M'ndandanda wazopezekamo[Bisani][Show]
- 1. Mumatanthauzira bwanji Array?
- 2. Dynamic Arrays: Kodi Iwo Ndi Chiyani? Kodi chimawasiyanitsa ndi chiyani ndi Basic Arrays?
- 3. Kodi array ndi dikishonale zimasiyana bwanji?
- 4. Lembani zina mwa ubwino ndi zovuta za masanjidwe.
- 5. Kodi “Sparse Array” amatanthauza chiyani?
- 6. Kodi mungasankhire liti mndandanda wolumikizana nawo pagulu?
- 7. Kodi ndi chiyani chomwe chimasiyanitsa mndandanda wamagulu ndi magulu ogwirizana?
- 8. Kodi Heap ali ndi zabwino zotani kuposa masanjidwe osiyanasiyana?
- 9. Kodi tingathe kufotokozera kukula kwa gululo kukhala loipa?
- 10. Kodi nambala yosowekapo mumayipeza bwanji pamndandanda wazinthu 1 mpaka 100?
- 11. Kodi mumapeza bwanji index ya chinthu mumndandanda?
- 12. Kodi mungachotse bwanji chinthu china kuchokera pamndandanda?
- 13. Kodi kufanana kwa magulu awiri kungatsimikizidwe bwanji?
- 14. Tikamakambirana magawo, kodi mukutanthauza chiyani ndi mawu akuti "Dimension" ndi "Subscript"?
- Mafunso a Coding Interview
- 15. Fufuzani magulu awiri (awiri) omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chodziwika
- 16. Kusanja kwa binary ndi nthawi ya mzere
- 17. Pezani chinthu chachikulu kwambiri cha-in-int mumndandanda.
- 18. Momwe mungasinthire ziro zonse zamagulu mpaka kumapeto
- 19. Momwe mungasankhire gulu ndi zolemba ziwiri zomwe zimasinthidwa mu ntchito imodzi.
- 20. Momwe mungaphatikizire magawo awiri osanjidwa m'malo.
- 21. Kodi mungakonzere bwanji zinthu zingapo mosinthana malo apamwamba ndi otsika?
- 22. Momwe mungasinthire gawo lililonse la gulu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito wogawa magawo ndi chinthu cha chinthu chilichonse pamndandanda?
- 23. Pezani chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri pamndandanda wanthawi ya logarithmic
- 24. Mungapeze bwanji chinthu chachikulu chotsatira pa chinthu chilichonse chozungulira?
- 25. Pezani chiwerengero cha inversion ya gulu?
- 26. Kodi Vuto Lokokera Madzi a Mvula Ndi Chiyani?
- Kutsiliza
Zoyankhulana zamakalata zili ndi mafunso angapo a DSA. Muyenera kukhala odziwa zambiri ngati mukukonzekera kuyankhulana kwanu kwaukadaulo komwe kukubwera ndi FAANG kapena bizinesi ina yaukadaulo ya Tier-1.
M'mafunso ambiri olembera, amabwera m'malo achiwiri kwa Strings. An array ndi gulu la zinthu zokhudzana ndi deta zomwe zimasungidwa moyandikana wina ndi mnzake pokumbukira.
Popeza amalumikizana ndi zilankhulo zonse zamapulogalamu, monga C, C++, Java, Python, Perl, ndi Ruby, ali paliponse. Pitilizani kuwerengera zovuta zina zoyeserera ndikufunsa mafunso ndi mayankho kutengera masanjidwe.
Python idzagwiritsidwa ntchito mu positiyi kuthana ndi zovuta zolembera chifukwa ndizosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, kumvetsetsa, ndipo ziyenera kukhala zodziwika kwa ambiri aife.
Tiyeni tiyambe.
1. Mumatanthauzira bwanji Array?
- Gulu la mitundu yokhudzana ndi data ndi gulu.
- Ma Arrays amakhazikika nthawi zonse.
- Mtundu womwewo wa kusintha umasungidwa m'malo angapo ndi zinthu zingapo.
- Mitundu yakale komanso maumboni azinthu zonse zimagwirizana nazo.
