.
Vashandisi vanogona kushandisa chishandiso ichi kuti kuvaka mapurogiramu kunze kwezvikamu uye batirana pazviri.
CaaS Platform iri kusimuka uye inoshanda, ine orchestration yakavakirwa-mukati. Kutonga kwemifananidzo kunoitwa nyore neregistry yakavanzika yekuchengetedza, kutonga, uye kugadzirisa macache emifananidzo.
Containerized software kudzivirira kupokana uye kugadzirisa chengetedzo. Iwe haufanirwe kunetseka nezve kugadzirisa zvinotsamira uchishandisa Docker.
Iwe unogona kuunganidza zvese zvinotsamira mumudziyo weapp uye woitumira seyakamira unit.
Iyo software inogona kubva yaitwa pane chero system kana chikuva pasina matambudziko.
zvayakanakira
- Kubatsirwa kwekutanga kweDockers ndiko kudzoka pakudyara. Mhinduro yacho irinani chete kana ichigona kudzikisira mari ichiri kuwedzera purofiti, kunyanya kumasangano makuru, akasimbiswa anoda kuburitsa mari inowirirana kwenguva refu.
- Nekutipa kutonga kwakazara pamusoro pekuyerera kwetraffic uye manejimendi, Docker inova nechokwadi chekuti zvikumbiro zvinoshanda mumidziyo zvakakamurwa zvachose uye zvakapatsanurwa kubva pakuchengetedza.
- Inokwanisa kuderedza nguva yekuendesa kusvika kumasekonzi. Imhaka yekuti inogona kuvaka mudziyo kune chero maitiro uye haina kana kubhoti inoshanda sisitimu.
nezvayakaipira
- Kana mudziyo uchidzika pasi, inoda kuchengetedza uye chirongwa chekudzorera. Nepo isu tine mhinduro dzakawanda dzeizvi, hadzisati dzave otomatiki kana scalable.
- Docker midziyo ine zvishoma pamusoro pemakomputa chaiwo, asi haasi zero pamusoro. Kunyangwe pasina kushandisa midziyo kana machina chaiwo, tinogona kuwana chaiyo isina-simbi kuita nekumhanyisa application pane isina-simbi sevha. Makoni, kune rumwe rutivi, haashande nemitengo isina-simbi.
- Huwandu hukuru hwezvikumbiro zvemaficha zviri kushandirwa pari zvino, zvinosanganisira kuzvinyoresa wega uye kuzviongorora, kufambisa faira kubva kumuridzi kuenda kumudziyo, nezvimwe zvakawanda.
Pricing
Hurongwa hwayo hwega hwega hwese. Iyo inopawo matatu premium zvirongwa zvakanyorwa pazasi:
- Pros: $ 5 / mwedzi (inobhadharwa pagore) kana $ 7 / mwedzi (inobhadharwa pamwedzi).
- Chikwata: $7/mushandisi/mwedzi(inobhadharwa pagore) kana $9/mushandisi/mwedzi(inobhadharwa pamwedzi).
- Bhizinesi: $ 21 / mushandisi / mwedzi. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo, unofanirwa kubata vekutengesa.
4. Anable
Red Hat ndiye mubatsiri weAnsible, yakavhurika-sosi yekumisikidza manejimendi chishandiso.
Yakanakira kumisikidza zvivakwa zvekambani yako pamwe nekuita otomatiki mamwe mabasa ekutumira.
Iyo inozivikanwa kune yayo mushandisi-inoshamwaridzika interface uye isina agent dhizaini.
Ansible iremu uye yakachengeteka DevOps mhinduro yekugadzira yako manejimendi otomatiki sezvo iine mumiriri dhizaini, zvinoreva kuti hapana vamiririri / madhimoni kana otomatiki bots anoshanda kumashure.
Iyo inouyawo neakasiyana ekugadzirisa uye ekubatanidza mamodule ekushandisa nemamwe maDevOps maturusi. Mune yenguva dzose Jenkins pombi, unogona kukurumidza kutumira Ansible kodhi.
zvayakanakira
- Python yakashandiswa kugadzira Ansible. Mutauro wepurogiramu unonyanya kushandiswa pakunyora uye kutonga. Python raibhuraris inosanganisirwa nekusarudzika mune mazhinji Linux masisitimu.
- Ansible inonyanya kufarirwa chimiro ndeye nyore. Inotsigirwa nemagwaro akareruka uye akatwasuka ayo anobvumira vanogadzira kukurumidza kubata Ansible mafambiro uye pfungwa.
