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M'malo amasiku ano othamanga, amphamvu, komanso ampikisano, mabungwe omwe achita bwino kwambiri ndi umboni wakuti kukhala makasitomala ndi njira yokhayo yopititsira patsogolo bizinesi. Chidziwitso cha ogwiritsa ntchito chikucheperachepera, kukakamiza mabizinesi kupeza njira zatsopano ndi zabwinoko zoperekera zokumana nazo zopanda msoko kwa ogula.
Ngati mukufuna kupanga zokumana nazo zochititsa chidwi, zapadera, komanso zopanda msoko kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, Single Page Applications (SPAs) ndi njira yopitira. Ichi ndichifukwa chake makampani ambiri ayamba kupanga zida zamapulogalamu awo pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito tsamba latsopano lotchedwa Single Page Application.
Ma SPA adagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga Google ndi Facebook, ma behemoths awiri omwe mapulogalamu awo amawongolera mulingo wanu watsiku ndi tsiku wa intaneti komanso zochitika zapa media.
Blog iyi ifotokoza zinthu zonse za tsamba limodzi, kuphatikiza zabwino zake, kusiyana pakati pa tsamba limodzi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito masamba ambiri, masinthidwe a SPA, ndi zina zambiri. Tiyeni tiyambe!
Kodi Single Page Application ndi chiyani?
Pulogalamu yatsamba limodzi (SPA) ndi tsamba limodzi (motero dzina) lomwe lili ndi deta yambiri yomwe imakhala yofanana ndi zochepa chabe zomwe ziyenera kusinthidwa nthawi imodzi.
Pulogalamu yatsamba limodzi (SPA) ndi tsamba lawebusayiti, tsamba lawebusayiti, kapena pulogalamu yapaintaneti yomwe imagwira ntchito mkati mwa msakatuli ndipo imangodzaza chikalata chimodzi. Sichifuna kutsitsimula tsamba mukamagwiritsa ntchito, ndipo zambiri zazomwe sizisintha pomwe gawo laling'ono limafunikira kusinthidwa.
Zinthu zikayenera kusinthidwa, SPA imagwiritsa ntchito JavaScript APIs kutero. Ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kulowa patsamba popanda kutsitsa tsamba lathunthu ndi data kuchokera pa seva motere.
Zotsatira zake, magwiridwe antchito amayenda bwino ndipo mumamva kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yachibadwidwe. Imapatsa ogula chidziwitso champhamvu chapaintaneti. Ma SPA amapangitsa kuti ikhale yowongoka, yogwira ntchito, komanso yosavuta kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kukhala pamalo amodzi, osavuta a digito.
Chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa chikuwonetsa momwe wogwiritsa ntchito amalumikizirana ndi msakatuli wawo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti API afufuze ku ntchitoyo mwachindunji. Msakatuli amatumiza mafunso achindunji a API ku ntchito atapeza JavaScript ndi HTML source code kuchokera kwa kasitomala. Chifukwa zonse zimachitika mwachindunji mu msakatuli, seva ya pulogalamuyi situmiza mafunso a API ku ntchito.
Kodi Single-Page Applications imagwira ntchito bwanji?
Mapulogalamu atsamba limodzi ali ndi zomanga zowongoka. Ukadaulo wapamakasitomala komanso mbali zonse za seva zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Tiyerekeze kuti mukufuna kupita patsamba linalake.
Mukalemba ulalo wake mu msakatuli wanu kuti mupemphe mwayi wofikira, msakatuli amafunsira ku seva, yomwe imayankha ndi chikalata cha HTML. Seva imapereka zomwe zili mu HTML pokhapokha mukafunsidwa koyamba mukamagwiritsa ntchito SPA, ndi data ya JSON pamafunso amtsogolo.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti m'malo mokwezanso tsamba lonse, SPA imamanganso zomwe zili patsamba lino. Zotsatira zake, pamakhala kufunikira kocheperako nthawi zambiri, ndipo magwiridwe antchito amawongoleredwa. Izi zimathandiza kuti SPA igwire ntchito mofanana ndi pulogalamu ya komweko.