2. Dynamic Arrays: Kodi Iwo Ndi Chiyani? Kodi chimawasiyanitsa ndi chiyani ndi Basic Arrays?
Kuwonjezeredwa kodziwikiratu komwe magulu osinthika (omwe amatchedwanso magulu okulirapo, magulu owonjezera, magulu osinthika, kapena ArrayLists mu Java) amapereka ndi mwayi waukulu.
Muyenera kudziwa nthawi zonse kuti ndi zinthu zingati zomwe gulu lanu lidzasunga pasadakhale popeza magulu ali ndi kukula kwake. Gulu lamphamvu, kumbali ina, limakula mukamawonjezera mamembala ena, kotero simuyenera kudziwa kukula kwake komweko.
3. Kodi array ndi dikishonale zimasiyana bwanji?
Awa ndi mafunso oyambira oyambira omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi. Zotsatirazi ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu ndi madikishonale:
- Array ndi mndandanda wazinthu zofanana. Dikishonale, kumbali ina, ili ndi magawo awiri amtengo wapatali.
- Makulidwe osiyanasiyana amatha kusintha mwachangu. Malingaliro amphamvu oterowo mulibe m’madikishonale.
- Musanagwiritse ntchito gulu, kukula kwake kuyenera kufotokozedwa. Kukula kwa mtanthauzira mawu sikuyenera kusinthidwa makonda.
- Gwiritsani ntchito mawu a Redim ngati mukufuna kukulitsa kukula kwa gululo. M'madikishonale, chinthu chitha kuwonjezeredwa popanda chilengezo.
4. Lembani zina mwa ubwino ndi zovuta za masanjidwe.
ubwino:
- Masamba amatha kusankha zinthu zingapo nthawi imodzi.
- Zina zomangamanga, monga ngati milu, mizere, mindandanda yolumikizidwa, mitengo, ma graph, ndi zina zotero, zitha kukhazikitsidwa motsatana.
- Mlozera ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti ufikire mbali ya gulu.
kuipa:
- Kukula kwa array kuyenera kulengezedwa pasadakhale. Panthawi yolengeza, sitingadziwe, komabe, kukula komwe tikufuna.
- Mapangidwe a gululo ndi static. Zimatanthawuza kuti kukula kwamagulu kumakhazikika nthawi zonse ndipo kugawa kukumbukira sikungawonjezere kapena kuchepetsedwa.
5. Kodi “Sparse Array” amatanthauza chiyani?
A sparse array ndi gulu la data lomwe lili ndi zolemba zambiri zokhala ndi ziro. Mosiyana ndi izi, gulu lalikulu limakhala ndi zinthu zake zambiri zopanda ziro. Ma indices a sparse array, omwe amasintha manambala kukhala zinthu, angaphatikizepo mipata. Poyerekeza ndi HashMap, ndizosavuta kukumbukira.
6. Kodi mungasankhire liti mndandanda wolumikizana nawo pagulu?
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mindandanda yolumikizidwa m'malo mwa magulu, ganizirani:
- Simufunikanso zinthu zilizonse kuti mulowe mwachisawawa.
- Kumene kuneneratu kwakanthawi ndikofunikira, muyenera kuyikapo nthawi zonse ndikuchotsa pamndandanda.
- Kuti mupange mzere wofunika kwambiri, mungafunike kuyika zinthu pakati pa mndandandawo.
- Simudziwa kuti mndandandawo ukhala wautali bwanji. Ngati gulu likukwera, muyenera kulengezanso ndikubwereza kukumbukira, monganso ndi masanjidwe osavuta.
7. Kodi ndi chiyani chomwe chimasiyanitsa mndandanda wamagulu ndi magulu ogwirizana?
Kusiyanitsa koyambirira pakati pa magulu ophatikizana ndi indexed alembedwa mu tebulo ili pansipa.
- Magulu awiri amtengo wapatali m'mawu kapena manambala amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusanja gulu logwirizana. Makiyi omwe ali ndi indexed ndi manambala, ndipo kiyi iliyonse imalumikizidwa ndi mtengo wake.
- M'magulu ophatikizana, fungulo likhoza kukhala chingwe. Mndandanda wamagulu okhala ndi makiyi oyambira pa 0.