- Mafaira ekugadzirisa anonzwisisika akanyorwa muYAML, iri nani kurongeka manejimendi uye otomatiki pane mamwe mafomati seJSON.
nezvayakaipira
- Zvinogoneka, kusiyana nemamwe maturusi otomatiki, hazvina pfungwa yenyika. Inongoita kutevedzana kwemabasa isati yakundikana, kupedza, kana kusangana nedambudziko.
- Tsigiro inogoneka ese Linux/Unix uye Windows node. Kuedza kweAnsible kutsigira zvizere Windows zvichiri mumatanho ekutanga.
- Izvo zvakatanga seyekuraira-mutsara-chete chishandiso chakakura kuita Ansible Tower, webhu manejimendi UI, nerubatsiro rweAWX. Ansible Shongwe, kune rumwe rutivi, inowira pasi pekugona kweiyo command-line interface.
Pricing
Zvemahara kushandisa kune wese.
5. Kubernetes
Kubernetes imudziyo orchestration tekinoroji inosimudza maneja manejimendi kune imwe nhanho.
Mainjiniya maviri eGoogle aida kugadzira nzira yekubata midziyo pachiyero akaigadzira.
Kubernetes inoshanda zvakanaka neDocker kana chero yakaenzana nayo kuti ikubatsire kuronga midziyo yako kuita zvinhu zvine musoro.
Kana iwe uchingove nemidziyo mishoma, haungade chikuva che orchestration.
Nekudaro, inhanho inotevera yechisikigo kana iwe wasvika imwe nhanho yekuoma uye inoda kuyera zviwanikwa zvako.
Kubernetes inoita kuti iwe uite otomatiki maitiro ekutonga mazana kana zviuru zvemidziyo.
Haufanire kusunga zvirongwa zvako zvemukati kumuchina mumwe chete uchishandisa Kubernetes.
Panzvimbo iyoyo, iwe unogona kuendesa kune sumbu remakina, neKubernetes achitarisira kugovera midziyo uye kuronga mukati meboka rese.
zvayakanakira
- Nekugadzirisa mifananidzo yeDocker, Kubernetes mhinduro yakanaka. Inopa akawanda anobatsira masimba ekutarisira midziyo.
- Anenge ese cloud platform anoitsigira. AWS, GCP, uye Azure ndiwo matatu anonyanya kufarirwa makore makomputa mapuratifomu.
- Hazvina kuoma kudzidza. Kunyangwe zvichikwanisika kudzidza nekushandisa Kubernetes nenzira yakaoma, hazvidiwi.
nezvayakaipira
- Kubernetes kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa kwakaoma uye kunotora nguva.
- Hakuna kumberi. Naizvozvo zvese zvinoedza kupa wega-sevhisi paradigm zvinofanirwa kuvakwa izvozvi.
- Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo budiriro yese inoitwa munharaunda, Kubernetes inoita kunge yakaoma uye yakawandisa.
Pricing
Zvemahara kushandisa kune wese.
6. musoro
Chef ndeimwe yezvatinoda sezvo ichikubvumidza iwe kubata ese ari maviri gore uye akajairwa (pa-saiti) masisitimu ane chishandiso chimwe chete, kuderedza nguva inotora kuti timu yako idzidze matekinoroji matsva kana shanduko pakati pavo.
Chef zvakare chishandiso chakanakisa chekushandisa kana kambani yako kana timu yekusimudzira iri kushandura kubva panzvimbo-nzvimbo kuenda kumakore ekuvaka nekufamba kwenguva - unogona kuishandisa kukurumidza kutama kwegore mubhodhi.
Inosanganisira yakakwana yekuvandudza kit yekuvaka anoshamisa masisitimu uye maapplication, pamwe nekuyedza maturusi ekuongorora yako yezvivakwa otomatiki kodhi usati waitumira pane network.
zvayakanakira
- Chef inosanganisira pre-yakaputirwa matemplate anoita kuti zvive nyore kubata zvivakwa zvepasi kusvika pakati nepakati kuoma.
- Kune rutsigiro rwakakwana rwenharaunda kubva kune vese vakuru nevadiki kuti vabatsire mukugadzira matemplate ('marisiti') emamiriro akasiyana ekutumira.
- Chef inotsigira huwandu hwakasiyana hwekushandisa uye zvivakwa, ichidzikisa huwandu hwezvishandiso zvinodikanwa kutungamira IT system.
nezvayakaipira
- Zvimwe zviratidzo zvekutarisa, kunyanya zvemaapplication, zvinogona kuwedzerwa kune manejimendi ekutonga.