Mapulogalamu amasamba ambiri sali ofanana ndi a tsamba limodzi (MPAs). Wogwiritsa ntchito akafunsira zatsopano, zomalizazi ndi mapulogalamu apaintaneti okhala ndi masamba ambiri omwe amalowetsedwanso.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma SPA amatha kutenga nthawi yayitali kuti akhazikike poyamba, koma akangodzaza, amapereka magwiridwe antchito othamanga komanso kuyenda momasuka. Ma MPA amatha kukhala aulesi ndipo amafunikira intaneti yothamanga kwambiri, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito zida zojambulidwa. Amazon ndi Google Docs ndi zitsanzo ziwiri za MPAs.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Tsamba Limodzi Vs Masamba Ambiri
Njira yokhazikika yamasamba ambiri (MPA) sifunikira chidziwitso chilichonse cha JavaScript kwa gulu lanu lachitukuko (ngakhale kuphatikiza kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kumatanthauza kuti masamba amatenga nthawi yayitali kuti amange). Powonjezera tsamba lina, mutha kukulitsa zinthu monga momwe mukufunira, ndipo chifukwa chidziwitso patsamba lililonse chimakhala chokhazikika, Search Engine Optimization (SEO) nthawi zambiri imakhala yosavuta.
Komano, ma MPA ndi ochedwa kugwiritsa ntchito chifukwa tsamba lililonse latsopano liyenera kudzazidwa kuchokera poyambira. Ngati zomwe zili patsamba lanu ndi (zambiri) zowerengera zokha, komabe, MPA ikhoza kukhala zonse zomwe mungafune. Phindu lalikulu la ntchito za tsamba limodzi ndilofulumira.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma SPA ndiabwino kwambiri popereka magwiridwe antchito kuposa ma MPA, ndipo amasunga zidziwitso kuti pulogalamuyo igwiritsidwe ntchito pa intaneti.
Choyipa chachikulu cha ma SPA ndikuti kusinthasintha kwa zomwe zili kumapangitsa SEO ndi kupezeka kukhala kovuta kwambiri. Makina osakira ndi makina osakira asintha kuti athe kuthana ndi pulogalamu yamtunduwu pomwe mabungwe ambiri amakumbatira ma SPA.
Izi zati, mapulogalamu atsamba limodzi sakhala apamwamba kuposa mapulogalamu amasamba ambiri, mosemphanitsa. Njira zonsezi zili ndi ubwino ndi zovuta zake.
Ubwino wa ma MPA pa ma SPA udzayamba kuchepa pamene chokwawa pa intaneti ndi zokometsera zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi tsamba limodzi zikakonzedwa, ndipo zomalizazi zidzakhaladi chizolowezi cha mapulogalamu amakono a pa intaneti.
Single Page Application Frameworks
Ngati mwatsimikiza kuti kupanga SPA ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yokwaniritsira zosowa za kampani yanu, muyenera kuyimanga pamaziko olimba a SPA. Tapanga mndandanda wamapulogalamu abwino kwambiri atsamba limodzi a mapulogalamu olemera a pa intaneti omwe amatha kuyang'anira ma pulogalamu akuluakulu. Chimango chilichonse chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake komanso kuthekera kwake.
1. Chitani
M'malo osinthika amasiku ano, pomwe dziko lapansi likukankhira mwamphamvu kusintha kwa digito, mabungwe ayika Scalability & Flexibility m'malo awo otsindika kuyambira pachiyambi, zomwe kale zinali zongoganizira. Chotsatira chake, kukumbukira mbali yofunikayi pamene mukupanga pulogalamu ya tsamba limodzi ndikofunikira.
ReactJS ndi njira yabwino yogwiritsira ntchito ngati scalability ndi kusinthasintha ndizofunikira kwambiri pakampani yanu. Kukonzekera kwa tsamba limodzi lopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito React ndikosavuta chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kotengera gawo.
