Gawo la sayansi ya zamankhwala lasintha kwambiri pazaka zambiri. Kuchokera pakupita patsogolo popanga mankhwala atsopano azachipatala mpaka kugwiritsa ntchito nanotechnology pazida zowunikira zaumoyo, tapita kutali ngati zamoyo.
Kupita patsogolo kotereku ndikutha kumvetsetsa ndikusintha mawonekedwe amunthu posintha ma genome!
Nkhaniyi imapatsa owerenga chidziwitso cha gawo la majini, imadutsa pamtundu wa munthu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa majini ndi ukadaulo wa CRISPR.
Genome ya Anthu
Kunena mwachilengedwe, munthu ndi chomangika chovuta kukhala ndi mawonekedwe angapo. Mikhalidwe imeneyi, monga kutalika, mtundu wa tsitsi, mtundu wa maso, nkhope, ndi zina zotero, tingadziŵike pogwiritsira ntchito DNA yawo.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri za m’thupi (shuga, phosphate, ndi maziko) zimene zimakhala ndi chidziŵitso chonse cha mmene chamoyo chidzaonekera ndi kugwira ntchito.
Akatswiri a zamoyo ndi akatswiri azachipatala amatha kudziwa zambiri, zapadera kwa aliyense, pophunzira momwe DNA imapangidwira.
Chibadwa
Jini ndi gawo linalake la DNA lomwe limalemba puloteni imodzi. Ndi mapuloteni opangidwa ndi majini omwe amagwira ntchito yogwira ntchito za DNA.
Majini amagwira ntchito ngati magawo a cholowa ndipo ali ndi udindo wopatsira ana awo mikhalidwe inayake kuchokera kwa makolo.
Chiwerengero chonse cha majini ndi chibadwa cha chamoyo chimatchedwa genome yake. Kumvetsa mmene majini a munthu kumakhalira kwathandiza asayansi kupeza njira zatsopano zochiritsira, kuchiritsa, kapena ngakhale kupewa matenda ambirimbiri amene amasautsa anthu.
Apa ndipamene kusintha kwa majini kumabwera.
Kusintha kwa Gene
Kusintha kwa ma genome kapena gene ndi gulu laukadaulo lomwe limalola asayansi kusintha DNA ya chamoyo. Ukadaulo uwu umapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuwonjezera, kuchotsa kapena kusintha ma genetic pamalo enaake mu genome.
Mosiyana ndi njira zina zopangira majini zomwe zimalowetsa mwachisawawa ma genetic mu ma genomes, njirazi zimayang'ana zolowetsa m'malo enieni.
Kodi ntchito?
Kusintha kwa ma gene kumaphatikizapo ma enzyme. Ma enzyme ndi mapuloteni omwe amathandizira kapena kufulumizitsa njira zama mankhwala. Ma enzyme opangidwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito posintha ma gene amatchedwa nuclease ndipo amatha kudula DNA.
Nuclease amapangidwa ndi mankhwala ena omwe amawatsogolera kupita ku DNA yomwe amayenera kudula. Zingwe za DNA zodulidwazi zimatha kupangidwanso, koma nthawi ino zimadyetsedwa ndi chidziwitso chomwe chimafunikira kuti chisanduke kukhala zingwe za DNA zomwe mukufuna.
Zingwe zatsopano, zikutanthauza majini atsopano ndi majini atsopano amatanthauza makhalidwe atsopano.
Asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa majini kuti afufuze matenda osiyanasiyana omwe amakhudza anthu.
Amasintha majeremusi a nyama, monga mbewa ndi nsomba, ndikuwona momwe kusinthaku kumakhudzira thanzi lawo. Kenako adagwiritsa ntchito zomwe adapeza kuti adziwike momwe kusintha kofananira kwa majeremusi kungakhudzire thanzi la munthu.
Kuphatikiza apo, asayansi akupanga chithandizo cha majini. Mankhwalawa amaphatikizapo kupewa ndi kuchiza matenda mwa anthu pogwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa majini.
CRISPR Technology
Kupambana kwakukulu muukadaulo wosintha ma gene ndikuyambitsa kwa Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR).
CRISPR imakhazikitsidwa ndi chitetezo chomwe chimapezeka mwachilengedwe mwa mabakiteriya ena. DNA ya mabakiteriya oterowo imakhala ndi njira zambiri zazifupi za palindromic (mawu omwe ali ofanana kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo, monga RAAR).
Mabakiteriya amatha kusunga tizigawo ta ma virus omwe amalimbana nawo mkati mwazotsatira za palindromic.
Kodi ntchito?
Enzyme yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu CRISPR imatchedwa Cas9. Enzyme imeneyi imadziphatika ku ndondomeko ya palindromic yomwe ili ndi kachilombo ndikudula DNA kukhala zidutswa, kusunga zambiri za kachilomboka.
Mapuloteni a Cas okhala ndi zida amatha kuzindikira kachilombo ka DNA ndikuwononga nthawi yomweyo ngati mabakiteriya atenga kachilombo kachiwiri.