- Gome la magawo awiri limatsanzira machitidwe a associative array. Zofanana ndi tebulo lagawo limodzi ndizosanjikiza.
- Mapu ndi mtundu wogwirizana. Mndandanda wazolozera si mapu.
8. Kodi Heap ali ndi zabwino zotani kuposa masanjidwe osiyanasiyana?
Kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi kwa Heap over Sorted Arrays ndiye phindu lalikulu. Ngakhale ntchito za milu zimakhala zachangu, kusanja gulu kumafuna nthawi yambiri. Mulu umatha kuzindikira chinthu chaching'ono kwambiri mwachangu kwambiri kuposa momwe gulu lingasankhidwe.
Kutoleredwa kwa manambala kutha kukonzedwa m'njira ziwiri pogwiritsa ntchito Zosanjikiza Zosanjikiza. Kumbali ina, pagulu lopatsidwa la manambala, pangakhale mulu wopitilira umodzi.
9. Kodi tingathe kufotokozera kukula kwa gululo kukhala loipa?
Ayi, sitingatanthauzire nambala yotsutsa kukhala kukula kwa gulu. Sipadzakhala cholakwika cha nthawi yophatikiza ngati tilengeza. Panthawi yothamanga, tidzakumana ndi NegativeArraySizeException.
10. Kodi nambala yosowekapo mumayipeza bwanji pamndandanda wazinthu 1 mpaka 100?
Chiwerengero chonse cha mndandandawu chikhoza kuwerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito izi: n (n + 1) / 2
Pokhapokha ngati gululi lilibe zobwereza kapena lili ndi nambala yambiri yosowa m'pamene ntchitoyi idzagwire ntchito. Kaya gulu lili ndi zinthu zobwereza, mutha kusanja gululo kuti muwone ngati pali zinthu zofanana.
11. Kodi mumapeza bwanji index ya chinthu mumndandanda?
Mndandanda wa zinthu ukhoza kupezedwa kudzera mukusaka kwa mizere kapena bayinare. Mpaka itapeza chofanana ndi chinthu chofunikira, ntchito yosaka mizere imazungulira pachinthu chilichonse pamndandanda. Imabwezeretsa index ikapeza chinthu chofananira. Chifukwa chake, kusakira kwanthawi kochepa kwakusaka ndi O. (n). Zosanjidwa ndi zosasankhidwa zitha kugwiritsa ntchito kusaka kwamzere.
Pogwiritsa ntchito kusaka kwa binary, komwe kumagawanitsa gululo pakati mpaka pakati pa nthawiyo ikugwirizana ndi chinthu chofunikira ndikupereka index, mutha kupeza index ya chinthucho ngati gululo lasankhidwa. Chifukwa chake, kusaka kwapang'onopang'ono kwanthawi yayitali ndi O. (log n).
12. Kodi mungachotse bwanji chinthu china kuchokera pamndandanda?
Popeza simungangochotsa zinthu kuchokera pamndandanda woyambirira popeza ndizokhazikika zokhala ndi kukula kwake, wofunsayo akufuna kuti mufotokozere njira ina ndikuthana ndi vuto lomwe funsolo limadzutsa. Njira yabwino ndiyo kupanga mndandanda watsopano kuti muchotse chinthu. Mutha kubwereza zinthu kuchokera pamndandanda woyamba ndikuphatikiza zomwe mukufuna kuchotsa.
Njira inanso ndiyo kupeza chinthu chimene mukufuna kuchitsatira m’ndandandayo kenako n’kubwerera m’mbuyo dongosolo la zinthu zonse zimene zili kumanja kwa chinthu chimene mukufuna kuchifuna.
13. Kodi kufanana kwa magulu awiri kungatsimikizidwe bwanji?
Choyamba muyenera kutsimikizira kutalika kwa mindandanda iwiri yoperekedwayo. Zinthu zofananira zamagulu onsewa zimafananizidwa pamene kutalika kwake kuli kofanana. Mitundu iwiriyi idzaonedwa ngati yofanana. ngati gulu lililonse la zigawo mu makalata aliyense ali ofanana. Njirayi siyikulangizidwa kuti muyang'ane kufanana kwamagulu awiri ngati maguluwo ali aakulu kukula chifukwa zidzatenga nthawi yambiri. Mungagwiritsenso ntchito njira yofanana () yomwe ili m'gulu la Arrays, komabe, ngati wofunsayo akufunsani kuti mufanizire magulu awiri osagwiritsa ntchito njira zomangidwira, njirayi idzakhala yothandiza.