Virtual DOM ikuphatikizidwa patsamba la ReactJS. Zimalola gulu lachitukuko kuti lizitsata ndikusintha zosintha popanda kukhudza mbali zina za mtengo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pulogalamuyo ikhale yosinthika.
Pa malaibulale ake oima paokha, ReactJS ndiyosinthika kwambiri kuposa machitidwe ena, kulola nthawi yoyankha mwachangu ndikuipanga kukhala chimango chabwino kwambiri chopangira ma SPA. Chifukwa mbali zonse ziwiri zimagwiritsa ntchito ReactJS, chimango chimalola kugawana katundu pakati pa seva ndi kasitomala.
2. Angular
Mabizinesi amakumana ndi zovuta pafupipafupi poyesa kukankhira intaneti kuti akwaniritse zambiri: kugwiritsa ntchito 'Performance.' Masamba masiku ano ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana kuposa kale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti mabizinesi azichita bwino pazida zingapo.
Chotsatira chake, posankha ndondomeko yogwiritsira ntchito tsamba limodzi, ntchito ndizofunikira. Zikafika pa liwiro la tsamba limodzi, palibe chimango chabwinoko kuposa AngularJS.
Ntchito yomanga deta ya AngularJS imapewa ma code ambiri omwe wopanga amayenera kuchita mwanjira ina. Zotsatira zake, kugwiritsa ntchito Angular kupanga tsamba limodzi kumafunikira mizere yocheperako ndipo kumapereka liwiro labwino kwambiri.
Ntchito zochokera ku AngularJS zimadziwika kuti zimathamanga mwachangu. Izi zimatheka chifukwa cha magwiridwe antchito a rauta ya AngularJS, yomwe imapereka kulekanitsa kwamakhodi. Amalola ogwiritsa ntchito kungoyika nambala yofunsira kuti awone. SPA yomangidwa ndi chimango cha AngularJS imatha kuyenda papulatifomu iliyonse.
3. Vue
VueJS ndiye chimango chachikulu kwambiri pakupanga tsamba limodzi latsamba limodzi likaphatikizidwa ndi malaibulale olondola othandizira ndi zida zamakono. Vue.js imathandizira kulumikizana kwa njira ziwiri popanga midadada ya HTML kukhala yosavuta kuwongolera chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka MVVM.
Njira ziwiri zomangirira deta ndizochita zomwe sizodziwika muzinthu zina monga React.js. Vue.js imadziwikanso ngati chimango chokhazikika chifukwa imakhudzidwa ndikusintha kwa data. Vue.js imawonedwa ngati yabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza React ndi Angular.
Imagwiritsa ntchito Virtual DOM ndipo imakhazikika pazigawo, monga React, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yachangu kwambiri. Imapereka, komabe, imapereka malangizo ndi njira ziwiri zomangira deta, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yokhazikika ngati Angular. Vue.js si chimango kapena laibulale.
Imapereka kuthekera kokwanira kopanga ma SPA, ndipo ndikosavuta kuwonjezera zina, monga State Management ndi Routing.
4. Backbone.JS
Ndi imodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za SPA zomangira mapulogalamu osinthika a pa intaneti, ndipo zimatengera mtundu wa opanga MVP. Ili ndi rauta, mitundu, zochitika, mawonedwe, zosonkhanitsira, ndi zina zambiri zochititsa chidwi zomwe zimapangitsa kupanga ma SPA kukhala kosavuta komanso mwachangu.
Backbone.JS ndi chimango chodziwika bwino chopanga mapulogalamu atsamba limodzi. Mawonekedwe ake achitsanzo amachita zambiri osati kungothandizira omanga kupanga mapangidwe awo a JS. Kwenikweni, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuletsa zopempha za HTTP ku seva ndikupangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe zojambula.
Ndi chimango chokhwima chomangira tsamba limodzi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi gulu lalikulu. Matani a malaibulale, ang'onoang'ono, ma code ang'onoang'ono, mauthenga oyendetsedwa ndi zochitika, ndi machitidwe olembera ndi zochepa chabe mwa makhalidwe ake odabwitsa.