Mapulogalamu a CRISPR
CRISPR yagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuphatikiza kafukufuku, chisamaliro chaumoyo, kuswana ziweto, kupanga chakudya, mafuta obiriwira, ndi zina zambiri.
1. Kafukufuku
Machitidwe a CRISPR akugwiritsidwa ntchito mu maphunziro okhudzana ndi kuchepetsa kusokonezeka kwa majini pa zinyama ndipo akuyenera kulembedwa ntchito posachedwa kuchipatala kuti athetse matenda a maso ndi magazi a anthu.
China ndi United States avomereza mayesero awiri azachipatala pogwiritsa ntchito CRISPR-Cas9 pamankhwala omwe akutsata omwe akudwala khansa.
Kupitilira kugwiritsa ntchito zamankhwala, zidazi tsopano zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro ofulumizitsa kuswana mbewu ndi ziweto, kupanga mankhwala atsopano opha tizilombo, ndikuwongolera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi ma gene.
2. Chisamaliro chamoyo
Asayansi atha kupanga njira zowonongera mabakiteriya osamva ma antibiotic posintha majeremusi a ma virus opha mabakiteriya (bacteriophages) ndiukadaulo wa CRISPR-Cas9.
Machitidwewa amathandizanso kupanga zitsanzo za zinyama za matenda a anthu komanso kuchotsa kachilombo ka HIV m'maselo omwe ali ndi kachilomboka.
Mu chitsanzo cha mbewa cha matenda a anthu, CRISPR inakonza zolakwika za majini, zomwe zinachititsa kuti mbewa za matenda zipulumutsidwe.
3. Kuswana kwa ziweto
CRISPR yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku miluza yoyambirira kuti ipange zamoyo zosinthidwa ma genetic, ndipo idabayidwa mu nyama za labotale kuti ikwaniritse kusintha kwakukulu kwa majini mu minofu yawo.
Njira zochokera ku CRISPR zagwiritsidwa ntchito posintha ma genome a nyama kuphatikiza mbewa, makoswe, ndi anyani ena omwe sianthu. Njirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa zokolola, kukana matenda, ndi kuyambitsa mikhalidwe yofunidwa ya ziweto.
Pogwiritsa ntchito CRISPR, titha kuwonetsa m'badwo wa zinyama zatsopano.
4. Kupanga Chakudya
Ukadaulo wosintha ma gene wa CRISPR utha kupititsa patsogolo zokolola ndi mtundu; kukana chilala cha zomera, kukana kwa herbicide ndi tizilombo, kuonjezera chitetezo cha chakudya ndi chitetezo.
Itha kuthandiziranso kuchotsa kukana kwa maantibayotiki, kusintha moyo wa alumali, ndikufulumizitsa ntchito yoweta mbewu.
Zomera zabwino kwambiri zimatanthawuza chakudya chabwino cha ziweto, motero zimalimbitsa thanzi lawo. Popeza kuti zomera ndi nyama zimapanga maziko a chakudya chathu, titha kukhala ndi zakudya zabwino kwambiri komanso zogulitsa.
5. Mafuta Obiriwira
Mafuta obiriwira ndi mafuta omwe amapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe komanso osawononga chilengedwe.
CRISPR yapangitsa kuti zitheke kupanga kawiri kuchuluka kwa biodiesel (mtundu wamafuta obiriwira) kuchokera ku algae phototropic.
Mafutawa amapezeka mwa kuwirikiza kawiri kaphatikizidwe ka lipid mu algae, pogwiritsa ntchito CRISPR kusinthira majini. Ma lipids amatha kuyaka ndipo amapanga biodiesel.
Koma kodi kusintha ma gene ndikwabwino?
Kusintha zochita zachirengedwe ndikotsimikizika kuti kumabweretsa nkhawa zamakhalidwe. Kusintha ma genetic amunthu pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje osintha ma gene, monga CRISPR, sanapeze chithandizo chotsimikizika. Izi zili choncho chifukwa kusintha kwa majini a dzira ndi ubwamuna kungapatsire mibadwo yamtsogolo.
Pali mkangano waukulu ngati ukadaulo uwu uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa mikhalidwe yamunthu (monga luntha kapena kutalika).
Kudetsa nkhawa zachitetezo kumabukanso mukamagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu chifukwa nthawi zonse pamakhala kuthekera kokhala ndi zotulukapo (zosintha pamalo olakwika) ndi mosaicism (maselo ena akamanyamula zosintha koma ena satero).
Kutengera ndi nkhawa zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe ndi chitetezo, kusintha kwa ma genome m'maselo oberekera sikuloledwa m'maiko ambiri.
Kutsiliza
Kumvetsetsa ma genome amunthu kwatilola kusintha ukadaulo wazachipatala pa nanoscale.
Kusintha kwa ma gene ndi ukadaulo wa CRISPR womwe wapereka ntchito zotsogola pothana ndi matenda komanso kukonza zolakwika za anthu.
Asayansi amalosera kuti matekinoloje amenewa ndi chinsinsi chopanga mbadwo wopanda matenda wa ma homo sapiens okhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino.
Maganizo anu ndi otani pakusintha ma gene? Tiuzeni mu ndemanga.
Siyani Mumakonda