14. Tikamakambirana magawo, kodi mukutanthauza chiyani ndi mawu akuti "Dimension" ndi "Subscript"?
"Dimension" ya gulu ndi kuchuluka kwa ma indices, kapena zolembetsa, zomwe zimafunikira kuzindikira membala aliyense payekha. Zolembera ndi kukula kwake sizikudziwika. Dimension ndi kufotokozera kuchuluka kwa makiyi ololedwa, pomwe olembetsa ndi nambala. Pamafunika kulembetsa kumodzi kokha pagulu lililonse.
Mwachitsanzo, arr [10] [5] ali ndi miyeso iwiri. Miyeso 10 pa imodzi ndi 5 pa imzake. Kuti muthane ndi zigawo zake, mufunika zolembetsa ziwiri. Onse ali pakati pa 0 ndi 4; imodzi pakati pa 0 ndi 9, kuphatikiza.
Mafunso a Coding Interview
15. Fufuzani magulu awiri (awiri) omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chodziwika
Mwachitsanzo,
Kulowetsa:
- manambala = [8, 7, 2, 5, 3, 1]
- chandamale = 10
Zotsatira:
- Anthu awiri apezeka (8, 2)
- Or
- Anthu awiri apezeka (7, 3)
Kulowetsa:
- manambala = [5, 2, 6, 8, 1, 9]
- chandamale = 12
Zotsatira:
- Awiri sapezeka
16. Kusanja kwa binary ndi nthawi ya mzere
Sanjani gulu la binary mu nthawi yokhazikika komanso m'malo okhazikika. Zotulutsa ziyenera kuwonetsa ziro zonse poyamba, kenako zonse.
Mwachitsanzo,
- Zolemba: {1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1}
- Zotulutsa: {0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1}
Njira yolunjika ingakhale kuwerengera chiwerengero chonse cha gulu la ma 0, kunena k, ndiyeno lembani ma k indices oyambilira pamndandanda ndi ma 0 ndi ma indices otsalawo ndi 1. Monga njira ina, titha kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa ma 1 onse mu array k, lembani ma k indices omaliza pamndandanda ndi 1, ndikusiya zotsalira zonse zodzazidwa ndi 0.
Njira yoperekedwa ili ndi nthawi ya O(n) yovuta ndipo sagwiritsa ntchito zosungirako zowonjezera, pomwe n ndi kukula kwa zolowetsa.
17. Pezani chinthu chachikulu kwambiri cha-in-int mumndandanda.
Pezani chogulitsa chachikulu kwambiri cha manambala awiri pamndandanda wonse.
Ganizirani za 10 3 5 6 2 monga chitsanzo. Gulu la (-10, -3) kapena (5, 6) ndilopamwamba kwambiri.
Kuganiza za kuphatikiza kwa chinthu chilichonse ndikuzindikira zomwe akugulitsa ndi njira yopusa. Ngati malonda omwe akugulitsidwa pano ndi okulirapo kuposa omwe apezeka mpaka pano, sinthani kuchuluka kwake. Sindikizani zigawo za chinthu chomaliza.
Yankho lomwe lili pamwambapa, pomwe n ndi kuchuluka kwa zomwe zalowetsedwa, lili ndi nthawi yovuta ya O(n2) ndipo silitenganso malo.
18. Momwe mungasinthire ziro zonse zamagulu mpaka kumapeto
Sunthani ziro zonse mugulu lalikulu mpaka kumapeto. Yankho liyenera kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito danga lokhazikika ndikusunga dongosolo logwirizana la zigawo za gululo.
Kulowetsa: {1,2,3,0,8,0,4,7}
Zotuluka zidzakhala {1,2,3,8,4,7,0,0}
Ikani chinthucho pamalo otsatirawa omwe alipo pamndandanda ngati zomwe zilipo pano siziri ziro. Lembani zizindikiro zonse zotsalira ndi 0 pamene zinthu zonse zakonzedwa.