5. Zamgululi
Mawonekedwe a ogwiritsa ntchito (UI) ndi gawo lofunikira pa pulogalamu iliyonse yomwe imakusiyanitsani ndi mpikisano wanu. Ngati imatha kutumiza mawonekedwe onse ogwiritsira ntchito kwa kasitomala, pulogalamu yatsamba limodzi imawonedwa kuti ndiyothandiza kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, zimakulitsa magwiridwe antchito a netiweki.
Ngati chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pa pulogalamu yanu ndi mawonekedwe a ogwiritsa ntchito, muyenera kuganizira kugwiritsa ntchito EmberJS ngati chimango. EmberJS, monga AngularJS, ili ndi njira ziwiri zomangira deta, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti maonekedwe ndi chitsanzo nthawi zonse zimagwirizana.
Ndizotheka kulimbikitsa seva ya DOM yopereka ndi gawo la Ember FastbootJS, zomwe zimapangitsa ma UI ovuta kwambiri. EmberJS, yomwe imamangidwa panjira ziwiri, imasintha UI monga kusintha kwa data.
Zotsatira zake, ndizosavuta kufotokozera mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito omwe amamvetsetsa nthawi yosinthira. EmberJS ndi dongosolo lotseguka lokhala ndi malingaliro amphamvu omwe amalimbikitsa ufulu wokulirapo. Zotsatira zake, ndi chisankho chabwino kupanga mapulogalamu atsamba limodzi atsamba limodzi omwe ali ndi magwiridwe antchito ambiri. Nordstrom, Kickstarter, LinkedIn, Netflix, ndi mitundu ina yayikulu imagwiritsa ntchito chimangochi.
Ubwino wa SPA
1. Kudziwa bwino kwa ogwiritsa ntchito
Kudziwa bwino kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ndikofunikira kuti pulogalamuyo ipambane. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zingapo, alendo amasiya masamba apaintaneti omwe ndi aulesi komanso ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Ogwiritsa ntchito sayenera kudikirira kuti zinthu zonse zitsitsimutsidwe ngati akungofuna gawo lake pogwiritsa ntchito ma SPA. M'malo mwake, makasitomala amatha kupeza zambiri zomwe amafunikira mwachangu, zomwe zimakulitsa luso lawo la SPA.
2. Kuthamanga kwachangu
Mapulogalamu apaintaneti akuyenera kukhala othamanga komanso osawononga nthawi ya ogwiritsa ntchito; apo ayi, anthu adzafunafuna malo abwino kwambiri. Chifukwa tsamba lathunthu siliyenera kutsitsimutsidwa komanso zomwe zafunsidwa zimasintha, ma SPA amapereka nthawi yoyankha mwachangu. Zotsatira zake, machitidwe a pulogalamu yapaintaneti amapita patsogolo kwambiri.
3. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochepa
Mapulogalamu a Tsamba Limodzi amagwiritsa ntchito bandwidth yochepa chifukwa masamba amangodzaza kamodzi. Amagwiranso ntchito m'madera omwe ali ndi intaneti yocheperako, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti aliyense athe kuzipeza. Kuphatikiza apo, mosiyana ndi ma MPAs monga Google Docs, amagwira ntchito pa intaneti, kusunga deta yanu, kotero simuyenera kuwapatsa kulumikizana kwapaintaneti nthawi zonse kuti muwone ndikugwira ntchito.
4. Yogwira posungira
Chifukwa imangotumiza pempho limodzi ku seva ndikukonzanso zina, Single Page App imatha kusunga deta mwachangu. Mwanjira iyi, imatha kugwira ntchito ngakhale mulibe intaneti. Ngati kulumikizidwa kwa wosuta kutayika, data yapafupi ikhoza kulumikizidwa ndi seva pomwe kulumikizana kwabwezeretsedwa.