- Tsigiro yeChef ye hybrid Cloud deployments, kunyanya ayo anotenderera makore akati wandei, anogona kuvandudzwa. Izvi zviri kuitwa pamaoko.
- More Internet-scale deployment templates ('maresiphi'), ine simbiso yekutevedzwa kwekutarisa uye kuongorora.
Pricing
Zvemahara kushandisa kune wese.
7. Nagios
Nagios chimwe chakakosha DevOps chishandiso.
Inobatsira zvikwata zveDevOps mukuona nekugadzirisa nyaya dzetiweki uye zvivakwa.
Iyo yemahara yakavhurika-sosi DevOps chishandiso chinoshandiswa kutarisisa zvivakwa zvako - zvichiita kuti ive chishandiso chakakosha chechikamu chekutarisa chehupenyu chataurwa pamusoro.
Nagios inoita kuti zvive nyore kutevedzera zviitiko zvakawanda uye kutadza, kunyanya nekuti inosanganisira akasiyana mishumo uye magirafu ekuti zvikwata zvibate.
Inoshandawo zvakanaka nehuwandu hwema plug-ins, mazhinji ayo anowanikwa mahara nekuda kwechishandiso chiri kukura nharaunda.
zvayakanakira
- Zviziviso zvinotumirwa nekukurumidza.
- Graphical mushandisi interface (GUI) iri nyore kushandisa
- Kugadzirisa hakuna kuoma.
- Inotarisa huwandu hwezvakajairwa parameters.
- Maitiro akajairwa anoshandiswa (SNMP).
nezvayakaipira
- Kusiyana neiyo GUI-yakavakirwa setup, iyo gadziriso inofanirwa kuitwa pamutsetse wekuraira.
- Pakutanga, kuisa plugins kunogona kuve kwakaoma.
- Nyevero dzenhema dzakaoma kuwana nekugadzirisa.
Pricing
Zvemahara kushandisa kune wese.
8. Consum
Chekupedzisira, ichi chakavhurika-sosi DevOps chishandiso chakanakira microservice application, kunyanya yekuwana sevhisi uye kuseta.
Inogona kunyoresa gumi nemazana kana mazana emazita emasevhisi madiki panetiweki yakakura kana software system, zvichiita kuti ive chishandiso chakakwana kana iwe uchida kusaina kunyoresa gumi nemaviri kana mazana emazita emasevhisi madiki panetiweki yakakura kana software system.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, pachinzvimbo chekuchera kuburikidza nemazita emuchina, unozokwanisa kuwana mamwe mazita ebasa.
Iwe unogona zvakare kuunganidza masevhisi pamwechete kuita masumbu kuti kurongeka kuve nyore.
Consul.io haisiriyo yakazara yakavhurika-sosi DevOps mhinduro pamusika, asi inopa mamwe mabhenefiti akasarudzika anofanirwa kuita kuti ive yekuenda-kune mhinduro kune akasiyana mapaipi ebudiriro nezvikwata.
zvayakanakira
- Kupa DNS sevhisi
- Kuve inokurumidza, yakagadzikana, uye inovimbika sevhisi - sumbu reanokwana matatu node rinodiwa nekukasira.
- A yakavimbika kiyi-kukosha kuchengetedza
- Kuisa uye kugadzirisa zviri nyore.
- Zvakanyanya kureruka
- Webhu UI iyo inotsvedza uye inobatsira chaizvo.
nezvayakaipira
- Mhosho matanda - iwe uchada kuGoogle zvimwe zvezvikanganiso kana usingazive zvazvinoreva.
- Misconfiguration imusoro nekuti inogona kutungamira kumatambudziko asinganzwisisike kana ukaita chikanganiso chidiki.
mhedziso
Chekupedzisira, chero yeaya matekinoroji anogona kunge akanyatsokodzera kune yako timu yekuvandudza kana kambani.
Ndinokurudzira nemoyo wese, kunyanya nekuti vazhinji vavo vanoshanda pamwe chete zvakanaka.
Edza imwe neimwe, uye iwe uchaona kuti hupenyu hwako hwekusimudzira hwave kukurumidza uye kushanda nesimba kupfuura kare.
DevOps yakakosha kwete kungomhanyisa kusimudzira software, asiwo pakuvandudza mhando yesoftware.
DevOps inounza maitiro matsva, agile matekinoroji, uye akangwara matekinoroji patafura, izvo zvese zvinoshanda pamwechete kuzadzisa icho chinangwa.
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