Yankho lapitalo lili ndi nthawi ya O(n) yovuta, pomwe n ndi kukula kwa zolowetsa.
19. Momwe mungasankhire gulu ndi zolemba ziwiri zomwe zimasinthidwa mu ntchito imodzi.
Sanjani gulu mu nthawi ya mzere wopatsidwa zinthu ziwiri zosinthidwa ndi gulu lokhala ndi zinthu zake zonse zokonzedwa mokwera. Yerekezerani kuti gululi mulibe zobwereza.
Zolowetsa:= [1,9,3,4,7,2] kapena [9,3,7,2,1,4] kapena [2,4,1,7,3,9]
Zotulutsa: = [1,2,3,4,7,9]
Kuyambira ndi chinthu chachiwiri pamndandandawu, cholinga chake ndikufanizira chinthu chilichonse ndi chomwe chidayamba. Malo a mkanganowo amasungidwa potenga zolozera ziwiri, x, ndi y.
Sinthani x ku index ya zinthu zam'mbuyo ndi y ku index ya zinthu zomwe zilipo pano ngati yoyambayo ndi yayikulu kuposa yomaliza. Sinthani y ku index ya chinthu chapano ngati zikuwoneka kuti chinthu cham'mbuyocho ndi chachikulu kuposa chomwe chili pano.
Pomaliza, sinthani zinthuzo pa index x ndi y tikamaliza kukonza magawo awiri oyandikana nawo.
Chifukwa chakuti njira yomwe tatchulayi imangopanga sikani imodzi yokha ya kukula n, nthawi yake yovuta ndi O(n). Palibe chipinda chowonjezera chomwe chimafunikira yankho.
20. Momwe mungaphatikizire magawo awiri osanjidwa m'malo.
Gwirizanitsani zinthu zamagulu X[] ndi Y[]—mindandanda iwiri yosanjidwa ya kukula kwa m ndi n iliyonse—posunga dongosolo losanjidwa, ndiko kuti, podzaza X[] ndi zinthu zoyamba zing’onozing’ono zoyamba ndi kudzaza Y[] ndi zinthu zotsalira.
Ngati chinthu chomwe chili mugulu la X[] chili kale pamalo oyenera (ie, chomwe chili chaching'ono kwambiri pakati pa zinthu zotsalira), chinyalanyaze; mwinamwake, m'malo mwake ndi chinthu chaching'ono kwambiri, chomwe chimakhalanso membala woyamba wa Y[]. Kuti musunge dongosolo losanjidwa mutasinthana, sinthani chinthucho (tsopano pa Y[0]) kupita pamalo ake oyenera mu Y[].
Kukula kwa gulu loyamba ndi m ndi kukula kwa gulu lachiwiri ndi n, ndipo nthawi yovuta ndi O(mn).
21. Kodi mungakonzere bwanji zinthu zingapo mosinthana malo apamwamba ndi otsika?
Konzaninso mndandanda wonse kuti membala aliyense wotsatira akhale wamkulu kuposa zinthu zam'mbuyo ndi zotsatirazi. Yerekezerani kuti mndandandawu suphatikizanso zinthu zina zobwereza.
Kusanja gulu kapena kugwiritsa ntchito malo owonjezera sikofunikira kuti pakhale njira yabwino. Dongosolo ndi, poyambira, membala wachiwiri wa gululo ndikukwera ndi awiri pakubwereza kwa loop.
Sinthanitsani zigawozo ngati chomaliza chikuposa choyamba. Mofananamo, sinthani zinthu zonse ziwiri ngati chinthu chotsatirachi ndi chachikulu kuposa chomwe chilipo. Tipeza mndandanda womwe tikufuna womwe umagwirizana ndi zoletsa zomwe zafotokozedwa kumapeto kwa lupu.
22. Momwe mungasinthire gawo lililonse la gulu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito wogawa magawo ndi chinthu cha chinthu chilichonse pamndandanda?
Popanda kugwiritsa ntchito division operator, sinthani chinthu chilichonse mugulu lonse ndi zinthu zina zonse.