5. Kuchotsa zolakwika ndikosavuta.
Kuthetsa zolakwika pa pulogalamu kumatsimikizira kuti palibe chomwe chingalepheretse kuchita bwino pozindikira ndikuwongolera zolakwika ndi zovuta zomwe zingapangitse kuti ichedwe. Chifukwa amapangidwa ndi machitidwe otchuka monga React, Angular, ndi Vue.js, Ma Applications a Tsamba Limodzi ndi osavuta kuwongolera mu Google Chrome. Zigawo zamasamba, deta, ndi ma network onse amatha kuyang'aniridwa ndikufufuzidwa.
6. Kugwirizana kudutsa angapo nsanja
Pogwiritsa ntchito codebase imodzi, opanga amatha kupanga mapulogalamu omwe amagwira ntchito pamakina aliwonse, chipangizo, kapena osatsegula. Zotsatira zake, zimathandizira makasitomala powalola kupeza SPA kulikonse komwe angasankhe. Kuphatikiza apo, opanga amatha kupanga mapulogalamu olemera kwambiri mosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, popanga chida chosinthira zinthu, amatha kuphatikiza ziwerengero zenizeni.
Zoyipa za SPA
1. Zowopseza pa intaneti
Zowopsa za pa intaneti monga cross-site scripting (XSS) ndizowopsa ku ma SPA kuposa ma MPA. Zigawenga zitha kugwiritsa ntchito XSS kusokoneza pulogalamu yapaintaneti polowetsamo zolemba za kasitomala. Kuphatikiza apo, kuletsa kulowa sikumakakamizidwa pamlingo wogwirira ntchito. Ngati opanga sachitapo kanthu, deta yodziwika bwino ndi magwiridwe antchito zitha kuwululidwa.
2. Mbiri ya msakatuli wanu
Mbiri yakusakatula sikusungidwa ndi ma SPA. Mukadutsa m'mbuyomu kuti mudziwe zambiri zothandiza, zomwe mumapeza ndi ulalo wa SPA kutsamba lonse. Kuphatikiza apo, simungathe kupita mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo mu SPA. Mukagwiritsa ntchito batani lakumbuyo, mudzatumizidwa kutsamba lomwe ladzaza kale m'malo mwa momwe zidaliri kale. Pogwiritsa ntchito HTML5 History API, komabe, cholakwika ichi chikhoza kugonjetsedwa.
3. Nthawi zolemetsa zoyamba
Ngakhale ma SPA amadziwika chifukwa cha liwiro lawo komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito, zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuti tsamba lonse likhazikike. Zitha kukwiyitsa ena ogwiritsa ntchito, kupangitsa kuti asagwiritsenso ntchito pulogalamuyi.
4. Zotsatira za SEO zosagwira ntchito
Kapangidwe ka SPAs kumakhala ndi tsamba limodzi lokhala ndi ulalo umodzi. Zimalepheretsa ma SPAs kuti apindule kuchokera ku injini zosakira (SEO). Chifukwa pali mpikisano wambiri kunja uko, njira za SEO zitha kukuthandizani kuti mukweze tsamba lanu pazotsatira zakusaka.
Ndizovuta kukhathamiritsa SEO chifukwa pali ulalo umodzi wokha wopanda zosintha kapena ma adilesi apadera. Indexation, analytics amphamvu, malumikizidwe apadera, metadata, ndi zina zonse zikusowa. Masamba oterowo amavutika kuti awunikenso ndi ma bots osakira, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhathamiritsa kukhala kovuta.
Kutsiliza
Ngati mukufuna kupanga pulogalamu yomvera, yachangu, komanso yokhala ndi mawonekedwe malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, SaaS bizinesi, zosintha zamoyo, ndi zina zotero, Single Page Applications (SPAs) zingathandize.
Zotsatira zake, yesani zolinga zanu ndi zolinga zanu kuti muwone ngati SPA ndi yoyenera kwa inu, kenako sankhani dongosolo la JavaScript kuti muyambe.
Cholinga ndikuwunika kuthekera konse kwa ma SPA ngati kampani ikufuna kupanga chinthu ndi cholinga chofuna kuwonekera bwino, kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ogwiritsa ntchito, komanso zokolola zambiri pokwaniritsa zochitika kapena kusanthula deta.
Siyani Mumakonda