Munthawi yokhazikika komanso nthawi zonse, titha kugwiritsa ntchito kubwereza kuti tithane ndi vutoli. Kuwerengera mobwerezabwereza zinthu za chinthu chilichonse pagawo lakumanja ndikudutsa gawo lakumanzere ngati magawo ogwirira ntchito ndiye lingaliro.
Kuvuta kwa nthawi ndi O(n).
23. Pezani chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri pamndandanda wanthawi ya logarithmic
Poganizira kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe membala onse kupatula m'modzi ali ndi kuchuluka kwa zochitika, vuto ndi kudziwa kuti chinthu chimodzichi chikuwonekera kangati. Pezani chinthu chodabwitsa chomwe chikuchitika mu nthawi ya logarithmic ndi malo osasintha ngati zinthu zomwezo zimachitika pawiri pagulu ndipo sipangakhale kupitilira kawiri kwa chinthu choperekedwa motsatana.
Ntchito ya XOR imatithandiza kuthetsa nkhaniyi mu nthawi ya mzere. Cholinga ndi XOR chilichonse chomwe chili pamndandanda. Zinthu zomwe zimachitika mwadzidzidzi zimatsalira pambuyo poti zinthu zomwe zikuchitika zisiyane.
Vutoli litha kuthetsedwa mu nthawi ya O(log(n)).
24. Mungapeze bwanji chinthu chachikulu chotsatira pa chinthu chilichonse chozungulira?
Chinthu chachikulu chotsatira cha chinthu chilichonse chamagulu ozungulira ozungulira chiyenera kupezeka. Nambala yoyamba yokulirapo pambuyo pa chinthu x mumndandanda ndiye gawo lalikulu lotsatira la chinthucho.
Kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere, titha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Cholinga ndikuzungulira gawo lililonse x mpaka stack ilibe kanthu kapena tili ndi chinthu chapamwamba pamwamba pake. Khazikitsani chinthu chachikulu chotsatira cha x kuti chiwonekere pamwamba pa stack ikatero.
25. Pezani chiwerengero cha inversion ya gulu?
Pezani chiwerengero chonse cha inversion of array. Gulu I j) limatchulidwa kuti ndi kutembenuzidwa kwa gulu A ngati ine j) ndi (A[i] > A[j]). Tiyenera kuwerengera gulu lililonse la izi mumndandanda.
Kuwerengera mamembala onse omwe ali ocheperapo kumanja kwake ndikuwonjezera zotsatira zake ndi njira yolunjika.
Yankho ili lili ndi zovuta za O(n2), pomwe n ndi kukula kwa zolowetsa.
26. Kodi Vuto Lokokera Madzi a Mvula Ndi Chiyani?
Kupeza madzi ochulukirapo omwe amatha kutsekeredwa muzitsulo zoperekedwa ndi m'lifupi mwa gawo limodzi lililonse amadziwika kuti "kutsekera mvula".
Cholinga ndikuzindikira bala lalitali kwambiri lomwe lingayikidwe kumanzere ndi kumanja kwa bala lililonse. Mipiringidzo yochepa yopita kumanzere ndi kumanja, yocheperapo kutalika kwa kapamwamba kameneka, ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amasungidwa pamwamba pa bar iliyonse.
Kutsiliza
Poyerekeza ndi mitu ina yama data, masanjidwe ake ndi osavuta. Kuti muyankhe mafunso angapo oyankhulana, muyenera kukhala ndi chidziwitso chambiri chamagulu.
Muyenera kuunikanso mozama maziko a magulu, kuphatikiza magwiridwe antchito (kuyambira pakulengeza/kupanga mndandanda mpaka kupeza/kusintha zinthu zingapo), komanso malingaliro amapulogalamu monga malupu, kubwereranso, ndi ma opareshoni oyambira kuti muyankhe bwino mafunso osiyanasiyana oyankhulana. zindikirani nkhaniyi kwathunthu.
Muyenera kufunsa kuti mudziwe ngati muli ndi mafunso. Ganizirani za kugawa nkhaniyo m'magawo otheka. Onetsetsani kuti muli ndi algorithm mumalingaliro musanayambe kupanga; zilembeni kapena ziwonetseni m'maso mwawo. kenako yambani kulemba code.
Siyani Mumakonda